module 2 quiz
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross?
3:1
What is the chromosome composition of a normal human female?
44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes
What is the chromosome composition of a normal human male?
44 autosomes, 1 X chromosome, and 1 Y chromosome
Which molecule is a final product of the Calvin cycle? Hint: This molecule is the final goal of photosynthesis! Group of answer choices
C6H12O6 (glucose)
Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
Thinking about gene linkage, which of the following two genes are likely to be linked?
Genes located near each other on the same chromosome
Which are products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and atp
What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall?
carotenoids
An individual who is homozygous ____
carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
homologous chromosomes
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
The structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ________.
centromere
Photosynthesis occurs in the__________ of cells where light-trapping chlorophylls and other pigments are found.
chloroplast
Which type of reproduction is most adaptive in a rapidly changing environment with many different parasitic diseases present?
sexual reproduction because diversity of genotypes increases the likelihood that there is one which can survive in a new environment
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______.
sister chromatids
t or f: Anaerobic respiration produces more total ATP than aerobic respiration.
false
How much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase I compared to a cell that has completed meiosis II?
four times as much
In the light reaction of photosynthesis, election (e-) from chlorophyll is released. Where is the lost electron replaced from?
from water
Crossing over during prophase I results in ________.
genetic recombination
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Which byproduct is produced during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis? Hint: This product is released during the process when the e- lost from chlorophylls is being replaced.
oxygen
When electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration ________.
oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of water
The type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT _
production of sperm and eggs
The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is ________.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
A product of glycolysis is ________.
pyruvic acid
What is the key to the recognition of codominance?
the heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
The ______ is most commonly found in nature.
wild-type trait
Attached earlobes (f) are recessive to free earlobes (F). What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes (ff) mates with an individual heterozygous (Ff) for free earlobes?
1:1
In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles?
25%
What proportions of children of two cystic fibrosis carriers (both have Ff genotypes) are likely to have cystic fibrosis? Hint: normal allele (F) is dominant over diseased allele (f).
25%
Which of these crosses will produce only heterozygous offspring?
AA x aa
Which molecule is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH
What happens during interphase?
Chromosome duplication occurs.
During metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Which characteristic seen in prophase I does NOT occur in prophase II?
Crossing over occurs.
Nucleosomes are made of ___
DNA and histone proteins
Chromatin consists of
DNA and protein
In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?
Dd
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind?
No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).
which molecule is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis
O2
Which enzyme is critically important in dark reaction (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis?
RuBisCO
What enzyme is critically important in dark reaction of photosynthesis? Hint: This enzyme is the most prevalent enzyme on Earth!
Rubisco
Which activity will help prevent cancer and increase survival?
Seek early detection of tumors.
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance?
The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes
What is key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of multiple genes (polygenic inheritance)?
The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
Which outcome could help you identify a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)?
The trait varies along a continuum in the population. PreviousNext
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why?
The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
Alleles are described as ________.
alternate versions of a gene.
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
atp
What are the useful outcomes of the light reaction that is used in dark reaction?
atp and nadph
This hypothetical pedigree for a disease in humans illustrates inheritance that is ________.
autosomal recessive
Chromosomes that do NOT determine the sex of an individual are called ________.
autosomes
A correct comparison between a benign and a malignant tumor is that ________.
benign tumors do not metastasize, malignant tumors do
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?
citric acid cycle
A bunny with red fur mates with a bunny with white fur and all the offsprings have intermediate (brown) fur color, none of the red and white colors completely suppress the other. This represents an example of:
don t know
In meiosis, how does prophase I differ from prophase II?
during prophase 1 there is one dipole cell, during prophase 2 there are two haploid cells
Which process is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
electron transport chain
Which step of the aerobic respiration produces most ATPs?
electron transport chain
When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state.
excited
Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
glycolysis
Aerobic respiration has three main parts. What is the correct order of the stages?
glycolysis-citric acid cycle- election transport
The energy of wavelengths that appear ________ is LEAST useful to photosynthesis.
green
In sexual reproduction in humans ________.
haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg cell
A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ________.
have two nuclei
Which trait is polygenic in humans?
height
Humans are both ________.
heterotrophs and consumers
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is ________.
heterozygotes; dominant
During metaphase I, ________.
homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Mendel's law of segregation indicates that ___________________________.
idk yet
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?
incomplete dominance
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________.
influenced by both genes and the environment
Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that _
insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles
An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis
is a carrier
Lhakpa Gelu Sherpa has the record of fastest ascent to the Mount Everest. During his ascent, he needs so much energy that aerobic respiration alone cannot fulfill the demand for ATP. His muscle cells then start to respire anaerobically. Which byproduct will build up in his muscle cells during his ascent?
lactic acid
Refer to the accompanying figure. Plant cells that contain the organelle responsible for photosynthesis are concentrated in cells of the ________.
leaves
Genes that violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment are ________.
linked
Linked genes are usually ________.
located close together on a chromosome
What is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
locus
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis ________.
mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
Nondisjunction might result in gametes with the chromosome numbers ________.
n+1 or n-1
Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packaged in the ________.
nucleus
A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.
oxygen
A discrete packet of light is called a ________.
photon
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Marfan syndrome is an example of ________.
pleiotropy
Sickle cell disease is the result of inheriting two sickle cell alleles. Individuals with sickle cell disease have anemia as well as several other symptoms such as kidney, respiratory and joint problems. Of what type of inheritance is the phenotype of sickle cell disease an example?
pleitrophy
Photosynthetic organisms are ________.
producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules
What are grana?
stacks of membranous sacs
What structures in land plants allow carbon dioxide to enter & oxygen to be released?
stomata
The ultimate source of energy in food is ________.
sun
The synthesis of glucose through photosynthesis requires energy in the form of excited electrons. The source of the energy to excite the electrons is __________.
sun light
Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ________.
taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)
Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II ________ and in mitotic anaphase ________.
the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate; the cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell and sister chromatids separate
If organisms reproduced sexually but without meiosis, what would result?
the chromosome number would double each generation
What happens during prophase?
the mitotic spindle forms
Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ________.
the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen
In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________.
the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Plant photosystems are located in ________.
thylakoid membranes
Photosynthesis has light-dependent (light) and light-independent (dark) reactions. The light reactions occur in __________ of chloroplasts while the dark reactions occurs in__________.
thylakoid; stroma
Interconnected sacs of membranes inside the chloroplasts called ________ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ________.
thylakoids, stroma
One reason plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids, is ________.
to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot
t or f Anaerobic respiration has only two stages, Glycolysis and fermentation and it occurs entirely within the cytoplasm. There is no involvement of mitochondria.
true
The cells that result from the mitotic cell cycle can be described as ________.
two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.
water and carbon dioxide