AP World Unit 3

How did the Mughals use religious tolerance?

Akbar and his successors were tolerant of Hindus which allowed themselves to be seen as legitimate rulers.

How did Songhai rulers use religion to legitimize powers in this era?

All rulers and nobles converted to Islam

What method was used by the Mughal Empire (1526-1857 CE) to collect taxes in this era (1450-1750 CE)?

Bureaucrats called Zamindars were appointed by the emperor to collect taxes based on an individual's land or production.

How did leaders legitimize their rule through architecture?

By building monumental architecture meant to impress people. The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife and King Louis XIV of France built the Palace of Versailles. This is a good comparison of the methods of which various empires increased their influence.

What did political rivalries and religious disputes between the Ottoman and Safavid empire lead to?

Conflict between states and intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.

Who were the elite cadres of soldiers in the Aztec?

Elite squad of enslaved people. Part of the "blood tax" of tribute states

Why did the power of existing political and economic elites fluctuate?

Elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders, such as the nobility in France who were forced to live with the King.

Why were large powerful militaries & elite cadres of soldiers essential in this era?

Eurasian empires had all gained access to gunpowder based weapons. In the Americas, they did not have gunpowder but a large military still led to intimidation and the consolidation of power.

Who were the elite cadres of soldiers in the Safavid?

Ghulams who were enslaved people from Armenian and Circassian populations, much like the Devshirme

What was King Louis XIV of France's ulterior motive for building the Palace of Versailles?

He wanted to display his power and wealth. Also, he forced all nobility to live there with him in response to a rebellion called the Fronde so they could not challenge his power because they were always being watched.

What contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites?

Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites. Particularly in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty who restricted the power of the Han Chinese Population.

How did leaders legitimize their rule through art?

Qing Dynasty made portraits of emperors and high officials and European monarchs were patrons of artists for the same reason. This is a good comparison of the methods of which various empires increased their influence.

When states became increasingly powerful and centralized what occured?

Resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups happened.

How did land-based empires consolidate power politically in this era?

Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate power in land-based empires. They centralized their bureaucracies, this also included the recruitment of bureaucratic elites (Civil Service Exam and Devshirme). Another way was they consolidated power was Tribute. This is a good comparison of the methods by which various empires increased their influence.

How was tax-collection used by rulers to _ power?

Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate power in land-based empires. This included the use of tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. This is a good comparison of the methods by which various empires increased their influence.

How did religions legitimize power in this era?

Rulers used the continuity of using religious ideas to legitimize rule.

What religion developed in South Asia due to interactions between Hinduism and Islam?

Sikhism was developed but it was a persecuted religion under the Mughals and beyond.

What method was used by the Ottoman Empire to collect taxes in this era (1450-1750 CE)?

Tax Farmers (who were not government employees) were told to collect a certain amount of taxes from an area. Anything extra that they collected they were able to keep.

How did the Ottoman Empire, Middle East, and Southern Europe centralize their bureaucracy?

The Devshirme system (Christian boys from the Balkans were enslaved and educated to serve the state) helped to consolidate power by creating a very loyal bureaucracy and elite military (the Janissaries).

How did religion lead to conflict in this era in the Middle East?

The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims while the Safavids were Shi'a Muslims. They saw each other as heretical and fought each other for land.

How did religion lead to conflict in this era in Europe?

The Protestant Reformation in Europe challenged what was seen as corrupt practice of the Catholic Church. Eventually leaders chose whether to be Protestant or Catholic which led to bitter resentment among them. It did, however, lead to further spread of Christianity.

What is an example of continuity and change within various belief systems from 1450-1750 in Europe?

The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. For example, the establishing of the Jesuits in the Catholic Church. This group traveled the world trying to spread Catholicism.

How did the Songhai Empire and West Africa centralize their bureaucracy?

They consolidated power through their military, alliances, and having control over trade routes. Legitimacy was also established through court rituals of kings (kings were on a raised platform surrounded by 700 Eunuchs; only approached lying down on the ground).

How did the Aztec Empire and Mesoamerica centralize their bureaucracy?

They demanded specific goods from conquered people, called Tribute. This allowed for indirect rule instead of centralized direct authority, where the Aztec did not have to be present in conquered areas to maintain control.

How did rulers legitimize and consolidate power in land-based empires through military?

They developed military professionals

How did European monarchs use religion to legitimize powers in this era?

They embraced the Divine RIght which claims that the king is God's representative on Earth and carries out his bidding.

How did the Qing Dynasty centralize their bureaucracy?

They reintroduced the Civil Service Exam. It was necessary for legitimizing power over the Chinese since the Manchu were seen as foreigners.

How did Islamic emperors use religion to legitimize powers in this era?

They took the title of Caliph to show they were the legitimate successors of Muhammed.

How did the Ottomans use religious tolerance?

They were tolerant of Jews and Christians allowing these groups to thrive and contribute economically.

What method was used by the Aztec Empire to collect taxes in this era (1450-1750 CE)?

Tribute and human sacrifice victims.

How and why did various land-based empires develop and expand from 1450-1750?

Increased use of gunpowder, cannons and armed trade established large empires for the Manchu/Qing, the Mughals, the Ottomans, and the Safavids. This is a good comparison of methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450-1750.

How was religious tolerance used by states?

It was used by states to utilize, the economic, political and military contributions of different ethnic groups and religious groups as well as to achieve legitimacy.

Who were the elite cadres of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire?

Janissaries from the Devshirme system