ap world history ch 23

Romanticism

19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion an impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection

Reform Bill of 1832

British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class

Benjamin Disraeli

British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform

Nationalism

European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based of ethnic origins

Karl Marx

German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship

Sigmund Freud

Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses

declaration of the rights of man and the citizen

adopted during the french revolution; proclaimed the equality of french citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements

Triple Entente

agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I

Triple Alliance

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I

Mass leisure culture

an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports

Camillo di Cavour

architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont

Napoleon Bonaparte

army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815

Charles Darwin

biologist who developed the theory of evolution of the species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival

louis XVI

bourbon ruler of france who was executed during the radical phase of the french revolution

Otto von Bismarck

conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability

James Watt

devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution

Louis Pasteur

discover of germs and of the purifying process named after him

Radicals

followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes

Albert Einstein

formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity

American Civil War (1861-1865)

fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the U.S.

American exceptionalism

historical argument that the development of the U.S. was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation

population revolution

huge growth in population in western europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization

Factory system

intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline

Guillotine

introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror

Social question

issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870

Maximilien Robespierre

leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries

Congress of Vienna

met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power

Balkan Nationalism

movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I

French Revolution of 1848

overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the second French Republic

french revolution

overthrow of the bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and evntually ended with napoleon's french empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in europe

Socialism

political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class

Liberalism

political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments

proto-industrialization

preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the industrial revolution

Belgian Revolution of 1830

produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy

Greek Revolution

rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire

american revolution

rebellion of the british american atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent united states

French Revolution of 1830

second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy

Revisionism

socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions

Feminist movements

sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women

Revolutions of 1848

the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria,Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed