AP World Chapter 14-17 Exam
what decreased the Amerindian population from 33 million to 4.5 million
European diseases (smallpox, measels, whooping cough, chicken pox, plague, malaria, etc.)
What were the factors Europe was lacking in to prevent them from expanding inward
military strength immunity to disease knowledge of terrain
why did the Mughals decline
1) Aurangzeb military campaigns exhausted the empire 2) antagonized the Hindu majority 3) rise on taxes
why did the Safavid Empire fall
1) army was unraveling 2) central gov. was failing
what was the importance of the Treaty of Zsitva Torok (1606)
1) confirmed ottoman rule over Hungary, Romania, Transylvania (recognized Hasburg's authority) 2) ceased battles
what were the main accomplishments of the Qing dynasty
1) conquered and controlled Tibet, Xinjiang, Out Mongolia, and Tarim Basin (commercial center) 2) European contact
What were Shah Abbas's accomplishments
1) imported Euro. goods (access to adv. tech) 2) new capital-Isfahan 3) encouraged trade
What social reforms did Akbar revise
1) no enslaving prisoners of war (converting them to Islam) 2) abolished tax on Hindus pilgrims(1563) 3) revoked the jizya (tax on non-Muslims)
How many Africans came to the Americas as a result of slave trade
10,000,000
what was the population at Akbar's zenith in 1600
110 million
what was the years of the ottoman empire
1300-1700
when was central asia created and divided into several empires
1300-1750
what was the duration of the Ming and Manchu dynasties
1368-1750
When did Safavids generally rule
1400-1700
when did the Mughal Empire reign from
1526-1707
when did the ottomans reach their zenith
1600s
When did the Ottomans reach their maximum extent of their empire
1676, when they were able to control parts of Ukraine
When did the ottomans decline?
1700s
When did Britain alone imported €162 million of Caribbean goods (nearly all sugar)
1713-1792
when did China's population grow
18th century
how large was the ottoman slave infantry in 1527
28,000
how many slaves were annually traded throughout the 18th and first part of the 19th century
50,000
what was the total population of South Africa when the Europeans expanded
60,000
How did african trade increase when the Portuguese began trading on the African coast in the first half of the 17th centuary
7,500
when did sugar plantations reach their maximum productivity
700s
How did Shah Abbas deal with competing religious groups
?he murdered them (Shi'a, Sunnis, and Sufis)
what was Australia used for
England's "dumping ground" of prisioners
who was Todar Mal
Akbar's revenue officer, assisted in establishing bureaucracy modeled on a military hierarchy
who was the greatest "losers" of the columbian exchange
Amerindians
who seized New Amsterdam in 1644
British
what economy did slave trade impact after 1650
Caribbean sugar
What was the largest city in the 1600
Constantinople-700,000 inhabitants
what were trade items to Africa
cotton and silk cloth
Which Mughal city was populated by 2 million people in the 17th century, was mainly populated by immigrants (as it was rebuilt) and foreign merchants, was a religious/pilgrimage center for Indians, and had a huge military presence
Delhi/Shahjahnabad
what did Akbar's personal religion entail
Din-i-Ilahi, allowed Akbar to have divine right (he being the vice regent of God), sparked controversy among several orthodox muslims
who sent the first Europeans settlers to South Africa
Dutch (East India Co.)
who benefited the most from the Columbian exchange
Europeans (1492)
what caused the population decline over the centuries for the Australian and New Zealand population
Europeans and their diseases
What Safavid issue did Shah Abbas (1588-1629) solve
He unified Iran's diverse people through and increase in military capacity
What did Babur do in 1526
he invaded india and conquered Delhi and Agra, he being the Sultan
which city was the largest of its time (1598), contained a maidan, a trade center, pursued religious tolerance, and possessed a strong military
Isfahan
what happened in the Battle at Lepanto
Ottomans defeated at sea by hasburgs
where did Safavid Persia generally rule
Persia
who mainly revived the trade routes of Africa
Portugese
who declared themselves the long awaited messiah of the Shi'ite muslims
Shah Isma'il who also proclaimed himself as the Shah of Iran
who rebuilt Shahjahnabad
Shah Jahan (Aklbar's grandson)
who made Isfahan the capital of the Safavid empire
Shah Abbas
What are the Sugar Plantation economy elements (SSCLFRM)
Slave labor dependent Supplied Euro markets with goods Capitalist enterprise Legal rights to workers Factory Style Labor Reliant on Euro for food Mercantilism
What was the largest individual state of Africa
Songhay Empire
where did the Mughal empire generally expand
South Asia (indian subcontinent)
who invaded China and established the new Qing dynasty
The Manchus (jurchen)
how many slaves were annually traded from 1451-75
less than 1000
gazis
Turkish warriors, mission to bring lands under Dar al-Islam
what was the general geography of the Ottoman empire
West Asia, South East Europe, and North Africa
what attracted so many people to Constantinople (rel.)
educational ideals-madrasses (religious schools)
what product spread from from South America to Africa and Asia
cassava
what caused the drawback of prisoners to go to Australia
created new prison acts, less need for Australia (1868)
what did the mercantilist states develop that threatened the Spanish (early 1600s)
developed enterprises in the construction of ships strong business groups skilled in trade strong ties to political leader ship
the pilgrim colony in 1620 was founded for what reason
dissenter from the Church of England sought religious haven (wished to separate from church of England)
what was a great contribution from Europe and to the new world as a result of the Colombian exchange
domesticated animals
where did Russia expand to
expanded to Siberia and declared Russian sovereignty all the way to the Bering Sea, even to Alaska
what happened in the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)
facilitated trade between Russia and China, as well as negotiated terms of equality
what were the three groups that sustained the Turkish invasions
gazis, sufis, and janissaries
what were trade items from Africa
gold, slaves (15-24), ivory, amber
how did Akbar make peace with the Hindu Rajputs
gov job offerings, armies, supplied marriage alliances
What was Akbar's policy on religion
he was tolerant and encouraged cultural syncretism
what was the main reason the Ottomans fell
in terms of the economy and military, the Ottomans had "fallen behind" Europe and Russia
why was indentured labor desirable
it allowed lower class citizens a fresh start in New World
why do many modern scholars believe that Africa lost lots of potential
it exported many of its strongest citizens
why was the Pennsylvania colony so important
it provided religious tolerance
why was the Colombian exchange so important
it provided sustained contact between the western and eastern hemisphere
sufis
members of religious orders, accompanied the troops and introduced islam
was the plan to go to Virginia to find resources a success
nope, they didn't find any of the desired resources and 7,000 died (1609-1618)
what was the global impact of the Colombian exchange
population increase
why did many settlers come to the new world initially
price revolution (availability of new world silver)
what was the state of the Ming dynatsy
prosperous, rebuilding the great wall and pacifying Mongols on the borders
what did Lord Baltimore do for the English minority
provided catholic refuge in Maryland (1632)
What was a common source of wealth in Africa, even before the Europeans
slaves
janissaries
slaves captured or bought among the conquered population, served in the elite Turkish army
why was Shahjahnabad deserted
soldiers from military camp followed Aurangzeb on campaigns
what industries were laborers involved in
sugar, tobacco, and cotton (principle crop of Virginia)
what crops successfully traveled to China
sweet potatoes and corn (maize)
what happened in the Battle of Kosovo (1389)
the Ottomans secured Serbia and took control of the western balkans, as well as Anatolia (agricultural benefits)
who were pushing back the Ottomans in the mid 1700s
the Russians
which European groups INITIALLY traveled to Australia
the Spanish, dutch, and Portuguese
what attracted europeans back to Australia in the 1850s
the discovery of gold, resulting in a massive population increase
what was the outcome of the 7 years war
the french lost their land near southern Canada to the British
who were the Aborigines
the indigenous Australians
who were the Maori
the violent indigenous people of New Zealand
What was the Ottoman's affect on the population
the population more than doubled especially around the Mediterranean area, 60-70 million people by 1600
why did the British want to get the South African Cape Colony
they didn't want the french to get it, as they had just conquered the Netherlands
what did the Ottomans do in 1683
they made their final attempt to conquer Vienna and failed
why did the Ottomans "halt" their expansionism in 1606
they were financially and militarily exhausted from battling the Hasburgs for two centuries
who were the Safavids
they were followers of Shaykh Safi al-Din's religious teachings
What were Akbar's accomplishments
this Mughal ruler 1) began rule at 14 2) est. absolute monarch 3) conquered Gujarat (commercial center) 4) constructed two capitals (Arga and Fatehpur) 5) India into cash economy 6) made peace with Hindu Rajputs 7) established bureaucracy 8) social reforms 9) personal religion
What major accomplishments did Mehmed II make (r. 1451-81)
this ottoman ruler 1) conquered Constantinople, 2) the rest of Anatolia, 3) Crimea on the North Black Sea, 4) and and Venice empire (greece + agean)
What major accomplishments did Selmin I (r. 1512-20) make
this ottoman ruler 1) defeated the Safavids in Persia as Battle of Chaldiran (1514) 2)went against Mameluke Empire of Egypt- conquering Aleppo, Damascus, and Ciro
what was the stable product of Virginia's economy
tobacco crop
What was the leading crop from the old world to the new world
wheat
what product from South America spread to Europe
white potatoes