ap world history ch 23
Romanticism
19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion an impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection
Reform Bill of 1832
British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class
Benjamin Disraeli
British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform
Nationalism
European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based of ethnic origins
Karl Marx
German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship
Sigmund Freud
Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses
declaration of the rights of man and the citizen
adopted during the french revolution; proclaimed the equality of french citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements
Triple Entente
agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I
Triple Alliance
alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I
Mass leisure culture
an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports
Camillo di Cavour
architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont
Napoleon Bonaparte
army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815
Charles Darwin
biologist who developed the theory of evolution of the species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival
louis XVI
bourbon ruler of france who was executed during the radical phase of the french revolution
Otto von Bismarck
conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability
James Watt
devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution
Louis Pasteur
discover of germs and of the purifying process named after him
Radicals
followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes
Albert Einstein
formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity
American Civil War (1861-1865)
fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the U.S.
American exceptionalism
historical argument that the development of the U.S. was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation
population revolution
huge growth in population in western europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization
Factory system
intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline
Guillotine
introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror
Social question
issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870
Maximilien Robespierre
leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries
Congress of Vienna
met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power
Balkan Nationalism
movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I
French Revolution of 1848
overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the second French Republic
french revolution
overthrow of the bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and evntually ended with napoleon's french empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in europe
Socialism
political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class
Liberalism
political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
proto-industrialization
preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the industrial revolution
Belgian Revolution of 1830
produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy
Greek Revolution
rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire
american revolution
rebellion of the british american atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent united states
French Revolution of 1830
second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy
Revisionism
socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions
Feminist movements
sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women
Revolutions of 1848
the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria,Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed