AP World History Chapter 5 - The Classical Period: Directions, Diversities, and Declines by 500 C.E.
Knowledge of Kushite writing did not
Spread, indicating that the civilization's impact was limited
Hindu leaders reacted to the arrival of Islam by
Strengthening their emphasis on religious devotion, at the expense of other intellectual interests such as math and science
The Sui dynasty was succeeded by
The Tang
All the Classical civilizations made an effort to maintain
A basic social cohesion while acknowledging inequality
The Olmecs lacked
A form of writing
The Inca were organized into
A group of clans
Northern European religious beliefs featured
A host of gods and rituals designed to placate the forces of nature
Politically, Japan developed
A regional political organization based on tribal chiefs
Political confusion in Rome produced
A series of weak emperors and many disputes over succession to the throne
Compared to much of northern Europe, Japan was
Advanced
The Sui dynasty united
All of northern China
The collapse of Han China was followed by
Almost 300 years of chaos
As a result from their geographic isolation, the Maya and the Inca lacked
Basic technologies such as the wheel or the capacity to work iron
Writing was introduced to Japan
By Korean scribes
The Olmecs developed in
Central America
Goods such as silk were transported by
Central Asian herders between east Asia and the Middle East
Teotihuacan was in
Central Mexico
Contact with established civilizations gave nomadic groups
Changes in political organization and goals for conquest
The three Classical civilizations are
China, India, and the Mediterranean
The Yellow Turbans were
Chinese Daoists
Inequalities were seen in the
Confucian sense of heirarchy, Indian caste system, and Mediterranean slavery
The Tang revived
Confucianism and the bureaucratic system, which became more elaborate
There was initially little Islam
Conquest in the Indian subcontinent
To address the territorial issue of Roman integration, Rome combined
Considerable local autonomy, tolerance with local laws, the expansion of citizenship to elites across the empire, and a tight commercial empire that created interdependencies between grain-growing regions and the olive and grape regions
Ethiopia had the world's oldest
Continuous monarchy
The ability of the Gupta emperors to ___ declined
Control local princes
Artistically, Rome experienced
Cultural decay and a lack of creativity
The Inca were centered at
Cuzco, Peru
Buddhism further
Declined
Kush writing was
Derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics, and is not yet fully deciphered
To unite its expanding territories, China
Emphasized greater centralization, particularly in politics
Axum fell to
Ethiopia
The Tang sponsored one of the most
Glorious periods in Chinese history
Each Japanese tribal group had its own
God, thought of as an ancestor
Christianity was brought to Ethiopia by
Greek-speaking merchants
Rome experienced plagues from
Growing international trade
Chinese Daoism added
Healing practices and magic to earlier philosophical beliefs
The Hun princes of India converted to
Hinduism
Olmec religious statues and icons depicted
Human images blended with those of animals
The Maya, Inca and the Polynesian peoples developed
In total isolation from other global developments
Tax collection in Rome became
Increasingly difficult, as residents came upon hard times
Arab traders soon wrested control over the
Indian Ocean, reducing the commercial dynamism of India
Olmec culture powerfully influenced later
Indian cultures
The Classical era ended as a result of
Internal population pressure and new appetites and opportunities
Han China and the Roman Empire suffered from
Internal problems
Political life in Rome was complicated by
Intervention by the army in the selection of emperors
Japan sufficiently developed tools made of
Iron
Kush mastered the use of
Iron
Olmec culture featured
Irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems
Indian civilization was threatened by the religion of
Islam
The Polynesians mostly occupied
Islands such as Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii
Confucian intellectual activity gradually became
Less creative
Compared to the collapse of Han China, that of India was
Less drastic
Polynesians adopted
Local plants, new animals, and imported a highly stratified caste system
Compared to China, India and the Mediterranean remained more
Localized and diverse
Much of eastern Europe was organized into
Loosely formed regional kingdoms
China's government
Lost control and bureaucrats became more corrupt
Many free Chinese peasants
Lost their farms and became day laborers on the large estates
All three Classical civilizations experienced
Lower-class and slave rebellions
The Ethiopian Christian church was cut off from
Mainstream Christianity
The first American civilization was based on
Many centuries of advancing agriculture, expanding from the early cultivation of corn
The Olmecs produced
Massive, pyramid-shaped religious monuments
All three Classical civilizations fostered great inequalities between
Men and women, and the upper and lower classes
Teotihuacan faced setbacks from
Migrations and regional wars
The Maya culture featured
Monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, and highly developed religion
Compared to the collapse of the classical dynasties of Asia, the decline of Rome was
More disruptive
The free Chinese peasants were burdened with
New taxes and demands of service
All three Classical civilizations thought inequality was
Normal
The Sahara Desert runs across
Northern Africa, separating the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa
To maintain a basic social cohesion while acknowledging inequality, India
Offered a religion that was shared by all social classes and gave hope to the lower castes of reincarnation into a higher class
All three Classical civilizations suffered from
Outside invasions, the result of growing incursions by groups from Central Asia
Rome's upper classes steadily became more
Pleasure-seeking, turning away from the political devotion and economic vigor, and produced less children
The Guptas dissolved into
Political fragmentation
Han China collapsed because of
Political ineffectiveness and epidemics
Shintoism provided for the worship of
Political rulers and the spirits of nature
Northern European agriculture was
Primitive, still combined with hunting
New crops helped African farmers
Push into new areas
As the population decreased, it became harder for the government to
Recruit troops; they were forced to hire Germanic soldiers to guard the frontiers
Toward the end of the Classical era, important
Regional kingdoms developed in western Africa
The Yellow Turbans launched a
Revolt promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic
Many estates tried to be
Self-sufficient, resulting in the shrinking of cities
To address the territorial issue of Chinese integration, the Chinese government devoted considerable attention to
Settling some northerners in the southern regions and promoting a common language for the elite
Agriculture spread only
Slowly southward due to barriers of dense vegetation and the impact of African diseases on African kingdoms
New crops were received through trade with
Southeast Asia
The Sui dynasty reconquered
Southern China
The Maya emerged in
Southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan
To maintain a basic social cohesion while acknowledging inequality, Chinese Confucianism
Stressed mutual respect between the classes and special deference on the part of the lower classes
Politically, the Kushites established a
Strong monarchy with elaborate ceremonies illustrating the belief that the king was divine
Nomadic invaders were driven out of China by
Strong native rulers
Other herding groups produced important
Technology
The issues involved with integration were
Territorial and social
All three Classical civilizations involved
Territorial expansion and related efforts to integrate the new territories
The Inca were based on the customs of
The Andean culture
The Sui dynasty succeeded
The Han
Rome's fall split the unity of
The Mediterranean lands that had been so arduously won through Hellenistic culture and then by the Roman empire
Axum and Ethiopia had active contacts with
The eastern Mediterranean, who they traded with for several centuries
The Roman budget was deprecated by
The need to pay troops and declining production, which cut into tax revenue
Islam won some Indian converts in
The northwest
The Rajput controlled
The small states and emphasized military prowess
Farming took earliest root in
The southern fringes of the Sahara
The territorial issues of Indian integration were addressed by
The southward spread of the caste system and Hinduism
Agriculture spread throughout Africa as a result of
The spread of ironworking
The independent kingdom of Kush developed along
The upper Nile River
Invaders of India were incorporated into
The warrior caste of India, forming a new ruling class of India
The Yellow Turbans attacked
The weakness of the emperor and the self-indulgence of the current bureaucracy
Local Chinese landlords ruled the land according to
Their own wishes
Many Roman peasants welcomed barbarian invaders because
They were burdened by the social and economic pressures of the decaying empire
The fall of Rome divided the Mediterranean into
Three zones: Byzantium, North Africa/South Mediterranean, and the western part including Spain and Italy
Teotihuacan was the center of
Trade and worship
To maintain a basic social cohesion while acknowledging inequality, the Mediterranean aristocrats
Treated some locals as clients, offering them protection, and supported civic rituals intended to foster loyalty
To unite its expanding territories, India
Used key religious values, particularly Hinduism
Hindu texts began to be written in
Vernacular languages such as Hindi instead of the old Sanskrit
The Scandinavians' increasing skill as sailors led them into
Wider trade and pillage
In northern Europe there was no
Written language, except where Latin had been imported
