a/p

Define protein deficiency disease, and cite an example

Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and kwashiorkor is an example.

Define nutrition.

absorption of nutrients from food

What molecule forms the common substrate for the citric acid cycle?

acetate ion

What is a nutrient pool?

an accessible source of substrates for a cell

All of the following is true of the electron transport system except

is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

vitamin A

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules.

2 pyruvate

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

60

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissue

All of the answers are correct.

The USDA has an interactive food recommendation program online, called

ChooseMyPlate

Briefly describe phenylketonuria

PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Identify the fates of fatty acids

Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, cholesterol, and steroids.

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Define and describe the absorptive state.

It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K

________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated

Oxidative phosphorylation

Define oxidative phosphorylation.

The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from coenzymes to oxygen.

Describe the role that hydrogen ion channels play in the generation of ATP

They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the intermembrane space into the matrix to power ATP synthase.

Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism.

When ATP must be produced anaerobically

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

a coenzyme or a cytochrome

The citric acid cycle

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

The process that catalyzes fatty acids using enzymes that generate acetyl-CoA is calle

beta-oxidation

Excessive amounts of vitamin E can lead to

blurred vision.

On a hot August day at the beach, the lifeguard jumped up and ran into the water, throwing a life-buoy to a troubled swimmer calling for help, and pulling her to safety. He was happy to help the swimmer, and once back on the beach, he realized that being in the water cooled him off a great deal. What form of heat transfer contributed to his feeling cooler?

convection

Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?

creation of essential amino acids

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer

cytochromes

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except

diffusion

All of these are responses or processes controlled by the heat-gain center except

increased respiration depth

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

essential fatty acids

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

Identify the substance labeled "4."

hydrogen atoms

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

hypervitaminosis

) At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.

hypothalamus

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

hypothalamus

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of

kilocalories

Why do cells make new compounds?

new compounds are used to maintain and repair structures, support growth, and store nutrient reserves

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

pyridoxine

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring

respiration

Vitamin B2 is

riboflavin

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?

rickets

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the

small intestine

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?

through the hepatic portal vein

In amino acid metabolism, identify the processes by which the amino group is removed.

transamination or deamination

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid

transferred to another molecule