AP2: Ch. 16 Endocrine Practice Test

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the __________. a. parathyroid glands b. adrenal glands c. ovaries d. thyroid gland e. anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

E) anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of __________. a. neural stimuli b. hormonal stimuli c. pituitary gland stimuli d. hypothalamic stimuli e. humoral stimuli

E) humoral stimuli

Which of the following is NOT synthesized in the pituitary gland? a. ADH b. PRL c. TSH d. FSH e. LH

A) ADH

15) A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. B) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. C) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. D) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.

A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

35) Leptin is secreted by A) adipocytes B) goblet cells C) lymphocytes D) fibroblasts

A) adipocytes

Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the __________. a. adipose tissue b. hypothalamus c. liver d. heart

A) adipose tissue

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________. a. an increase in the parathyroid hormone b. an increase in calcitonin c. an increase in the growth hormone in an adult d. an increase in ADH

A) an increase on the parathyroid hormone

38) The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by A) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP B) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

A) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

11) Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of A) cortisol B) aldosterone C) secretin D) insulin

A) cortisol

The stimulus for producing insulin is __________. a) high blood glucose concentration b) low blood amino acid concentration c) low blood fatty acid concentration d) low glycogen concentration e) low blood glucose concentration

A) high blood glucose concentration

39) Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called . A) hormones B) antibodies C) enzymes D) proteins

A) hormones

24) One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) humoral stimulation B) protein synthesis C) catabolic inhibition D) carbohydrate oxidation

A) humoral stimulation

16) ADH A) is inhibited by alcohol B) increases urine production C) promotes dehydration D) is produced in the adenohypophysis

A) is inhibited by alcohol.

7) The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract A) is partly contained within the infundibulum B) is the site of prolactin synthesis C) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland D) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis

A) is partly contained within the infundibulum

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function? A) kidneys B) pituitary C) pancreas D) thymus

A) kidneys

37) Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? A) leptin B) secretin C) renin D) gastrin

A) leptin

As blood levels of __________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth. a. oxytocin b. follicle-stimulating hormone c. gonadotropins d. prolactin

A) oxytocin

The cells found within the parathyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone are called __________. a. parathyroid cells b. parafollicular cells c. follicle cells d. oxyphil cells

A) parathyroid cells

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone? a. pituitary dwarfism b. elephantiasis c. gigantism d. acromegaly

A) pituitary dwarfism

22) Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) hormone binding to intracellular receptors C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger

A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________. a. steroid hormones b. pituitary gland hormones c. posterior pituitary hormones d. pancreatic hormones e. catecholamines

A) steroid hormones

1) Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? A) stimulates production of an action potential B) alters plasma membrane permeability C) induces secretory activity D) activates or deactivates enzymes

A) stimulates production of an action potential

25) Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the . A) thymus gland B) pancreas C) adrenal medulla D) thyroid gland

A) thymus gland

2) Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus A) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary D) travel by arteries to the pituitary

A)first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

The "hormone response element" is located on the cell __________. a. membrane b. DNA c. RNA d. enzymes

B) DNA

Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system? a. As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is promoted. b. Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release. c. As hormone levels rise, hormone release is promoted. d. As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is inhibited.

B) Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids? a. Graves' disease b. Addison's disease c. cretinism d. Cushing's syndrome

B) addison's disease

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called __________. a. synergism b. antagonism c. organism d. permissiveness

B) antagonism

9) How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure C) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin

B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

31) What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? A) sodium B) calcium C) iron D) chlorine

B) calcium

Steroids are synthesized from __________. a. amino acids b. cholesterol c. proteins d. peptides

B) cholesterol

Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT __________. a. after general anesthesia b. damage to the pineal gland c. after neurosurgery d. ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer

B) damage to the pineal gland

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by __________. a. excess of synthetic growth hormone b. deficiency of thyroxin c. deficiency of thymosin d. insulin deficiency

B) deficiency of thyroxin

3) Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time D) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids

B) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production? a. growth hormone b. follicle-stimulating hormone c. prolactin d. thyroid-stimulating hormone

B) follicle-simulating hormone

Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid? a. autocrine b. paracrine c. endocrine d. neural

B) paracrine

43) The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) gonadotropic hormones D) thyroid hormone

B) parathyroid hormone

Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone? a. assertiveness b. permissiveness c. antagonism d. synergism

B) permissiveness

23) Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polydipsia B) polycythemia C) polyuria D) polyphagia

B) polycythemia

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________. a. the myocardium b. the brain c. skeletal muscle d. adipose tissue

B) the brain

33) Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the spleen B) the heart C) the kidney D) the skin

B) the heart

Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they __________. a. don't have target organs b. they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones c. mediate inflammatory reactions d. are lipid in nature

B) they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones

10) Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone B) type of hormone C) blood levels of hormone D) number of receptors for that hormone

B) type of hormone

18) In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as . A) a stressor reaction B) up-regulation C) sensitivity increase D) cellular affinity

B) up-regulation

7) Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because __. A) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene B) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

6) Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. B) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. C) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. D) It causes positive feedback.

C) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by __________. a. FSH b. TSH c. TH d. ADH e. ACTH

C) TH

32) The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is A) insulin B) glucagon C) aldosterone D) cortisol

C) aldosterone

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________. a) using calcium ions as a second messenger b) activating cyclic AMP located inside the cell c) binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex d) activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell e) activating G proteins

C) binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

8) The major targets of growth hormone are A) the liver B) the blood vessels C) bones and skeletal muscles D) the adrenal glands

C) bones and skeletal muscles

Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________. a. the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones b. the cells that secrete it c. cells other than those that secrete it d. distant target organs

C) cells other than those that secrete it

Which of the following hormones does the skin produce? a. erythropoietin b. melatonin c. cholecalciferol d. renin

C) cholecalciferol

34) Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) an increase in enzymatic activity C) direct control of the nervous system D) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis

C) direct control of the nervous system

40) Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) hormonal B) neural C) enzyme D) humoral

C) enzyme

26) When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is . A) angiotensinogen B) renin C) epinephrine D) estrogen

C) epinephrine

5) Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) aldosterone B) estrogen C) epinephrine D) cortisone

C) epinephrine

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of __________. a. aldosterone b. insulin c. epinephrine d. estrogen e. thyroid hormone

C) epinephrine

4) Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? A) permissiveness B) synergism C) feedback D) antagonism

C) feedback

14) Aldosterone A) production is greatly influenced by ACTH B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption D) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood

C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Which of the following stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide? a. pro-opiomelanocortin b. tropins c. growth hormone d. melanocyte-stimulating hormone

C) growth hormone

Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest __________. a. activation time b. molecule c. half-life d. chain of amino acids

C) half-life

Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death? a. hyperparathyroidism b. hypothyroidism c. hypoparathyroidism d. hyperthyroidism

C) hypoparathyroidism

17) Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the . A) feedback loop B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) hepatic portal system

C) hypophyseal portal system

Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ? a. adrenal cortex b. pancreas c. hypothalamus d. pituitary

C) hypothalamus

42) Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? A) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys B) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions C) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis D) activation of osteoclasts

C) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

20) The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract A) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis B) is the site of prolactin synthesis C) is partly contained within the infundibulum D) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland

C) is partly contained within the infundibulum

29) The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because . A) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional B) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release C) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release D) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

C) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by __________. a. the Golgi apparatus b. colloid endocytosis c. peroxidase enzymes d. lysosomes in the cell

C) peroxidase enzymes

12) Oxytocin A) controls milk production B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism D) exerts its most important effects during menstruation

C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

21) Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular . A) nucleotides B) calcium C) second messengers D) deactivating ions

C) second messengers

13) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to _ A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Excess growth hormone would cause all the following EXCEPT __________. a. acromegally in adults b. diabetes c. suppression of cancer d. giantism in children

C) suppression of cancer

The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________. a. formation of cAMP b. direct activation of enzymes in the cell c. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event d. direct activation of second-messenger agents in the cell

C) transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________. a. growth hormone b. thyroxin c. insulin d. ACTH

D) ACTH

In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator? a. cAMP b. DAG c. cGMP d. PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

D) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

How do protein kinases affect enzymes? a. They increase the secretion of an enzyme. b. They break down the enzyme. c. They increase the release of an enzyme. d. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.

D) They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.

19) Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) testosterone D) cortisol

D) cortisol

27) Steroid hormones exert their action by A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA D) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

D) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________. a. amino acid-based hormones b. steroid hormones c. protein-based hormones d. glucose-containing hormones e. cholesterol-containing hormones

D) glucose-containing hormones

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role? a. normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation b. maintaining blood pressure c. regulating tissue growth and development d. helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload

D) helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload.

28) Eicosanoids do not include A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) prostaglandins D) hydrocortisones

D) hydrocortisones

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone? a. iron b. zinc c. sulfur d. iodine e. copper

D) iodine

Any given hormone will influence the activity of __________. a. all tissue cells b. its effector cells c. its second-messenger cells d. its target cells

D) its target cells

The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the __________ system. a. circulatory b. digestive c. reproductive d. nervous

D) nervous

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones? a. humoral stimuli b. neural stimuli c. hormonal stimuli d. permissive stimuli

D) permissive stimuli

41) ACTH A) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary C) is not a tropic hormone D) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

D) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

30) Which organ does not produce hormones? A) heart B) skin C) kidney D) spleen

D) spleen

36) The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on . A) nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific B) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path C) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the

thyroid