AP World History Chapter 23 Reading Questions: A New Phase of Global Interaction
Neoliberalism
A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
What are African feminists' criticisms of Western feminism?
Didn't like their -individualism -focus on sexuality -no focus on motherhood, marriage, poverty -useless -interest in circumcision and polygamy
Explain how the U.S. global presence can be seen as an "informal empire."
Economic penetration, political pressure, periodic military action sought to create societies and governments compatible with values & interests of dominant power but without directly governing large populations for large periods
What issues/problems with the West fueled Islamic renewal movements?
External pressures of colonial rule, western imperialism, secular modernity
Describe the major environmental conflict between the Global North and the Global South.
Felt Northern initiatives to address atmospheric pollution would curtail their industrial development
Instability has always accompanied economic globalization. Describe examples of this instability from the late 1990s
Financial crisis in Asia during 1990s resulted in collapse of many businesses, widespread unemployment, and political upheaval
Despite the globalization of science and modernity, what have been the prominent trends with religions in the last century?
Further spread of major world religions, resurgence in new forms, opposition to elements of secular and global modernity, political role as a source of community identity and conflict
Besides resistance from the Global North, what is another obstacle to reforming the world economy in favor of the Global South?
Growing disparities in the developing countries themselves
What caused the worldwide economic contraction that began in 2008?
Inflated housing market or "bubble" in United States collapsed, triggering millions of home foreclosures, growing unemployment, tightening of credit, declining of consumer spending
What is Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique about?
It disclosed the identity crisis of educated women, unfulfilled by marriage and motherhood
Describe the "women's liberation" approach to feminism - include how liberation is achieved, preferred actions, issues raised, etc.
It took broader aim at patriarchy as a system of domination, like those of race and class. Becoming aware of own oppression, direct action, ridding themselves of "instruments of oppression" like girdles, bras, tweezers, high heels. They said nearly all forms of sexuality should be embraced
What are the results (or possible results) of global warming?
Loss of trees, carbon dioxide content goes up, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, thawing permafrost, hurricanes, extinctions, etc
What problems does this coalition believe economic globalization has created?
Lower labor standards, fostered ecological degradation, prevented poor countries from protecting themselves against financial speculators, ignored local cultures, disregarded human rights, enhanced global inequality, favored the rich
What is "fundamentalism"?
Militant piety that took shape in every major religious tradition
What positive effects has global environmentalism generated?
Motivated legislation towards pollution control, pushed businesses toward green direction, focused research on alternative energy, stimulated UN conferences, persuaded millions to alter life, generated international agreements
What issues do women of color focus on instead of feminism?
They established their own organizations with focus on racism and poverty
What are transnational corporations?
They produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries
What country did Hamas in Palestine and Hezbollah in Lebanon target AND WHY?
They targeted Israel because the Jews have always been hated by everyone for all of history. They thought Israel was illegitimate.
How do most women of color view mainstream feminism?
They viewed the family as a secure base from which to resist racism
What kinds of protests movements emerged in Europe in the 1960s?
They were against unresponsive bureaucracy, consumerism, and middle-class values
Explain how environmentalism in the Global South differs from that in the West.
West: involved middle class,less engaged in politics, concerned with security and health of people, connected with social justice
What are the "great enemies" of al-Qaeda on an international level?
Western imperialism and the U.S.
How is the U.S. an "empire of production?"
Uses immense wealth to entice or intimidate potential collaborators
Besides work, why do millions of others migrate?
War, revolution, poverty, end of empire
Economic globalization has also created inequalities within individual nations. Describe the inequalities created in Mexico OR China
-north mexico more prosperous than the south -inequality between rural households in China and burgeoning cities
What commitments were made by 183 nations with the UN Convention to Eliminate Discrimination against Women?
-promote women's legal equality -end discrimination -actively encourage women's development -protect women's human rights
What does the neo-liberalist approach to the world economy favor?
-reduction of tariffs -a free global movement of capital -mobile and temporary workforce -privatization of many state-run enterprises -the curtailing of government efforts to regulate the economy -tax and spending cuts
What issues and/or protests arose within the U.S. during the Vietnam War and again following the American invasion of Iraq in 2003?
-split families and friendships, churches and political parties -provided a platform for tons of critics who resented American cultural+economic dominance -stimulated new sense of activism
What are the three major divisions that have emerged in the international feminist movement?
1. Who had the right to speak on behalf of women at international gatherings 2. Differing views like equal inheritance 3. Backlash among those who felt its radical agenda undermined family life, relationship of men and women, and civilization
What reforms were initiated by Czechoslovakian leader Alexander Dubcek during the "Prague Spring"?
*socialism with a human face" -censorship ended -free expression -political clubs emerged -victims of oppression rehabilitated -secret ballots for party elections put into place
Give 2 examples of global migrating workers.
-400000 Turks gtfo of the Ottoman Empire -Jews went to Israel because of anti-Semitism, fascism, and the holocaust -palestinian refugees went to squalid settlements in neighboring countries -people from developing countries to industrialized world in Europe and north America
Describe Che Guevera.
-Argentine-born revolutionary -embraced cuban revolution -attempted to replicate liberation through guerrilla warfare -seen as heroic figure
How has growing international economic competition and declining exports negatively affected the U.S. economy?
-China was on track to overtake the U.S. as the world's largest economy by the 2020s -competition -a sharp reversal of the U.S.'s trade balance
What new technologies have contributed to the acceleration of economic globalization?
-Containerized shipping -huge oil tankers -air express services -fiber-optic cables -the internet
What kinds of protests movements emerged in the U.S. in the 1960s?
-civil rights demands of blacks and Hispanic Americans -Youthful counterculture of rock music, sex, and drugz -Lots of protests against vietnam war
Economic globalization has also created inequalities within individual nations. Describe the inequalities created in the U.S.
-income inequality -shifting global division of labor required loss of millions of jobs
What were the positive impacts on human welfare that occurred as a result of the economic growth and creation of wealth accompanying economic globalization?
-life expectancy increased -infant mortality decreased -literacy increased -poverty declined
What did the "Bretton Woods system" do?
-negotiated the rules for commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries -promoted relatively free trade, stable currency values linked to the U.S. dollar -high levels of of capital investment.
What are the 3 underlying factors of environmental changes in the 20th century?
1. Explosion of human numbers 2. New ability to tap energy of fossil fuels 3. Phenomenal economic growth
List AND define the 3 ways in which money has achieved global mobility.
1. Foreign direct investment- a firm opens a factory in a different country to take advantage of cheap labour, tax breaks, and looser environmental regulations. A good example of this is Apple 2. Short-term movement of capital- investors annually spent trillions of dollars purchasing foreign currencies or stocks likely to increase in value and sold them thereafter 3. Involved personal funds of individuals- international credit cards had taken hold almost everywhere, allowing for easy transfer of money across international borders
Give 2 examples of the increased circulation of goods around the globe as a result of accelerating world trade since 1945.
1. Twinings of London marketed 120 blends of tea in over 100 countries 2. Kiwi (a brand based in the fictional land of Australia) shoe polish was sold in 180 countries 3. In 2005, ~70% of Walmart products included components from China 4. In 2006, Toyota replaced General Motors as the world's largest automaker with manufacturing facilities in at least 18 countries.
What vision do Hindu nationalists (of the Hindutva movement) have for India?
Democratic politicization of religion Seeked to remake india in the western image Muslims outsiders
What are the main causes of global warming?
Chemical contamination, human involvement in ecosystems, air pollution caused by fossil fuels
What disappointments within the Muslim world fueled Islamic renewal movements?
Conquest and colonial rule, awareness of technological and economic gap between Islam and Europe, disappearance of Ottoman Empire, elite enchantment with Western culture, retreat of Islam
What are the "soft powers" of the U.S.?
Cultural attractiveness, political and cultural freedoms, economic benefits of cooperation, willingness of many to follow American lead voluntarily
What caused Osama bin Laden to become more radical?
His country allowed the stationing of infidel U.S. troops and he went nuts.
Instability has always accompanied economic globalization. Describe examples of this instability from the 1980s
Inability to repay mounting debts triggered a major financial crisis in latin america
What disparities illustrate the increasing gap between the rich nations of the Global North and the developing countries of the Global South?
Income, medical care, availibility of water, education, employment, access to internet, etc
The "antiglobalization" movement is an international coalition made up of what groups/people?
Political activists, concerned scholars and students, trade unions, women's and religious organizations, environmental groups, etc
What started the 2nd wave of environmentalism in the 20th century?
Publication of Rachel Carton's Silent Spring
What economic issues have arisen between the Global North and the Global South?
Rules for world trade, availibility and terms of foreign aid, representation in international economic organizations, problem of debt, and environmental/labor standarcs
What issues did many Americans (both male and female) have with international feminism?
Saw it as just hatred, fear, and ugliness
What do American Christian fundamentalists oppose?
Scientific approach to the bible, Darwinism, liberal versions of Christianity
What are the three major ways in which established religion feels threatened by features of the modern world?
Secular scientific focus of global modernity challenged beliefs, social upheavals connected with new movements, nation-states associated with religious undermined by global economy and challenged by spread of alien cultures
What issues did the Islamic world have with international feminism?
Seen as highly offensive and fueled religious revivalism that restricted women
In what different ways did Islamic renewal express itself?
Sharia law as a path of life and pleasing Allah
What issues did religious groups have with international feminism?
Took strong exception to aspects of global feminism like emphasis on reproductive rights
Instability has always accompanied economic globalization. Describe examples of this instability from 1973-1974
Soaring oil process contributed to a severe stock market crash and great hardship for developing countries