AP World History Chapter 14: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

Foreign Religions in China

- After fall of Han dynasty, many religions emerged - Nestorian Christians and Manichaeans, later Zoroastrians - Nestorian's made communities in China by late sixth century - Mid 7th century, Muslim communities - Didn't have major interest from the Chinese

China and the Hemispheric Economy

- Chinese people developed a taste of exotic goods, became symbols of elegant lifestyle - In exchange for this, they sent abroad many things, thus China's economic surge promoted trade and economic growth throughout much of the eastern hemisphere

Metallurgy

- During 9th-12th century iron production increased -Mostly went to weaponry and agricultural tools -Also went into construction projects ex. bridges -Method spread to other people -Song military had problems because nomadic people learned their techniques and made their own weapons

Heian Japan

- Emperors more figureheads - Power laid in Fujiwara family - Writing adapted Chinese word

Song Weaknesses

- Enormous Song bureaucracy devoured China's surplus production - As number of bureaucrats grew and size of rewards grew, imperial treasury came under pressure - Raising tax made peasants mad -vBy this time bureaucrats dominated administration, couldn't reform system -Scholar-bureaucrats had little education on military affairs, yet led Song armies - Nomadic people flourished on northern border during this time - 10th-12th century, Khitan, semi-nomadic people from Manchuria, ruled empire from northern Korea to Mongolia - During first half, they demanded large tribute payments -Early 12th century, Jurchen nomads conquered Khitan, overran northern China, captured Song capital at Kaifeng, and proclaimed the Jin empire - Song dynasty moved capital to Hangzhou and survived only in southern China -Later dynasty was known as Southern Song -Mongol forces ended dynasty in 1279

Decline of Heian Japan

- Equal-field system stopped working, elites gaining land - Mid 12th century, Taira and Minamoto clans waged war, Minamoto won -Claimed to rule the land in the name of the emperor -Installed clan leader as shogun

Nara Japan

- Establishment of Sui and Tang dynasties made Japan think of a centralized imperial government - One clan tried to do this and modeled everything on the Chinese society - Moved capital city at Nara and was a replica of Tang capital - Official support of Confucianism and Buddhism

Song Taizu

- First emperor - Regarded all state officials as servants of imperial government - In exchange for loyalty, awarded them richly - They vastly expanded bureaucracy based on merit by creating more opportunities for people seeking Confucian education and to take civil service examinations

Tang Decline

- Mid 8th century, careless leadership brought crisis -755, emperor neglected public affairs, military commander An Lushan, mounted rebellion -By 763, Tang forces suppressed army, left them at weakened state -Couldn't defeat rival forces themselves, so invited nomadic Turkish people called Uighurs to bring army to China -In return, had right to sack Chang'an and Luoyang -During 9th century many rebellions in countryside -In effort to control land, emperor gave more power to regional military commanders, who became the rulers of China - In 907 last Tang emperor abdicated throne

Printing

- Not sure of the precise origin - During Tang era printing became common - Earliest printers used block printing technique - By mid 11th century, printers tried using reusable movable type, but many switched back to block printing

Samurai

- Served provincial lords of Japan - In turn of these services, lords supported samurai from agricultural surpluses and labor services of peasant -Though Japan took original inspiration from Tang empire in China, Japanese political order developed differently - However Japan did borrow Confucian values, Buddhist religion, a system of writing, and the ideal of centralized imperial rule

Chinese Influence in Vietnam

- Vietnamese authorities made administrative system and bureaucracy modeled on that of China and Viet ruling classes prepared for their careers by following Confucian education -Buddhism came to Vietnam and got following

Song Dynasty

- Warlords ruled China until Song dynasty in late 10th century - Never built powerful state, though survived for a while - 960-1279CE - More emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts instead of military affairs

Buddhism in China

-Attracted Chinese because of its high standards of morality -Established monastic communities -Monasteries became important elements in local economies of Chinese communities -Buddhist monks introduced chairs in China and refined sugar - Explained concepts with help from Daoism vocab - Recognised validity of family life -Met resistance from Daoists and Confucians

Tale of Genji

-Because Japanese women didn't really receive a formal Chinese education, the most famous works from women are in Japanese - Prince name Genji

Naval Techniques

-By Song dynasty, Chinese mariners had made watertight bulkheads, sails, rudders, and made a magnetic compass -Spread to various cultures

The Silla Dynasty

-During 7th century Tang armies conquered much of Korea before native Silla dynasty rallied against them -Since both wanted to avoid long term conflict, came to an agreement where Chinese forces would withdraw from Korea if the Silla king recognised emperor as overlord -Brought benefits to Koreans, --Korean merchants could trade in China - Political and Confucianism and Chan Buddhism influence

Persecution

-During late Tang dynasty, critics found allies in imperial court -Ordered closure of monasteries and expulsion of Buddhists and other religions

Equal-field System

-Early 8th century, system started to not work as population increased -Also, influential families found way to retain land scheduled for redistribution -A lot of land was taken away by Buddhist monasteries

Gunpowder

-Mid 10th century started using gunpowder in bamboo -By late 13th century peoples of southwest Asia and Europe were experimenting with metal-barreled cannons

Zhu Xi

-Most important ^^ was philosopher -Made Family Rituals book and thought role in family and society was very important, yet also became fascinated with features of Buddhist thought

Paper Money

-Shortage of copper coins during Tang and Song times -Printed paper money during late ninth century -Sometimes didn't work out, but by 11th century economy became dependent on alternatives to cash that twas impractical to ban money -Government authorities decided they only they could print money -Not until Qing dynasty did authorities place issuance of printed money under tighter controls

Neo-Confucianism

-Song didn't persecute Buddhists, but encouraged Native religions, especially Confucianism -Confucians during Song dynasty drew a lot of inspiration from Buddhism, became known as neo-Confucianism

Economic Development of Tang and Song China Agricultural Development Fast-Ripening Rice

-Sui and Tang armies increased agriculture productivity when they took control of southern China and ventured in Vietnam -In Vietnam they found fast-ripening rice-->brought home-->more food

China and Vietnam

-Though they absorbed different ideas and methods from the Chinese and they went into a tributary relationship, many revolts occurred -As Tang dynasty fell in early 10th century, Viets won their independence -Many kept their indigenous religions -Women played a more important role than in China

Wu Zhao: The Lady Emperor

626-706CE, daughter of scholar official When emperor died, in 690 she claimed throne for herself -secret police force, strengthened civil service system, patronized Buddhism

Early Japan

Armies never invaded Japan, but influenced its political and cultural development By middle of first millennium CE, several dozen states ruled small regions

Porcelain

During Tang time Spread to other cultures, but Chinese porcelain still the best

Bureaucracy of Merit

Early Tang - most officeholders were aristocrats Late Tang-Officeholders came mostly from common family - Confucian education system and related civil service

New Agricultural Techniques

Harnessed oxen in the north and water buffaloes in the south Enriched soil with manure Organized extensive irrigation systems which had pumps and waterwheels

The Sui Dynasty

Imposed tight political discipline 580 patron died and son took over Yang Jian took power from son and claimed the throne for himself By 589, ruled all of China Ordered construction of places and granaries Carried out repairs on defensive walls Dispatched military forces to central Asia and Korea Levied high taxes and demand labor

Dunhuang

Mahayana Buddhism 4th century, pretty big Buddhist community emerged at Dunhuang Cave temples Libraries

Pilgrimage to India

Monk Xuanzang (602-664CE) went to India to learn about Buddhism Came back with copies of written works, raised understanding of Buddhism

Military Expansion

North, Manchuria Silla kingdom in Korea South, N. part of Vietnam West, got part of Tibet i Empire among largest in Chinese history

Dynasty End

People mad about tax and forced labor During late 610s rebellion broke out in northern China 618 minister assassinated emperor and brought dynasty to end

Tang Dynasty

Rebel leader took Chang'an and called himself emperor Survived almost 300 years 618-907CE

Medieval Japan

Refer to the Kamakura and Muromachi periods as the medieval period - Developed decentralised political order, found little use for Chinese style bureaucracy - Valued military talent and discipline

Tang Taizong

Second emperor Build splendid capital at Chang'an and was a Confucian ruler Price of rice remained low, banditry ended, okay taxes Three policies: -Maintenance of transportation and communication network -Distribution of land according to principles of equal field system -Reliance on a bureaucracy based on merit

Foot Binding

Spread widely during Song era, never became universal

The Grand Canal

Until railroad, served as the principal conduit for internal trade