APES 5.2- Clearcutting and 5.17 - Sustainable Forestry

In which of the following states or areas would you NOT find significant amounts of old-growth forests? a. New England b. Appalachia c. British Columbia d. Washington State e. California

a. New England

It has been observed that forest fires can produce up to 40 percent of the mean annual global emissions of which of the following gases?

carbon dioxide

Which of the following correctly describes the process of clear-cutting? a. some mature trees are left to provide shade for younger trees b. only trees with commercial value are cut down c. a few mature trees are left to reseed the land after cutting d. all the commercially usable trees in an area are cut down e. trees are planted between rows of other crops

d. all the commercially usable trees in an area are cut down

All of the following are problems created by the deforestation of rainforests EXCEPT: a. increased erosion b. loss of biodiversity in the area c. changes in local rainfall levels d. an increase in the availability of grazing land e. loss of soil fertility

d. an increase in the availability of grazing land

Deforestation:

has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions

Old-growth forests have:

never been harvested

Old-growth coastal redwoods live to be as much as:

2,000 years old

Most commercial logging today takes place in:

Canada, Russia, and Brazil

Which of the following are benefits of forest fires? I. Pine cones open and release seeds. II. Removal of brush and replenishment of soils. III. Increasing the number of crown fires.

I and II only

In 2002, Edward O. Wilson published a book called The Future of Life. In his book, he proposed several priorities for protecting the world's remaining ecosystems and species. Which of the following statements were included in his book? I. Keep intact the world's remaining old-growth forests and cease all logging of such forests II. Make population control and conservation a requirement in developing nations. III. Complete the mapping of the world's terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity so we know what we have and can make conservation efforts more precise and cost-effective

I and III only

Prescribed burns may be beneficial for which of the following reasons? I. Some species depend on periodic fire for survival. II. Natural fuel loads are increased. III. Chances of a potential crown fires are reduced.

I and III only

A large management system that includes fire suppression will likely lead to: I. Large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor. II. A decrease in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires III. An increase in fire-dependent species.

I only

Ecosystem services performed by forests include: I. Carbon sequestration II. Aid in aquifer recharge III. Provide wildlife habitat

I, II, and III

A management system that includes prescribed burns will likely lead to: I. Large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor. II. A decrease in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires III. An increase in fire-dependent species.

II and III

Which of the following characteristics are NOT typical of a ground fire? I. Fire smolders and/or creeps slowly through the litter and humus layers, consuming all or most of the organic cover, and exposing mineral soil or underlying rock. II. Burns the upper litter layer and small branches that lie on or near the ground. Usually moves rapidly through an area, and does not consume all the organic layer. III. Releases considerable amounts of nutrients from the burned fuels, destroys many small organisms and fungi that live in the humus and organic layers, consumes seeds stored in the litter, and kills roots in all but deep soil layers.

II only

This endangered bird species nests only in Michigan and has seen its winter habitat decreased substantially by tropical deforestation and habitat destruction.

Kirtland's warbler

Which of the following organizations has created a global tree-planting campaign to encourage the planting of indigenous trees?

United Nations Environmental Program

For many years, forest fires were suppressed to protect lives and property. This policy has led to:

a buildup of dead biomass that can fuel larger fires

Smoke from forest fires is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when:

a persistent atmospheric inversion exists in the region

Our U.S. National Forests are managed on:

a sustainable-yield, multiple-use basis

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of a prescribed forest burn? a. dead biomass is retained in the forest b. nutrients in dead material are liberated for primary producers c. the risk of forest fires is minimized d. habitat is provided for early-succession species e. the burning of the forest can stimulate the growth of other plant species

a. dead biomass is retained in the forest

All of the following are disadvantages of forest clear-cutting EXCEPT: a. it has higher initial costs than other methods b. it destroys a habitat c. it exposes bare soil to potential erosion d. it often leads to sediment pollution e. it requires an intensive replanting program

a. it has higher initial costs than other methods

The best example of selective cutting is: a. loggers cut small groups of intermediate or mature trees, resulting in less erosion and loss of nutrients on the hillside b. loggers cut all of the trees in an area, resulting in a loss of nutrients in the soil and sediment gathering in the stream downslope c. loggers cut a thin strip of trees along a hillside, the forest naturally regenerates, and loggers then cut a thin strip of trees next to the regenerated area d. in a managed forest containing one or two species of trees, loggers clear-cut one section, then clear-cut it again when the trees have reached a certain size e. loggers cut only the trees they can reach easily from existing access roads

a. loggers cut small groups of intermediate or mature trees, resulting in less erosion and loss of nutrients on the hillside

According to conservation biologists, which of the following statements is the BEST and cheapest way to protect trees from insects and disease? a. maintain the biological diversity of the forest b. use antibiotics on only the infected trees c. clear-cut and burn all infected areas d. develop disease-resistant tree species e. use insecticides

a. maintain the biological diversity of the forest

Second-growth forests can be described by all of the following EXCEPT: a. result from primary succession b. provide less species diversity than old-growth forests c. often developed after abandonment of farms d. may be tree farms e. are the predominant forest form in the United States

a. result from primary succession

Which of the following best describes a second-growth forest? a. stands of trees resulting from natural succession on a disturbed site b. forest that has not been seriously disturbed for at least 200 years c. stands of trees of uniform age and species that have been planted by humans d. forest only found in rural areas in Canada, Brazil, and Russia e. forest that is rapidly increasing in area and density

a. stands of trees resulting from natural succession on a disturbed site

Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear-cut? a. the concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase b. the average depth of topsoil will increase c. the water temperature in streams running through the region will decrease d. volume of runoff after rains will decrease e. removing predators from areas that contain endangered species

a. the concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase

The best forest management techniques mimic natural processes. This is MOST likely to include:

allowing prescribed burns to remove accumulated dead biomass

Second-growth forests are:

are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed

When plant cover is removed by clear-cutting, other local populations (mammals, birds, and insects):

are greatly affected

Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity? a. selective cutting b. clear-cutting c. shelter-wood cutting d. slash and burn clearing e. gleaning

b. clear-cutting

Which of the following is NOT a public service function of forests? a. slowing of erosion b. increasing evaporation of water c. providing recreational activities d. providing timber e. providing habitat for wildlife

b. increasing evaporation of water

Which of the following is something you shouldn't do if you want to sustain terrestrial biodiversity? a. recycle paper and buy recycled paper products b. maintain a turf grass lawn with blends of perennial grass bred for optimal uniformity c. when building a home, save all the trees and as much natural vegetation and soil as is possible d. buy wood and wood products made from trees that have been grown and harvested sustainably e. plant trees and take care of them

b. maintain a turf grass lawn with blends of perennial grass bred for optimal uniformity

Selective cutting has many benefits, which of the following is NOT a benefit? a. mimicking natural canopy disturbances b. optimum growth for sun-loving species c. mature trees that remain in the ecosystem aid in re-seeding the cut area d. soil erosion is reduced when compared to clear cutting e. the multi-age mosaic generally increases biodiversity

b. optimum growth for sun-loving species

Which of the following is FALSE about the 1988 wildfires that burned through Yellowstone National Park? a. drier than usual conditions all summer helped to cause the fires b. over the long term, the fires provided no benefits to the park's ecosystem c. more than a third of Yellowstone burned in 1988 d. fires were caused by human activity and by lightning strikes e. firefighting efforts succeeded in saving human lives and property

b. over the long term, the fires provided no benefits to the park's ecosystem

Which of the following is NOT a negative side effect of building roads to remove timber resources? a. increased erosion and sediment runoff in waterways b. people are effectively kept out since these roads are only accessible by logging vehicles c. habitat fragmentation d. biodiversity loss e. forests are opened to nonnative pests, diseases, and wildlife species

b. people are effectively kept out since these roads are only accessible by logging vehicles

In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? a. providing a valuable source of timber b. providing habitats for wildlife c. contributing to soil erosion d. increasing water runoff

b. providing habitats for wildlife

Smaller forest fires are beneficial to forests for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. removal of competing plants b. combustion of dried leaves or needles, which reduces the threat of large fires c. burning the crowns of trees d. germinating seeds of certain plant species e. making burned matter available as a nutrient

c. burning the crowns of trees

Which of the following is NOT a result of logging in the United States? a. promotion of economic growth b. road-building, leading to habitat fragmentation c. ecological restoration and rehabilitation d. damage to nearby rivers and fisheries e. job creation in nearby communities

c. ecological restoration and rehabilitation

Which of the following is NOT a good method to protect forests from natural diseases and pathogens? a. clear-cutting b. maintaining biodiversity c. importing timber trees to replace infected ones d. developing disease-resistant trees e. integrated pest management

c. importing timber trees to replace infected ones

Which of the following is NOT an environmental consequence of clear-cutting? a. increased soil erosion and sedimentation in nearby streams b. decreased biodiversity due to habitat fragmentation c. increased fish populations due to the influx of nutrients into streams d. decreased tree species diversity due to the loss of shade-tolerant species e. stands of same-aged trees

c. increased fish populations due to the influx of nutrients into streams

A farmer in a developing nation will try to plant the maximum amount of crops on his land. This farmer would most likely use which method of tree-cutting? a. cut a strip of trees, but then cut another strip of trees when the first ones grow back, preventing mass erosion and protecting his crops b. cut most of the trees, but leave those that produce seeds so new trees can grow back c. remove all of the mature trees, leaving the younger ones to provide shade for cops that need it in order to survive d. cut all of the trees in the area, regardless of the resulting nutrient loss and erosion e. remove only small groups of older trees so more nutrients would be available for his crops

c. remove all of the mature trees, leaving the younger ones to provide shade for cops that need it in order to survive

Which form of timber harvesting is represented below? a. clear-cutting b. shelterwood cutting c. selective cutting d. seed-tree harvesting e. none of the above

c. selective cutting

Forests supply us with many vital ecosystem services. Currently, the one receiving the most attention because of global climate change concerns is:

carbon storage potential of the world's forests

An APES class went on a field trip into a coniferous forest. They discovered a very large section of land that had been completely logged. There were just stumps where large coniferous trees had once stood. There was also very little animal life in the area. Which method of logging had most likely been used in this section of land?

clear-cutting

In the United States, most logging takes place in:

conifer forests in the west and pine plantations in the south

Wood in developing countries is primarily used for:

cooking and heating

Sustainable use of forests in the United States would likely be encouraged by:

cutting small groups of medium- and large-sized trees in uneven-aged forests

Old-growth forests can be described by all of the following EXCEPT: a. have not been disturbed for several hundred years b. large numbers of snags and fallen logs c. provide a variety of ecological niches d. a clear forest floor e. are the predominant forest form in the tropics

d. a clear forest floor

The demand for wood could be reduced by: a. using laminated boards b. using paper from fibers obtained from plants other than trees c. reducing construction waste and junk mail d. all of these answers e. none of these answers

d. all of these answers

All of the following would result in an area that was recently clear-cut EXCEPT: a. an increase in the likelihood of mudslides on sloped, denuded land b. a loss of soil nutrients, because of the increase in wind and water erosion c. an increase in erosion, because water flows faster on denuded slopes d. an increase in biodiversity, because cleared land is more inviting to a variety of new species e. an increase in water pollution as sediment flows into streams

d. an increase in biodiversity, because cleared land is more inviting to a variety of new species

Forests remove ___ from and add ___ to the atmosphere. a. oxygen . . . carbon dioxide b. nitrogen . . . oxygen c. carbon dioxide . . . sulfur dioxide d. carbon dioxide . . . oxygen e. nitrogen . . . carbon dioxide

d. carbon dioxide . . . oxygen

Reasons for clearing tropical rainforests include all of the following EXCEPT: a. converting the forest to agricultural land b. harvesting valuable timber c. creating pasture for grazing cattle d. clear-cutting trees to promote healthier second growth forests e. cutting timber for fuel wood

d. clear-cutting trees to promote healthier second growth forests

Salvage logging can harm an ecosystem through all of the following EXCEPT: a. taking nutrients out of an ecosystem b. accelerating soil erosion c. loss of habitat d. increasing the risk of large-scale fires e. decreasing biodiversity

d. increasing the risk of large-scale fires

Which of the following is NOT part of sustainable forestry? a. relies more on selective cutting and strip cutting b. attempts to not fragment our country's last remaining large blocks of forest c. includes ecological services of trees and forests in estimating economic values d. is careful to remove most standing dead trees and fallen timber to improve aesthetic values e. tries to sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas

d. is careful to remove most standing dead trees and fallen timber to improve aesthetic values

A forest ecosystem in which forest fires have been suppressed for many decades may benefit from which of the following? a. thinning by removing medium-sized trees b. thinning by removing the largest trees c. building roads to provide for recreation d. setting small contained surface fires e. clear-cutting the forest to initiate secondary succession

d. setting small contained surface fires

Indirect deforestation is:

death of trees from pollution or disease

The large-scale, total elimination of trees from an area is known as:

deforestation

The Healthy Forests Restoration Act:

directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in national forest lands

Forests are a source of natural capital. Which of the following is an economic service provided by forests? a. forests sequester atmospheric carbon b. forests preserve water quality by preventing erosion c. forests increase the infiltration of rain water d. forests provide habitat for wildlife e. forests provide fuel wood and lumber

e. forests provide fuel wood and lumber

Massive forest fires that burn large areas and destroy canopy are MOST likely to benefit:

early succession species seeking to fill a niche

Which is important for some biological species to reproduce and clear undergrowth for new sprouts?

fire

Of all the jobs in the U.S. Forest Service, the majority are concerned with:

fire management

The majority of wood in forests of developing countries is used for?

firewood

In developing countries, the need for which major resource will double in the next 25 years?

fuel wood and charcoal

People living in poverty need fuelwood and cut trees. Deforestation and accelerated soil erosion result. People burn dried animal dung and crop residues as fuel sources. Soil nutrients are depleted. Crops suffer. Hunger and malnutrition contribute to poverty. This sequence is best described as:

harmful positive feedback

Loggers of tropical rainforests often employ this type of selective cutting that removes only the best timber to maximize profits and minimize efforts.

high grading

When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is:

increased water temperature

The only disadvantage of using kenaf to make paper is:

it could not be grown in the colder regions of the United States

Selection systems are timber harvesting methods that:

leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests

Why is the amount of deforestation higher in tropical rainforests compared to other forest types?

often, governments in the primarily developing countries that hold tropical rain forests sell the rights to their natural resources as a way of bringing additional money to the country

The habitat for spotted owls is:

old-growth forests

An even-aged management strategy's goal is:

production of maximum return on a short-term basis

Snags and fallen trees:

recycle nutrients in the forest ecosystem

What extremely long-lived tree species is resistant to insects and fire?

redwood

The BEST evidence about the rate of destruction of the tropical rain forest is produced by:

satellite sensors

Which method of timber harvesting cuts a small percentage of mature trees every 10-20 years?

selective cutting

What is the result of the suppression of forest fires?

severe fires when wildfires do occur

The trees that grow in the understory of the forest are known as:

suppressed

Protecting forests by establishing firebreaks with special bulldozers, pumping water from tank trucks, dropping fire-retardant chemicals from aircraft, and creating controlled backfires is called:

suppression

Fires that burn away flammable ground material and help prevent more destructive fires are called:

surface fires

A tree grower using uneven-aged management MOST likely has the goal of:

sustaining biological diversity

Most of the world's forests occur as:

taiga and rainforest

The major determinants of forest type are:

temperature and rainfall

In 2003, the U.S. Congress passed a law which allows timber companies to cut down economically valuable medium and large trees in most national forests for 10 years in return for clearing away smaller, more fire-prone trees and underbrush. According to biologists, this law is likely to INCREASE the chances of severe forest fires. What law is this?

the Healthy Forest Initiative

A tropical rain forest, found near the equator, has:

the richest diversity of terrestrial plants and animals

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?

they are desperate for economic development

Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when:

they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy

Destroying the biodiversity in the tropical rainforest is analogous to:

throwing away an unwrapped present

Refers to a managed tract with uniformly aged trees of one species that are harvested by clear-cutting as soon as they become commercially valuable. They are then replanted and clear-cut again in a regular cycle.

tree plantation or tree farm

Which is used to reduce the impact of timber harvesting?

tree plantations

Tropical trees not slated for cutting are often lost when loggers try to cut only the best trees. The primary reason for this is:

trees not intended for cutting are lost because of their shallow roots and the network of vines that connect neighboring trees

Second- and third-growth forests contain:

trees of the same age and size

Why is deforestation in tropical rainforests more devastating to the global environment than deforestation in temperate forests?

tropical rainforests have much higher biodiversity than temperate forests

Forests are mainly divided into temperate and:

tropical regions