A/P2 FINAL
Steps of T3/T4 production
Iodide is transported, iodide is converted, tyrosine molecules, follicle cells, lysosomal enzymes break, thryoid hormone are released
Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of these except
bronchoconstriction
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
complete the oxidation of pyruvate
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
concentration of plasma proteins
In order to decrease glomerular filtration rate, the body
constricts the afferent arteriole and dilates the efferent arteriold
Which of the following is false about secretions from the salivary glands?
contain enzymes for the digestion of proteins
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in
agglutination or precipitation, neutralization of the antigen, complement activation and opsonization
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
____ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
anemia
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except
antibodies
Each of the following is a function of the liver, except
antibody production
Lacteal vessels
are located in the small intestine and transport lipies
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they
are produced by the suprarenal medulla
Platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells
Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries
decreased plasma albumen, increased blood hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?
decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2
Hormones known as catecholamines are
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
The ___ functions in the reabsorption of H2) into the tissues, which the ___ functions to actively transport Na+ and Cl- into the tissues
descending loop of henle, ascending loop of henle
The pylorus empties into the
duodenum
The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following, except
during periods of fasting
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole
Which enzymatic pathway is in the correct order?
enteropeptidase->trypsinogen->trypsin->proelastase->elastase
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from
excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma, destruction of hemoglobin, extensive breakdown of RBCs
The urinary system does all the following, except that it
excretes excess albumen molecules
Tissue factor (Factor III) is a factor in the ___ pathway; while PF-3 is in the ___ pathway
extrinsic, intrinsic
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Applying what you know about the function of the thyroid hormones, mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of what?
hypothyroidism
HIV and SCIDs are _____; which is characterized by ____
immunodeficiency diseases; the bodies loss of immunity
Which factors below would decrease hemoglobin saturation?
increase in BPG, pH drops, increase in temperature, low PO2
Which of the following statements about the aveolar ventilation rate is false?
increasing anatomical dead space increases aveolar ventilation rate
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ___ muscle
internal intercostal
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
is running a fever
The main objective of cellular respiration
is to make ATP
Which of the following statements about NHC proteins is not true?
it binds complement
The presence of ketone bodies in the blood is known as
ketonemia
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx
Air moves into the lungs when the pressure inside of the lungs is
less than the pressure in the atmosphere
The pancreas produces
lipases and amylase, peptidases, proteases
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the ____ and they are ___
lungs, deoxygenated
MHC II is found on
macrophages, B-cells, dendritic cells
The _____ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels
mesenteries
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
metabolism
Cardiac output is increased by
more sympathetic stimulation, increased stroke volume
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all the following, except that
most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the
rectum
Most of the iron is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to the red bone marrow
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
releasing renin, releasing erythropoietin, adjusting the volume of water lost in urine
The spleen functions to
remove abnormal blood cells, store iron from recycled red blood cells
The filtration of plasma takes place in the
renal corpuscle
Sympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract
promotes muscular inhibition and relaxation
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
If a molecule of carbon dioxide is released into the blood from your big toe, and travels out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except
pulmonary vein
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the _____ pressure.
pulse
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
Students in Dr. Frederick's A/P2 class in the summer session are most likely in the ___ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
resistance
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the
right side of the chest
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is
secretin
Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?
the afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum
Which statement concerning the complement cascade is correct?
the alternative pathway is slower and binds pathogen directly
What would happen if the aveoli quit producing surfactant?
the aveoli would collapse, the surface tension in the aveoli would increase, respiration would become very difficult
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
the citric acid cycle
Which of the following is greater?
the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the loop of henle
The region known as the macula densa is part of
the distal convoluted tubule
In oxidative phosphorylaction, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from
the hydrogen ions as they move from high to low concentration
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right because
the left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle, and the left ventricle produces a higher pressure than the right
You would expect to find sinusoidal capillaries in
the liver
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
the net filtration pressure is usually zero
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx
What is the main reason that fluid is returned from the surrounding tissues to the bloodstream in the systemic capillaries?
the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood
Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?
vitamin K
What vitamins does the large intestine reabsorb?
vitamin K and biotin
In a routine examination, Jacob has some blood taken and analyzed. the results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG titer. Indicates that Jacob
was recently infected with mumps for the first time
The most abundant component of plasma is
water
A toxic drug shuts down the sodium and chloride channels in the ascending loop of henle. What is/are the consequences
water will not move out of the descending limb, the osmotic potential of the kidney tissue would decrease
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp
At a heart rate of 60 bests/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts
1 second
The average lifespan of a red blood cells is
120 days
Where is the highest % of hemoglobin saturation occur?
70 PO2 at pH of 7.6
If cardiac output is equal to 4,800 mls/min and the heart rate is 60 beats/min, what is the stroke volume?
80 mls/beat
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is
ACTH
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
When adenyl cyclase is activated
ATP is consumed, cAMP is formed
Jane goes to the doctor to determined her blood type. The results show agglutination of Jane's blood with an anti-B antibodies and anti-Rh antibodies. What is her blood type?
B+
Jack has type A+ blood. Which statement is true
BAD QUESTION..no answer
12 year old Billy suffers from damage to his zona glomerulosa and can no longer secrete hormones from this area; what may be an effect of this condition?
Billy urinates frequently and his urine contains a high concentration of sodium
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the
CNS
Gas Laws Dalton: Bolye: Henry:
Dalton: higher concentration of gas in a mixture exerts a higher pressure Boyle: as volume increases, pressure decreases Henry: increasing the pressure of a gas, increases its solubility in a liquid
Which common pathway clotting cascade is in the correct order?
Factor X->prothrominase->prothrombin->thrombin->fibrinogen->fibrin
What hormone do estrogen and progestin directly inhibit through negative feedback
GnRH
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis is
MSH
Which compounds and/or factors will induce vasodilation?
NO, low pH, low O2, high K+, histammine
Which elements of the conducting system are in the correct order?
SA node-->AV node-->AV bundle-->Bundle branches-->Purkinje fibers
In the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immeduate decrease in the number of
T cells
The connective tissue fibers of the myocardium
add strength and prevent overexpansion of the heart, provide elasticity to help return the heart to its normal size, help distribute the forces of contraction, provide physical support for cardiac muscle (all of the above_
The glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water
The following are components of the lining of digestive tract except
beta cells
The ____ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium
bicuspid
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures:
blood hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure
ANP and BNP will be produced when
blood pressure is too high
The ascending limb of the loop of henle is impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium and chloride ions from the filtrate
both are true
The cardioacceleratory center activates sympathetic neurons and the cardioinhibitory center controls parasympathetic neurons.
both parts of the statement are true and relate to brainstem control of heart rate.
Oxygen is mostly transported in the blood
bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin
____ is too slow heart rate as ____ is too fast heart rate
bradycardia; tachycardia
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to
calcium channels remaining open
Which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect to?
cardia
Lacteal vessels
carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is
cholecystokinin (CCK)
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the
chylomicrons
Steps of the action potential order:
fast Na+ channels open, cardiac cell depolarizes, slow Ca2+ channels open, plateau stage begins, slow K+ channels open, cardiac cell repolarizes
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
fats
The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers:
fenestrated endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
filtration
If glomerular hydrostatic pressure is greater than the capsular hydrostatic pressure, what will happen?
fluid and small solutes from the capillaries will move into the capsular space
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
RBC in the urine would indicate damage to the
glomerulus
Landon has been studying for his A/P 2 test all day and has not eaten. What hormone would be elevated in his body?
glucagon
Together, PTH and calcitriol
have an integrative effect
Jayda is at a party at UTA and is given a brand new street drug to try "big fun." Big fun is a pill that activates the secretory cells in supradrenal medulla. Jayde takes the pill, what effects happen to her body?
heart rate speeds up, pupils dilate, has tons of energy and can't sit still, bronchial airways dilate
If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the
heart rate will decrease, membrane will hyperpolarize
HIV infect and kill these white blood cells that coordinate the immune response
helper T cells
____ carry excess cholesterol form peripheral tissues to the liver
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
oxygen
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
oxygen levels in the blood decrease, blood flow to the kidney decreases
Beth is exercising and her CO2 levels are rising in her tissues. What effect does this have on her pH and why?
pH drops due to the production of H2CO3 and its conversion into HCO2- + H+
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunization
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract in one direction are called
peristalsis
Adenylyl cyclase is known to have the opposite effect of which of the following?
phosphodiesterase
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in the
sinoatrial node
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the
spleen
Jane's blood has low calcium levels, her body responds by
stimulating osteoclast proliferation, inhibiting osteoblasts
The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the
superior vena cava
Martin has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A. What does this medication do to help Martni's body accept a foreign organ?
suppresses cytotoxic T cells
The rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane increases as the
surface area of the membrane increases, partial pressure gradient of the gas across the membrane increases
Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?
the total cross section area of the capillaries is larger than the total cross sectional area of the arterioles
When the diaphragm relaxes and internal intercostal muscles contract
the volume of the thorax decreases
Which transport protein carried iron?
transferrin
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ___ valve.
tricuspid
The layer of the arteriole wall that can produce vasoconstriction is the
tunica media
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
Each hemoglobin molecule contains
two alpha and two beta chains, four iron atoms
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea
in response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except
vasodilation
Venae cavae are the largest of this type of vessel.
vein
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta