AP world history Unit 1-2
Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A Diseases caused pandemics. B Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.
A Diseases caused pandemics.
The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following? A The decline of many major cities across Eurasia B The conquest of Eurasia by Central Asian nomadic peoples C The Spanish and Portuguese voyages of exploration to find new trade routes to Asia D The increased development of mechanical labor-saving devices for industrial production
A The decline of many major cities across Eurasia
The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? A The empire of Alexander the Great B The Mongol Empire C The Russian Empire D The Byzantine Empire E The Ottoman Empire
B The Mongol Empire
The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of A cotton B sugar C tobacco D rice E coffee
B sugar
Based on Bayly's argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following? A Classical Indian religious and philosophical traditions B Marxist political theories of class struggle C Enlightenment concepts of natural rights D Laissez-faire capitalism espoused by European thinkers
C Enlightenment concepts of natural rights
Which of the following has the greatest manufacturing capacity during the time period 1000 to 1450 ? A Japan B India C China D Western Europe E Russia
C china
In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., states in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam had which of the following in common? A All successfully excluded European merchants. B All were conquered by the Mongols. C All rejected both Buddhism and Christianity. D All were culturally influenced by China.
D All were culturally influenced by China.
Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called A Japan B Brazil C Pakistan D Indonesia E Saudi Arabia
D Indonesia
The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800? A Sugarcane B Potatoes C Cattle D Tobacco
A sugarcane
Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? A Feudalism B Mercantilism C Socialism D Capitalism
B Mercantilism
The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments? A The collapse of papal authority B The diffusion of artistic traditions C The spread of epidemic diseases D The revival of classical architecture
C The spread of epidemic diseases
During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? A Salt B Tea C Opium D Silver
D Silver
The term "samurai" describes men in feudal Japan who were most like the men in feudal Europe known as A lords of the manor B Catholic bishops C serfs D knights E merchants
D knights
Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? A The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians B The desire to spread democracy C The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies D The need for industrial resources
A The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000—1300? A Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire. B Developments in the legal systems of China emphasized individual political rights, while western Europe concentrated on maritime law. C Both societies began an aggressive policy of imperialism and territorial expansion. D Both societies gradually adopted a representative democratic system. E Both regions experienced Mongol imperial rule.
A Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire.
The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located A on the eastern coast of Africa B on the western coast of Africa C on the Pacific coast of Central America D on the Pacific coast of South America E in the Pacific Islands
B on the western coast of Africa
The establishment of Dutch economic and political influence in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 was most directly a result of which of the following? A Industrialization B Indentured labor migration C Joint-stock trading companies D Atlantic slave trade
C Joint-stock trading companies
Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? A Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. B Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. D The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.
C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief? A Amerindian groups in the American Southwest converted to Catholicism after Spanish missionaries arrived. B A Peruvian native wrote a letter to the king of Spain asking for his protection from Spanish diseases. C Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity. D An eighteenth-century African American poet and slave remembered little of her native religion, despite having been born in Senegal.
C Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity.
In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? A Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. B Buddhism spread widely in Africa. C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. D Splits in Islam became less intense.
C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.
All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT A the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast B destabilization of local African societies C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market D increased violence through widespread use of firearms
C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market
The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following? A New understandings of the natural world during the Enlightenment B Daoist understandings of the balance between humans and nature C Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation D Arab interactions with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the pre-Islamic era
C Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation
The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map? A Christianity B Buddhism C Islam D Judaism
C Islam
Which of the following was an important continuity in the social structure of states and empires in the period 600 B.C.E. to 1450 C.E.? A Peasants were generally free of obligations to the state. B Wealthy merchants dominated political institutions. C Landholding aristocracies tended to be the dominant class. D Urban craft workers played a substantial role in government.
C Landholding aristocracies tended to be the dominant class.
The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism? A The equality of all members of the family B The power of wives over their husbands outside the home C The virtues and duties of family members D The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families
C The virtues and duties of family members
Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A Both relied heavily on maritime trade as a source of material goods. B Both successfully resisted pressure from industrialized powers. C Both were heavily influenced by the intellectual work of Jesuit missionaries. D Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.
D Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages
Which of the following statements from the second paragraph most directly supports the claim that the examination system strengthened the Chinese states? A The statement that most successful candidates "required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people" B The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged" C The statement that "the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system" D The statement that "the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations . . . was incomparably forward-looking in its day"
b The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged"
In the period 900 to 1500 C.E., the Ottomans and the Aztecs were similar in that both peoples were A isolated from the major Eurasian trade routes B nomadic groups that migrated to already settled regions and conquered them C politically unified by the adoption of a monotheistic religion D able to dominate other societies with large horse-mounted armies
A isolated from the major Eurasian trade routes
The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems? A Manorialism B Serfdom C Monasticism D Feudalism
D Feudalism
The photograph above of Angkor Wat in Cambodia is an example of A the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia B the wealth created by the spice trade C Japanese architecture D Hindu influence in Southeast Asia E the Chinese reconquest of Indochina
D Hindu influence in Southeast Asia
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph? A Inca rulers followed the method of dynastic succession for passing political authority from one ruler to another. B Inca rulers performed religious ceremonies to bless the highways and those who traveled on them. C Inca rulers had officials assign men from the provinces to construct the highways. D Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.
D Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.
The author's argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by A Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract B working-class movements regarding better wages and working conditions C abolitionist movements regarding the need to end the Atlantic slave trade D conservative thinkers regarding the need to preserve the social status of landed elites
A Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract
The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following? A European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority B The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades C The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia D The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England
A European monarchs' continued use of religion to legitimize political authority
Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph? A Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River. B Wild animals destroyed Madurai's Hindu temple. C The Kaveri River flooded and destroyed the city of Madurai. D The city of Madurai's Hindu temple was renowned for its beauty.
A Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.
Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century? A Increases in global interactions B Resurgence of religious piety C Rejection of indigenous traditions D Adoption of local religions by colonizers
A Increases in global interactions
Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage? A Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups. B Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism. C Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine. D Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states.
A Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups.
Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. B Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. C Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China. D The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered.
A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.
All of the following statements about nomadic empires in the period 1200-1700 are factually accurate. Which statement most likely explains why Tamerlane's empire rapidly declined in the late fifteenth century? A Nomadic empires contained numerous ethnic and religious groups within their territories. B Nomadic empires frequently sought to control key trade routes in order to secure access to luxury goods. C Nomadic empires often used the governmental systems of sedentary societies to rule agricultural regions. D Nomadic empires typically contained numerous tribes and confederations that were
D Nomadic empires typically contained numerous tribes and confederations that were
Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map? A The growth of trading cities on the Swahili Coast B Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai C The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads D The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa
B Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai
Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade? A It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. B It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe. C It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories. D It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.
B It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.
Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above? A Religious pilgrimages B Merchant activity C Imperialism D Forced migration
B Merchant activity
Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? A The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy C The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins D The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas
B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph? A The gods will directly accompany the king in his conquest of the Madurai Sultanate. B The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai. C A prophecy has shown that the king will conquer the Madurai Sultanate. D The king should establish victory pillars after his conquest.
B The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage? A They were built by men with tools. B They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom. C There were many roads throughout the kingdom. D Their construction was supervised by government officials.
B They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.
The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that A in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity B in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states C in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity D in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity
B in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states
The coexistence of rulers and councils of elders in African states in the period circa 1200-1450 best demonstrates A an attempt to imitate the feudal governments of European states and East Asian empires B the influence of indigenous African political practices C an adaptation to the climatic conditions of the East African coast D a reflection of the hardships and uncertainties faced by Muslim seaborne traders
B the influence of indigenous African political practices
The example of an ancient Arabian state that traded extensively and controlled territories on the East African coast can best be used as evidence of A the contributions of East Africa to the development of Eurasian religions B the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa C the importance of the East African coast in the development of African national identities D the technological and logistical challenges faced by Eurasian merchants trying to reach the East African coast
B the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa
In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes? A The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants B Portuguese loss of colonial holdings in the Indian Ocean C The rapid natural increase of Brazil's early slave population D The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar
D The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share which of the following? A They are polytheistic religions. B They recognize the divine nature of certain prophets. C They revere both Mecca and Jerusalem as pilgrimage sites. D They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses. E They share the Talmud and the Gospels as sacred texts.
D They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses.
Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? A Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription B Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity C Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule D Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation
B Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity
The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe? A Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority. B Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates. C its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy. D its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions.
B Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.
The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? A The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world B The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain C The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims D The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes
B The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain
Which of the following made possible the Chinese cultivation of the staple crops described in the passage? A The creation of new forms of governance in China during the Song dynasty B The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia C The diffusion of Buddhism into China D The creation of diasporic trade communities along the Silk Road
B The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia
The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? A The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean B The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests C The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere D The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity
B The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests
The illustration above shows which of the following about the fifteenth century? A The relative number of ships produced by the Hangzhou shipyards and the Genoese shipyards B The beginning of a long period of Chinese domination of Indian Ocean trade C The meting of Vasco de Gama and Zheng He D The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship E The use of the lateen sail
D The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship
Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450? A Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. B There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean. C Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. D Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian Ocean commerce fell sharply. E Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.
E Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.
Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns? A Arabic B Chinese C Latin D Sanskrit E Swahili
E Swahili
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the A Asian demand for luxury goods B European use of steam power C high demand for European agricultural produce in China and India D lower prices of European manufactured products E opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
E opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
Many forced and free migrants practiced the religious beliefs of their homelands as a way of adapting to unfamiliar experiences and environments in their destination societies. Which of the following processes best supports the historical argument above? A African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity B Japanese elites of the Tokugawa period encouraging the spread of Buddhism to promote cultural cohesion C Chinese migrant laborers in the United States converting to Christianity in order to better fit into the dominant culture D The indigenous rulers of Islamic states in Southeast Asia adapting aspects of Islam to local cultural and religious traditions
A African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity
The photograph above shows a fourteenth century C.E. mosque in the city of Xi'an, central China. This image most clearly supports which of the following conclusions about the spread of Islam? A Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings. B Political instability in fourteenth-century China encouraged the spread of Islam. C Islam spread to China before Buddhism did. D Early Muslim communities in China disguised their mosques as Confucian academies.
A Early Muslim communities in China adopted local architectural styles for their religious buildings.
All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. B Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. D The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.
A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.
The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following? A The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities B The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits C The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires D The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies
A The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities
Which of the following best describes the author's claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph? A The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society. B The system strongly reinforced rigid class distinctions between nobles and commoners in Chinese society. C By offering opportunities to female scholars, the system elevated the prestige of women in Chinese society. D By encouraging conformism and obedience, the system prevented efforts to reform and modernize Chinese society in the nineteenth century.
A The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society.
From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons? A To display power and legitimize their rule B To spend excess money collected in taxes C To encourage tourism and pilgrimages D To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists
A To display power and legitimize their rule
Which of the following aspects of Map 2 can best be used to support the claim that a truly global trading system developed during the period from 1450 to 1750 ? A Trade routes extending east and west from Eurasia toward the Americas B Extensive overland trade routes in Eurasia C The existence of Mediterranean trade routes connecting Europe, Asia and Africa D The continued presence of multiple long-distance trade routes to India
A Trade routes extending east and west from Eurasia toward the Americas
All of the following developments in Song dynasty China were important factors in the accumulation of wealth outlined in the first paragraph EXCEPT A increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade B an increase in agricultural production in China C increased Chinese production of manufactured goods D an increase in technological innovations in China
A increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean trade
During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was A the demand for weapons among African elites B bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners C the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network D the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas
A the demand for weapons among African elites
In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments? A Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords B Local elites' desire to expand the commercial power of local towns C Local elites' need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies D Local elites' desire to attract new settlers to their territories
A Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords
Which of the following was a common feature of most Asian and European philosophies during the period of 1000 to 1450? A a close association with religion B Emphasis on experimental science C Reliance on ideas of individual freedom D Substantial scholarly exchange of ideas among all world cultures E Wide availability through printed books
A a close association with religion
A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics? A The process of introducing the encomienda system B How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians C Conflicts between the Jesuits and the Franciscans D The extent of the decline of the Amerindian population
B How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians
Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire? A A political-economic-social system that recognized equality of all citizens B A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority C A government based on an examination system D A social and political system that sought to value equally its Islamic, Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist populations E The rule of a Hindu majority over a Buddhist minority
B A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority
Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. C Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. D Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.
B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.? A Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest. B Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity. C Amerindians' resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions. D Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs and practices.
B Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.
Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.
B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.
Which of the following would be most useful in establishing the reliability of de Estete's depiction of the events in the passage? A An account by another Spanish conquistador who was also present B An account by an Inca who was also present C An account by another European of a similar event D An account by a Spanish official in Madrid reporting the event Answer B
B An account by an Inca who was also present
Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century? A Both focused on porcelain manufacturing. B Both incorporated forced labor. C Both redistributed land to peasants. D Both produced grain for the European market. E Both focused on small farm-to-market agriculture.
B Both incorporated forced labor.
Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted? A Women were rarely the subject of paintings in European art of the period. B Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry. C In most cultures of the period, children were not considered worthy of being portrayed in art until they reached adulthood. D Caribbean society was predominantly matriarchal, with men expected to play strictly domestic roles in the household.
B Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry.
Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? A He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. B He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. C He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. D He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. E He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.
B He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.
The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? A The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. B Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. C Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. D The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.
B Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.
Renaissance Italy and the Islamic Middle East after the decline of the 'Abbasid Empire in the mid-tenth century are important examples of which of the following? A Political unity and cultural creativity B Political fragmentation and cultural creativity C Political unity and the decline of religion D Political fragmentation and the decline of religion E Political unity and the rise of secularism
B Political fragmentation and cultural creativity
A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that A salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces C because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation D Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him
B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction? A The Inca rulers constructed roads to help complete conquests. B The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly. C The Inca rulers clearly marked their kingdom with boundaries. D The Inca rulers could acquire specialized tools to cut through mountains.
B The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.
Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. C The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. D The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.
B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? A The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. B The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. C The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. D The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.
B The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.
A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies? A There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims. B The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear. C The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian. D The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds.
B The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear.
Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.? A The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam B The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries C The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists D Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms
B The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries
I am imperishable time; The Creator whose face is everywhere; Death that devours all things; The source of all things to come The excerpt above best represents which aspect of Hinduism? A The desire to escape worldly suffering B The cyclical nature of death and rebirth C The belief in karma D The importance of caste
B The cyclical nature of death and rebirth
Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan? A The collapse of the Byzantine Empire B The development of khanates in Central Asia C The spread of Islam into East Asia D Increased trade between Africa and Asia
B The development of khanates in Central Asia
Based on the letter, Kartini's views were most similar to the views espoused by members of which of the following movements? A The socialist movement B The early feminist movement C The abolitionist movement D The anti-imperialist movement
B The early feminist movement
Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ? A The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations B The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China C A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China D A great expansion in slave labor in India and China E A major disruption of the economies of India and China
B The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China
Which of the following contributed most directly to an increase in trade along the routes on the map? A The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa B The expansion of the Mongol Empire across Eurasia C The start of the Protestant Reformation in western Europe D The completion of the Christian Reconquista of Spain
B The expansion of the Mongol Empire across Eurasia
Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies. B Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer. C Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals. D The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.
C Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.
The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following? A Spread of Hinduism B Spread of Christianity C Extent of trade routes D Seasonal migrations of nomads
C Extent of trade routes
In the period 1000 to 1450, which of the following developments partially resulted from knowledge of Greek science and technology? A Japanese temple design in Kyoto B Christian theology in the Roman Empire C Islamic medical books in Baghdad D Mongol military tactics in Central Asia E Inca bridge design in the Andes
C Islamic medical books in Baghdad
The interregional connections of states such as those on the East African coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following? A International diplomacy B Polytheistic religions C Long-distance trade D Patriarchal gender norms
C Long-distance trade
In the context of the period 1450-1750, which of the following most likely explains why the Qing government employed the scholars shown in the image? A States sought to recruit foreign experts to industrialize their economies. B States sought to legitimize their rule by recruiting foreigners from prestigious universities. C States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy. D States sought to recruit foreigners who could help factions within the state bureaucracies solve their differences.
C States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy.
The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century? A The emergence of nationalism B The formation of separatist movements C The application of Enlightenment ideas D The growth of empirical science
C The application of Enlightenment ideas
The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? A The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies B The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate C The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China D The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire
C The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? A The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver B American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas D The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas
Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts
C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas
Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? A The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires B The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death C The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange D The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world
C The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange
Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century? A The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite B Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East C The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices D Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He
C The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices
The policy toward minority religious groups described in Source 1 is most consistent with the policy toward minority religious groups in Islamic states in the period before 1450 because it A required certain minority religious groups to pay a poll tax B was often not strictly enforced by local officials C granted limited personal freedom and protection D allowed minority religious groups to use their traditional legal systems
C granted limited personal freedom and protection
The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750? A European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere C European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere D African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere
D African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere