AP US History Chapter 7 - 8
Henry Clay
(1777-1852) A lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and in the House of Representatives. He served 3 different terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825-1829. He was a leading War Hawk and favored war with Britain leading up to the War of 1812. He was the foremost proponent of the American System, which called for tariffs to foster industry in the US, have the Federal gov. build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank. He opposed the Annexation of Texas, as it would inject the slavery issue into politics. He opposed the Mexican-American war and Manifest Destiny. He was known as the "Great Compromiser" and was admired by Abraham Lincoln.
Napoleonic Wars and U.S. foreign policy
(1800-15) -war between napoleon's france and the other european powers, led by britain -both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, esp the US, from trading with their enemy -american ships were seized by both sides and american sailors were "impressed" or forced into the british navy -the US was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the seas -these violations would escalate and lead to the war of 1812
Cohens v. Virginia (1819)
- Situation: Cohens was found guilty by the state court of VA of selling lottery tickets illegally - Constitutional Issue: Which court holds precedence? - Finding of the Court: The conviction was upheld - Impact of the Decision: Asserted that the Supreme Court is stronger than the state courts
Fletcher v. Peck (1818)
- Situation: Land speculators bribed legislators to approve a land, the public wanted land back, and (although the deal was tainted) there was a contract. - Constitutional Issue: Can a state void a legal contract? - Finding of the Court: States cannot void a legal contract - Impact of the Decision: Further protects property rights; the Supreme Court can invalidate a state action that conflicts with the Constitution
Dartmouth v. Woodward (1817)
- Situation: New Hampshire wanted to make the private Dartmouth College a state university - Constitutional Issue: Do states have the right to nullify the obligations of a contract? - Finding of the Court: Unconstitutional - the state cannot take over and void a private contract - Impact of the Decision: Asserted that the state does not have the power to become involved in private business matters and contracts; reasserted federal control over some actions of the state
Pinckney Treaty
1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
Macon's Bill #2
1810, threw open American trade to everyone but stipulated that if either France or England lifted its restrictions, the president would resume trading sanctions against the other (If either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other, unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.)
Cabinet
A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the President. Formed during the first years of Washington's Presidency, the original members of included the Sec. of State, of the Tres. and of War. extremely important to the presidency, because these people influence the most powerful man in the nation.
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.
War of 1812 - causes and effects
A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.
Convention of 1800
Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France (Franco-American Treaty of 1778), forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president
Non-Intercourse Act
Also known as the Indian Nonintercourse Act, it was the collective name given to 6 statutes passed by the US Congress over the years from 1790 to 1834. The Act regulated commerce between Native Americans and non-indians. The inalienability of the aboriginal title in the US was established. The original Act was signed by George Washington.
X, Y, and Z Affair
An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand (about quelling the growing tension between the US and French), but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. The Affair rouses American anger and resentment toward foreigners, especially the French. In addition, the US deployed a navy to combat the French seizure of US ships.
Convention of 1818
Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel (latitude) as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.
Impressment
Colloquially known as "the Press", Impressment was the action of compelling men into a navy by force and without notice. It was used by the Royal Navy between 1664 and the early 1900s. Impressment was a means of crewing warships. Many British merchant sailors, as well as people from other nations were subject to Impressment. Though opposed by many, Impressment was upheld in courts as it kept the strength of the Navy and thus the British Empire. British Impressment of seamen from American ships caused many tensions leading up to the War of 1812.
"Republican motherhood"
Date: 1780-1830 Historical Era: Critical Period Definition: This was the idea that gave women more purpose to educate and nurture the future of america. It was the women's new job to educate and instill republican ideals in the young minds of the youth Significance: This gave women more purpose in life and lead to more social importance
Elections of 1796, 1800, and 1820 (particularly those)
Election of 1796: The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P. Election of 1800: Jefferson and fellow Republican Aaron Burr, who ran for Vice-presidency in the same year, received an equal number of electoral votes, thus creating a tie and throwing the presidential election into the House of Representatives, in agreement to Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution. With Hamilton's coercion, Jefferson was elected as president, with Burr as Vice-president. (The Constitution was amended to require separate votes for each position.) Election of 1820: James Monroe ran unopposed. Federalist party no longer existed.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Gibbons v. Ogden was a case presided over by Chief Justice John Marshall. The case concerned whether or not New York could grant a private business a monopoly over trade via waterways between New York and New Jersey. Marshall ruled against it, mentioning the fact that Congress is in charge of issues involving interstate commerce. This ruling dealt a blow to states rights in the continuing struggle over the power of the states and the federal government.
Hamiltonian v. Jeffersonian philosophy (numerous questions)
Hamiltonian: Believed that the common people often acted foolishly; Thought that the rich, educated and wellborn were the people who should rule; Wanted to raise voting qualifications Favored a strong central government; Thought that the American government should be modeled on British system; Wanted to increase the number of federal employees; Supported a loose interpretation of the Constitution; Thought that individual liberties should be sometimes restricted Wanted a balanced economy of agriculture, trade, and manufacturing; Favored giving government aid to trade, finance, and manufacturing; Established a national bank; Wanted to maintain internal taxes; Wanted to use national debt to establish credit Supported Britain, the parent country Jeffersonian: Had deep faith in the common people, especially farmers; Distrusted special privilege; Wished to lower voting qualifications Favored a weak central government, strong state government; Preferred a more democratic government; Wanted to reduce the number of federal employees; Favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution; Believed that individual liberties must be protected by laws Thought that agriculture should b backbone of the nation; Did not support giving government aid; Opposed the establishment of a national bank; Wanted to eliminate internal taxes; Wanted to pay off the national debt Believed that America was obligated to help France
John C. Calhoun
He was a senator for South Carolina that was at first a supporter of the Tariff of 1816 but switched sides later on He claimed that it was a pro-Northerner act that would not build up the self-sufficiency of the economy. He was an example of the sectionalism between North and South.
Citizen Genet
In 1793 he was dispatched to the United States to promote American support for France's wars with Spain and Britain. His goals in were to recruit and arm American privateers which would join French expeditions against the British. He also organized American volunteers to fight Britain's Spanish allies in Florida. His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, which Washington had pointedly declared in his Neutrality Proclamation.
Whiskey Rebellion/excise tax
In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
Erie Canal
It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement
the "elastic clause"
It states that Congress has the power "to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper" for governing the country. This was made due to the fact that no one knew what the country would be like in the future, and therefore this clause gave congress power to adjust to the times in order to preserve the strength of the union.
The "Assumption" Bill
It was the economic policy of Alexander Hamilton where the central government would assume the debts of all the states. It would tie the states closer to the federal government.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions argued that states had the right and duty to declare acts made by Congress not found in the Constitution as unconstitutional. Such resolution arose in reaction to the Alien and Sedition Act, which the legislatures in Virginia and Kentucky felt were unconstitutional. They argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. The Resolutions were secretly in 1798-1799 by VP Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.
Loose v. strict construction
Loose construction: the belief that what the Constitution did not forbid it permitted; proposed by Hamilton Strict construction: the belief that all powers not specifically granted to the central government were reserved to the states under the Constitution; the belief that what the Constitution did not permit it forbade; proposed by Jefferson
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
McCullough v. Maryland was a law suit in 1819 that concerned Maryland's right to tax a branch of the Bank of the United States. Chief Justice John Marshall denied the state of Maryland this right, once again using judicial review. This ruling gave the Federal Government more power over the states in the continuous power struggle.
Louisiana Purchase
Occurring in 1803, the Purchase involved the US buying the Louisiana Territory from France. The territory doubled the size of the US. Thomas Jefferson authorized the purchase as he felt uneasy over possible French or Spanish blockades in port of New Orleans, and because Americans were already starting to settle the area. Area = 828,000 sq. mi. Price = $15,000,000 (Less than 3 cents/acre).
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Occurring in 1803, the landmark case formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the US under Article 3 of the Constitution. It was the first time in Western history a court invalidated a law by declaring it unconstitutional, a process called judicial review. The landmark helped to define the checks and balances of the American form of government. This case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed by President John Adams as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents, but the court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition, holding that the part of the statute upon which he based his claim, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional.
Jay Treaty (1794)
Offered little concessions from Britain to the US and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. ___ was able to get Britian to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on US soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry and rioted and called ___ the "Damn'd Arch Traitor".
Hamilton's Reports (Public Credit, the Bank, Manufactures)
Public Credit: The First Report on the Public Credit was one of three major reports on fiscal and economic policy submitted by Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress. Commissioned by the House of Representatives on September 21, 1789, the Report was presented on January 9, 1790, at the second session of the First US Congress. The document called for full federal payment at face value to holders of government securities ("Redemption") and the national government to assume funding of all state debt ("Assumption") The political stalemate in Congress that ensued led to the Compromise of 1790, locating the permanent US capitol on the Potomac River ("Residency"). The Federalist's success in winning approval for Hamilton's reforms led to the emergence of an opposition party - the Democratic-Republicans. The Bank: The Report, submitted on December 14, 1790, called for the establishment of a central bank, its primary purpose to expand the flow of legal tender by monetizing the national debt through the issuance of federal bank notes. Modeled on the Bank of England, this privately held, but publicly funded institution would also serve to process revenue fees and perform fiscal duties for the federal government. Secretary Hamilton regarded the bank as indispensable to producing a stable and flexible financial system. Manufactures: It was presented to Congress on December 5, 179. Through high tariffs designed to protect American industry from foreign competition, government bounties and subsidies, and internal improvements and transportation, Hamilton hoped to break Britain's manufacturing hold on the United States. Hamilton's vision of America's future directly challenged Jefferson's ideal of a nation of farmers maintaining personal freedom through landownership. Jefferson feared factory workers would be manipulated by their employers, who would make it impossible for them to think and act as independent citizens.
a "mechanic"
Samuel Slater- he was a british mechanic that moved to america and in 1791 invented the first american machine for spinning cotton. he is known as "the father of the factory system" and he started the idea of child labor in america's factories.
Embargo Act
The Act along with the subsequent Nonintercourse Acts were American laws that barred American ships from engaging in foreign trade between 1807 and 1812. The Acts were diplomatic responses by Thomas Jefferson and James Maddison to the Cheapeake Affair in 1807. The goal was to protect American interests and avoid war that was raging in Europe. The Act achieved neither
The Alien and Sedition Acts (know specific acts)
The Acts were 4 bills passed in 1798 by Federalists in the 5th Congress in the aftermath of the French Rev's reign of terror and the Quasi-War. The government could deport or imprison foreign citizens and prosecute those who spoke out against the government. Theses acts were made to ensure no post-Revolution anarchy could occur; and America almost fell apart over the Federalist/Anti-Federalist issue. Democratic-Republicans saw the Acts as unconstitutional. The Acts saw Kentucky and Virginia make the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which argued that states had the right and duty to declare acts made by Congress not found in the Constitution as unconstitutional.
The "American System"
The American System was first proposed by Henry Clay as a way to strengthen America during its time of prosperity after the War of 1812. The American System was very similar to economic plans proposed by Alexander Hamilton. It proposed creating a new protective tariff, reinstituting a Bank of the United States, and the construction of more reliable methods of travel (i.e. roads, railroads, and canals).The American system would make travel and the shipment of goods throughout the U.S. easier. Though the states would be given the responsibility of creating the roads and therefore the new system of travel could be disorganized at times. The Panic of 1819 occurred as a result of irresponsibility within the National Bank.
Republican (Democratic-Republican) Party
The Democratic-Republican Party was the American political party in the 1790s of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed in opposition to the centralizing policies of the new Federalist party. It came to power in 1800, and dominated national and state affairs until the 1820s, when it faded away.
The "Era of Good Feelings"
The Era of Good Feelings was a period of relative economic prosperity and peace in the U.S. following the War of 1812. The Era of Good Feelings was fueled by Nationalist sentiments among American citizens. It set the stage for many economic and domestic expansions including westward expansion.
Federalist Party
The Federalist Party was the first American political party. It existed from the early 1790s to 1816 (the era of the First Party System); its remnants lasted into the 1820s. The Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France. The party controlled the federal government until 1801, when its elitism was overwhelmed by the democratic spirit of the Republican opposition led by Thomas Jefferson. It came into being between 1792 and 1794 as a national coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies. These supporters developed into the organized Federalist Party, which was committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government. The only Federalist president was John Adams; although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program, he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency.
First Bank of the United States (1791-1811)
The First Bank of the United States was a central bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. Establishment of the Bank was included in a three-part expansion of Federal fiscal and monetary power (along with a federal mint and excise taxes) championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a central bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution. The First Bank of the United States charter was allowed to expire in 1811, partially because over half its stock was owned by foreigners, but also because over 80 state banks opposed its existence. --Due to the Bank's excellent reputation for financial stability the American public preferred the notes issued by the Bank rather than the state banks which made it difficult for state banks to compete
The First Party System
The First Party System is a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and usually called at the time the "Republican Party." The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800.
Hartford Convention
The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. Many of these complaints were manifestation of their fears of being overpowered by states in the south and west. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of Sectionalism and was another event in the approaching end of the Federalist Party.
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was made in 1820 as an attempt to calm tensions over disagreements between the North and the South over the future of slavery. The South felt that it needed to add more slave states in order to keep its power and Congress and prevent the abolishment of slavery. The Compromise included admitting Maine as a Free State and Missouri as a slave state. It was also proclaimed that Missouri and any lands below its bottom boundary could remain slave states while the rest of the territory above the boundary would be free. The South was upset by the difference in area that was proclaimed free in comparison to the land that was to use slavery. The Compromise that was supposed to ease tensions only strengthened them.
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was created by James Monroe in 1823 in an attempt to protect American lands from further settlement. It declared that the time for colonization was at an end and went on to say that any attempts to further colonize the Americas would be seen as animosity towards the United States. The Monroe Doctrine was born from and perpetuated nationalism in the United States and would be looked to by future presidents.
The "Residence" Bill
The Residence Act of 1790, officially titled An Act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States, is the United States federal law that settled the question of locating the capital of the United States, selecting a site along the Potomac River. The federal government was located in New York City at the time the bill was passed and had previously been located in Philadelphia, Annapolis, and several other locations.
Second Bank of the U.S. (1816-1836)
The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816, five years after the First Bank of the United States lost its own charter. Like the First Bank, the Second Bank was also chartered for 20 years, and also failed to have its charter renewed. It existed for 5 more years as an ordinary bank before going bankrupt in 1841. As a result of the First Bank's charter expiring in 1811, prices and inflation rose and a call for another national bank led to the establishment of the Second Bank of the U.S. in 1816. This existed until President Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill to recharter the Bank and its current charter expired in 1836.
Tariff of 1816
The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff that was instituted as a part of Clay's American System. This tax on imports was reminiscent of the Protective Tariff of Hamilton's presidency that taxed imported goods. The Tariff of 1816 was well received by the public; it also encouraged American production and manufacturing and fueled the economic prosperity during the Era of Good Feelings.
Bill of Rights
The collective name for the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, which limited the power of the US Federal government. Significant because these limitations protected the natural rights of liberty and property such as: freedom of religion, speech, free press, free assembly, free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms. Introduced to Congress by James Madison as a series of legislative articles. Adopted in 1791.
"War Hawks"
The term was originally one used to describe the members of the 12th Congress of the US. They advocated for war with Great Britain in 1812. The term was used to describe a stance of aggression both diplomatically and later militarily, against others to improve their own standing in government, country, or organization. The War Hawks in 1812 were mainly Republicans and were from the southern and western states. They were angered over British raids on American shipping and supposedly for instigating Native attacks on the frontier. A guiding spirit of the War Hawks was Henry Clay.
Washington's Farewell Address
Written to the "People of the United States", address was made near the end of his second term as President. Prepared with Alexander Hamilton, the address was important as Washington did not seek a 3rd term and the transition to another President was a peaceful one. Many feared the absence of Washington's leadership would tare the country apart. The address warned against many dangers, with 3 being: 1. Warning against making bonding ties with other countries, 2. Warned that too many political parties would make political conflict, 3. Washington warned of too much public debt.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty; under its terms, the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas)
John Quincy Adams
president of the United States, wasn't very tactful, not a very well-liked president; won over Jackson in a difficult decision where even though Jackson won popular vote, Adams won presidency; because of this he faced a lot of opposition and was unable to make very many big decisions; expanded the nations borders; authorized the Monroe Doctrine
Jefferson's First Inaugural Address
swore to defend the Constitution and faithfully discharge the duties of his office; pledged freedom of religion and the press; endorsed the encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid; the federal government must conduct its business economically and attempt to pay off its debts; the state governments were "the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies;" also sought to calm the fears of Federalists; declared the nation must avoid entangling alliances, which was a signal that the Republicans would accept the recent termination of the 1778 French alliance; they would also avoid extreme partisanship; minority rights would be protected, and all Americans would arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good
The "Quasi War"
undeclared war between the U.S. and France. The American's built up their forces and Navy and spent the next 2 years attacking French shipping and capture nearly ninety French vessels, while the French did the same. But Adams avoided real war because he believed that it would divide the colonies and lead to a civil war. Adams sent another delegation to negotiate a peaceful end. This was a good call because it may have jeopardized the American purchase of Louisiana in 1803.
