AP US History: Unit's 1-3 (Give Me Liberty)

Vasco da Gama

Explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1487. Demonstrated that a sea trade route to the east was possible.

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo Revolt; mainly organized by Pope killed 400 colonists the Spanish abandoned the town the Indians burned christian anything

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Nicolas de Ovando

established a permanent base in Hispaniola in 1502.

Samuel de Champlain

founded Quebec in 1608

North & South American Indians Similarities

roads, trade networks, and irrigation systems

Henry Hudson

sailed into New York Harbor and claimed the area for the Netherlands (1609).

First Peoples in the Americas

"Indians" settled the New World between 15,000 and 60,000 years ago

Roanoke

..., Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Great Migration

1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World

Virginia Company

A group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay and granted land to them.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Dominican priest who published an account of the decimation of the Indian population. Thought the Pueblos were treated horrible. Inspired the New Laws which prohibited Indians from being slaves.

Bartholomeu Dias

A Portuguese explorer that discovered Cape of Good Hope in 1487

Moral Liberty

A Puritan concept meaning ''a liberty to that only which is good.''

Flushing Remonstrance

A document signed by a group of English citizens who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of Stuyvesant.

New Netherlands

A fortified military outpost controlled by appointees of the DWI Company; it was hardly governed democratically, but the colonists enjoyed more liberty, especially religiously, than many other places in North America; religious toleration allowed for striking diversity there; women there enjoyed much more independence than in other colonies; it offered large estates to patroons- shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor

Iroquois Confederacy

A group of five Northeast Indian nations- the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga- that formed the Great League of Peace, bringing a period of stability to the area; each year a Great Council, with representatives from each group, met to coordinate behavior towards outsiders

Land Bridge

A land link between Asia and North America that was intact between 15,000 and 60,000 years ago; most Native Americans are said to have descended from ancestors who crossed this land link (Beringia)

Incas

A large Indian society centered in modern-day Peru; it had a population of 12 million and was linked by roads and bridges that stretched 2,000 miles along the Andes

Aztecs

A large-scale Indian society in modern-day Mexico with a centralized government in its capital Tenochtitlan; its capital had 250,000 citizens and had royal palaces, central markets, and a complex road system

English Freedom

All people of America should enjoy the rights of Englend

Ninety-Five Theses

An acquisition by Martin Luther, a German priest, that the church was corrupt and worldliness.

New Netherland

Became New York. Was a lot of fur bearing animals and Native Americans willing to help. Great harbor for trading. Had a short time period where they were the top in trade during the 1600s

Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley

Built approximately 3,500 years ago along the Mississippi River

Incentive Used to Settle New Netherland

Cheap livestock and free land after six years of labor were promised in an attempt to attract settlers.

Chinese Navigation

Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven naval expeditions into the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433, even exploring East Africa on the sixth voyage.

Cahokia

City near present day St. Louis with between 10,000 and 30,000 citizens. Residents built giant mounds that were hundreds of feet tall. Was largest community in North America until New York and Philadelphia in the 1800s.

Christopher Columbus

Columbus landed on Hispaniola in 1492 and colonization began the next year.

Hernan Cortes

Conquistador who arrived at Tenochtitlan in 1519; with a few hundred men, he conquered the city because of superior military technology, enlisting the aid of some Native allies, but most importantly, disease (smallpox epidemic)

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who conquered the Inca society; captured the Indian king, demanded and received a ransom, then killed the king anyway

Smallpox

Disease. Type of Herpes. Has been eliminated from the planet earth. Extremely contagious. Native people had no immunity to it. Decimated native population.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who denounced Spain for its cruelties against the Indians; he insisted that the Indians are rational beings, and that Spain had no grounds to deprive them of their liberty

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Freedom & Authority

Europeans claimed that obedience to law was another definition of freedom

Indian "Freedoms" and European Views

Europeans concluded that the notion of freedom was alien to Indian societies. European understanding of freedom was based on ideas of personal independence and the ownership of private property-ideas foreign to Indians.

European Views on Indians

Europeans felt that Indians lacked genuine religion. Europeans claimed that Indians did not "use" the land and thus had no claim to it. Europeans viewed Indian men as weak and Indian women as mistreated.

New France

France's colonial territory in the US; they initially aimed to find gold and a Northwest Passage to Asia; was primarily a commercial venture that failed to attract many colonists; France sent few emigrants there, fearing that many emigrants would undermine France's role as a European power; when Huguenots became persecuted in France, they were unwelcome in New France, who wanted to maintain Catholicism

"Christian Liberty"

Freedom meant abandoning the life of sin to embrace the teachings of Christ and become servants to God; no connection to later ideas of religious toleration

Colonists & Indians in Spanish America

Gold and silver mining - Mines were worked by Indians. Many Spaniards came to the New World for easier social mobility. Indian inhabitants always outnumbered European colonists and their descendants in Spanish America. Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture.

Dutch Empire

Henry Hudson sailed into New York Harbor and claimed the area for the Netherlands (1609). The Dutch West India Company settled colonists on Manhattan Island (1626). The Netherlands dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century.

Western Indians

Hopi & Zuni

Pope Alexander VI

In 1493, to further legitimize Spain's claim to the New World, he divided the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal; Portugal got control of Brazil, while Spain got pretty much the remainder of the Western hemisphere

Dutch East/West India Company

In 1624, the DWI Company, which was awarded a monopoly for Dutch trade with America, settled colonists on Manhattan Island; the main population there was a fortified military outpost controlled by appointees of the DWI; to try to attract settlers there, thew DWI Company promised colonists not only religious toleration but also cheap livestock and free land after six years of labor

North American Indian Differences

Indians north of Mexico lacked literacy, metal tools, and scientific knowledge necessary for long-distance navigation

New Laws

Inspired by Bartolome de las Casas, were laws set forth by Spain that Indians would no longer be slaves.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer who in 1493 sailed the coast of South America. America would be named after him.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America

Ferdinand and Isabella

King and Queen of Spain during the age of Exploration in the 15th century; funded Columbus's journey to America's

Liberty to Europeans

Liberty came from knowing one's place in a hierarchical society and fulfilling duties appropriate to one's rank.

The Dutch West India Company 1st Settlement

Manhattan Island

métis

Marriage and children between Indian women and French traders.

1678 French Claim

Mississippi river

Pueblos

Name for Indian people in Rio Grande who made complex irrigation systems for cornfields; lived in villages of multi-storied, terraced building

Effects of Printing Press

News could now travel quickly, especially with the invention of Gutenberg's movable-type printing press in the 1430s.

Mestizos

People of mixed origin; the offspring of a Spaniard and Indian; by 1600, they made up a large part of the urban population of Spanish America and repopulated the Valley of Mexico, where disease decimated the previous inhabitants

mestizos

Person of mixed origin, made up in large part of urban population in Spanish America

repartimiento system

Residents of Indian villages. Remains legally free and entitled to wages. They had to do a set amount of work, but they were not slaves.

French Initial Colonization

Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608, and others explored and claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France. Relatively few French colonists arrived in New France. The white population in 1700 was only 19,000.

Northwest Passage

Seen as shortcut from Atlantic Ocean to Pacific, was the reason why france came over to America!

caravel

Ship capable of long distance travel

Development of African Slavery

Slavery in Africa long predated the coming of Europeans; African slaves tended to be criminals and debtors and had well-defined rights; the coming of the Portuguese accelerated the buying and selling of slaves within Africa; over 100,000 went to Spain and Portugal from 1450-1500

Governing Spanish America

Spain established a stable government modeled after Spanish home rule and absolutism. Power flowed from the king to the Council of the Indies to viceroys to local officials. The Catholic Church played a significant role.

St. Augustine

Spanish colony established in Florida in 1565; Pedro Menendez de Aviles and his men destroyed Fort Caroline that was established by Huguenots (French Protestants) and established their own fort there; in general, Florida failed to attract settlers; it is the oldest site in the US continuously inhabited by European settlers and their descendants

Encomienda System

System in which the first settles had been granted authority over conquered Indian lands with the right to extract forced labor from the natives; was replaced in 1550 by the repartimiento system, in which natives were legally free and entitled to wages, but were required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year

coverture

Term meaning that women who married surrendered their legal rights to their husband

New Netherland and the Indians

The Dutch came to trade, not to conquer, and were determined to treat the Indians more humanely, although conflict was not completely avoided.

Half-way Covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Tenochtitlán

The capital of the Aztec empire in what is now New Mexico

Portuguese Navigation

The caravel, compass, and quadrant made travel possible for the Portuguese in the early fifteenth century. The Portuguese established trading posts, "factories," along the western coast of Africa. Portugal began colonizing Atlantic islands and established plantations worked by slaves.

Indian Views on Land

The idea of owning private property was foreign to Indians. Indians believed land was a common resource, not an economic commodity. Wealth mattered little in Indian societies, and generosity was far more important.

Black Legend

The image of Spain as a unique and brutal colonizer; this view would provide a potent justification for other European powers to challenge Spain's predominance in the New World; this view was contributed to by Las Casas's writings

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Reconquista

The reconquest of Spain from the Moors (African Muslims) in 1492; was completed during reign of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella; to ensure religious unification, they required all Muslims and Jews to either convert or leave the country

Puritanism

The religion of a group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England

dower rights

The right of a married woman to one-third of her husband's property in the event that he died before she did.

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic flow of goods and people that altered millions of years of evolution; Europe was introduced to corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco and cotton; the Americas were introduced to wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and brand new germs and diseases

French Relations With Native Americans

The viability of New France depended on friendly relations with local Indians; they had the most enduring alliance with them in colonial North America; Indians were soon swept into European conflicts, and vice versa; more often, French converted to Native society than Natives converting to French society; Jesuits did try to convert Indians to Catholicism, but gave them a high degree of independence

Columbian exchange

Transatlantic exchange of plants, ideas, livestock, people, and diseases from Europe to North America. Introduced new markets to Europe, gave different types of plants not previously available. Altered millions of years of evolution. Created World Trade Routes.

Cortés & Pizarro

Two Spanish conquistadores, Cortés and Pizarro, led devastating expeditions against the Aztec and Inca civilizations, respectively, in the early 1500s.

Pueblo Revolt

Victory for North American Indians in which they ran out the Spanish colonists in present day New Mexico. Due to forced conversion.

Native American Gender Relations

Women could engage in premarital sex and choose to divorce their husbands, and most Indian societies were matrilineal. Since men were often away on hunts, women attended to the agricultural duties, as well as the household duties.

engagés or indentured servants

a servant or slave who was formally bonded to be such a worker OR Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

matrilineal societies

a society where the children became members of the mother's family instead of the father's

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

believed the Indians are inferior to the Spanish and that the Spanish have a right to rule them saw them as very civilized and not totally lacking in reason, but said they should accept Christianity fully

Indians of E. N. America

corn, squash, and beans and supplemented it by fishing and hunting. Tribes frequently warred with one another; however, there were also many loose alliances. Diverse

"three sisters" (corn, beans, and squash)

crops that formed the basis of agriculture

Dutch Freedoms

devotion to liberty freedom of the press and a broad religious toleration New Netherland was a military post, not governed democratically, but the citizens possessed rights. Slaves had some rights, women enjoyed more independence than their counterparts in other colonies.

Samuel Champlain

founded first successful French Colony in Quebec in the year 1608.

mound builders

inhabitants of North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious and ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes.

Commonalities in Native Religion

religious ceremonies were often directly related to farming and hunting. Those who were believed to hold special spiritual powers held positions of respect and authority.

Hopi & Zuni

settled around present-day Arizona and New Mexico built large planned towns with multiple-family dwellings had long distance trade

patroons

shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor, were given large estates by Dutch West Trading Company

conquistadores

someone who conquers a new land

animism

the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

reconquista

the reconquest of Spain when Christian leaders drove Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492, when they were finally able to conquer Spain again.

Balboa

trekked across Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.