APES Ch. 5

Identify methods that might be used in soil conservation programs.

Contour ploughing. Terrace farming. Keyline design. Perimeter runoff control. Windbreaks. Cover crops/crop rotation. Soil-conservation farming. Salinity management.

What are the major limiting factors on agriculture?

Plant growth and yield are limited mainly by the soil environment factors. Soil, water, nutrients, salinity, sodicity, structure, temperature, pH, and mineral toxicities can all interact to limit plant growth

What are some ways that genetic engineering can positively affect agriculture?

Many US farmers who grow genetically engineered crops are realizing substantial economic and environmental benefits -- such as lower production costs, fewer pest problems, reduced use of pesticides, and better yields -- compared with conventional crops,

Know the effects and costs of raising cattle in feedlots.

cramped, methane emissions, etc

What are the core components of integrated pest management?

crop rotation, intercropping, use of pest resistant crops, creation of habitats for predators of pests, limited use of pesticides...have to inspect crops more, but pays off

1. What are the characteristics and principles of sustainable agriculture?

- crop rotation = changes the crop species in a field for each growing season, helps minimize nutrient loss (legumes replace nitrogen in soil) (grasses - corn, wheat, absorb nitrogen) - intercropping = planting multiple crops in same field, helps minimize nutrient loss, growth of multiple crops in smaller space, include planting crops in orchards (agroforestry) - contour plowing = plowing to match the topography of the land, prevents wind and water erosion of topsoil - No-till agriculture = does not turn over the soil during planting, soil is less susceptible to erosion, soil loses fewer nutrients, leaves the crop remains in the field -fertilize the soil, can require more herbicides to kill weeds - Shelterbelts (windbreak) = growth of taller crops or trees around shorter ones, prevents wind damage and soil erosion, provides shade - Terracing = on steeper slopes, platforms are cut into the slope, allows crop to grow on previously unusable land, allows water retention, prevents soil erosion, used in South America for potatoes, used in Asia for rice - Organic agriculture = production of crops without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, maintains the organic and nutrient content of the soil, uses ecological principles to maintain an ecosystem or community structure

. Understand the different planting methods and how they are useful. (alley cropping, terracing, etc.)

-Conservation-tillage farming =no till/minimum tillage -teraccing =growing food on mat sides or steep slopes turned to broad steps called terraces =retain water at each level and reduces runoff -Alley cropping (agroforestry) =1/ more crops planted together in alleys between trees and shrubs =reduces water loss and holds moisture SC-planting strip/ a row crop attempting w/ a crop that completely covers soil(grass/ legumes) CF-plant perpendicular to slope forming ridges that act likee little dams, retain water increase filtration W-(AF)plant trees around crops to break wind =Long term

What are the effects of desertification?

-worsenign droughts, famine, economic loss, lower living standards\\ds, environmental refugees (this was made worse b/c / agricultural practices) -overgrazing, deforestation, erosion, salinization, soil compaction, and climate change

At what rate is American soil eroding?

3.4 tons/year

Erosion is affecting how much of the world's cropland?

30%

What percentage of fish catch is used for fishmeal?

90%

Know the advantages and disadvantages of pesticides.

A: Pesticides help farmers to produce more with less land. ... Pesticides ensure bountiful harvests. ... Pesticides help keep food affordable. ... Pesticides help reduce waterborne and insect transmitted diseases. ... Pesticides help conserve the environment. ... Herbicides have removed the hardship of hand weeding. D: inked to a wide range of human health hazards, ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive harm, and endocrine disruption.

What deficiencies cause anemia, goiters, and blindness?

Anemia ?

Know the different fishing methods.

Blasting fishingo Using explosives like dynamite to stun or kill large groups of fish• Cyanide fishingo Injecting sodium cyanide solution into a reef or other area to flush out or stun fisho This is mostly used on fish caught for the aquarium trade• Both these methods have dramatic impacts on other organisms living near the target fishAquaculture• High-density cultivation of fish and shellfish• Can be a solution to declining fisheries• Can occur in tanks on land or in open watero Pollutes the land below poop• Excess feed and animal waste in open water can cause eutrophication • Less pressure on fisheries

Know the difference between fisheries and aquaculture.

F:A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region A: farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds, constructing an aquatic ecosystem by stocking the organisms, feeding them, and protecting them from predators and disease-waste water can pollute rivers-escaped fish can contaminate or over compete with natural fish

Know the effects and costs of raising cattle on rangelands.

Grazing can damage habitats, destroy native plants and cause soil erosion. When livestock eat native plants, invasive plants often replace them. This reduces food supply in ecosystems because the animals start competing for non-invasive plants for food.

Know the difference between malnutrition, chronic undernutrition, and over-nutrition.

M: Lacking sufficient protein, vitamins, and minerals, single missing nutrient can have drastic consequences of Anemia (iron) blindness (vitamin A) CU: Not consuming enough calories to maintain the body ON: Consuming too many calories usually from poor quality foods

Know examples of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers contain only plant- or animal-based materials that are either a byproduct or end product of naturally occurring processes, such as manures, leaves, and compost. Inorganic fertilizer, also referred to as synthetic fertilizer, is manufactured artificially and contains minerals or synthetic chemicals.

What are the causes of desertification?

Overgrazing is the major cause of desertificationworldwide. Other factors that cause desertificationinclude urbanization, climate change, overdrafting of groundwater, deforestation, natural disasters and tillage practices in agriculture that place soils more vulnerable to wind.

Know the type of agriculture associated with developed, developing, and tropical countries.

Subsistence agriculture

Describe each type of agriculture.

Unsustainable Agriculture: over use=desertification, salinization, soil compaction, and more than 10% / land's productivity lost Shifting Agriculture: slash and burn agriculture

Describe the green revolution.

a shift in agricultural practices in the 20th century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output.

What crops are usually grown in plantation agriculture?

cash crops: coffee, sugar, cocoa, etc.

What are the effects of agriculture on water resources?

mproper agricultural methods may elevate concentrations of nutrients, fecal coliforms, and sediment loads. Increased nutrient loading from animal waste can lead to eutrophication of water bodies which may eventually damage aquatic ecosystems.

Know the categories of pesticides, examples, and their persistence.

nsecticides - insects. Herbicides - plants. Rodenticides - rodents (rats & mice) Bactericides - bacteria. Fungicides - fungi. Larvicides - larvae.

How should crop rotation be carried out?

the soil of farms is not used for only one set of nutrients, so it is a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons

Examine the different types of biological pest control.

using living organisms instead of relying completely on chemicals. This method uses natural mechanisms such as herbivory, predation, or parasitism to control weeds, plant diseases, mites, and insects.