a/p
Define protein deficiency disease, and cite an example
Protein deficiency diseases are nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids and kwashiorkor is an example.
Define nutrition.
absorption of nutrients from food
What molecule forms the common substrate for the citric acid cycle?
acetate ion
What is a nutrient pool?
an accessible source of substrates for a cell
All of the following is true of the electron transport system except
is found on the outer mitochondrial membrane
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of
vitamin A
Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules.
2 pyruvate
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.
20
Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.
60
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
A
Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissue
All of the answers are correct.
The USDA has an interactive food recommendation program online, called
ChooseMyPlate
Briefly describe phenylketonuria
PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
Identify the fates of fatty acids
Fatty acids may become a fuel source or a component of triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, prostaglandins, cholesterol, and steroids.
________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Define and describe the absorptive state.
It is the time after a meal when nutrient absorption is occurring, insulin is stimulating glucose uptake, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
K
________ creates 90 percent of the ATP normally generated
Oxidative phosphorylation
Define oxidative phosphorylation.
The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from coenzymes to oxygen.
Describe the role that hydrogen ion channels play in the generation of ATP
They allow hydrogen ions to diffuse from the intermembrane space into the matrix to power ATP synthase.
Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism.
When ATP must be produced anaerobically
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
a coenzyme or a cytochrome
The citric acid cycle
begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.
The process that catalyzes fatty acids using enzymes that generate acetyl-CoA is calle
beta-oxidation
Excessive amounts of vitamin E can lead to
blurred vision.
On a hot August day at the beach, the lifeguard jumped up and ran into the water, throwing a life-buoy to a troubled swimmer calling for help, and pulling her to safety. He was happy to help the swimmer, and once back on the beach, he realized that being in the water cooled him off a great deal. What form of heat transfer contributed to his feeling cooler?
convection
Cells do not synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?
creation of essential amino acids
Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer
cytochromes
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except
diffusion
All of these are responses or processes controlled by the heat-gain center except
increased respiration depth
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of
essential fatty acids
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
gout
Identify the substance labeled "4."
hydrogen atoms
A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as
hypervitaminosis
) At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal-it's a lot of food-and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now.
hypothalamus
The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the
hypothalamus
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum
The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of
kilocalories
Why do cells make new compounds?
new compounds are used to maintain and repair structures, support growth, and store nutrient reserves
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.
postabsorptive
A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is
pyridoxine
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring
respiration
Vitamin B2 is
riboflavin
A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?
rickets
In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the
small intestine
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
the mitochondria
How are most nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract eventually transported out of the digestive system?
through the hepatic portal vein
In amino acid metabolism, identify the processes by which the amino group is removed.
transamination or deamination
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid
transferred to another molecule