PHIL110 FINAL
In the Apology, Socrates declares __________.
"The unexamined life is not worth living"
In __________, Camus argues that we should embrace the absurd.
The Myth of Sisyphus
The reductio ad absurdum is a type of __________.
argument
Nussbaum's argument for tolerance rests on the __________ principle.
equal respect
According to Augustine's hierarchy of being, __________.
goodness correlates to reality
__________ is, Aristotle tells us, "something complete and self-sufficient."
happiness
Philosophers distinguish life's value or meaning from __________.
happiness and moral rightness
According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, notions of right and wrong or justice and injustice __________.
have no place
In Confucianism, the ideal world is generated through the practice of __________ and __________.
li; ren
For the atheistic internalist, meaning is found in __________.
life (i.e., one's goals, purposes, and concerns)
Albert Camus declared, "Judging whether __________ amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy."
life is or is not worth living
A pessimist is also called a(n) __________.
nihilist
Utilitarians judge the morality of conduct by a single standard, the __________.
principle of utility
Knowing that something is the case is called __________ knowledge.
propositional
Sartre claims that human beings are __________.
radically free
Those who believe that through unaided reason we can come to know what the world is like are called __________.
rationalists
Plato reasons that, if truth is objective, it must also be about __________ things.
real
All but __________ are instances of the pattern of social activity in which words play a crucial role and derive their meaning from how they are used in the activity
stream of consciousness
True or False? "A bachelor is an unmarried man" is an example of a(n) analytic statement.
true
True or False? According to Descartes, only beliefs that are certain can count as knowledge.
true
True or False? Locke claims that secondary qualities are nothing in the objects themselves.
true
True or False? Mill thinks that some kinds of pleasures are more valuable than others.
true
Kant asserts, __________.
"Though all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience."
The Hindu aranyakas are __________.
"forest treatises" for those who seek a reclusive religious life
Rawls's hypothetical starting point is the __________.
"original position"
__________ is the name for the view that the rightness of actions depends solely on the overall well-being produced by individual actions.
Act-utilitarianism
In Hinduism, __________ is the impersonal, all-pervading spirit that is the universe yet transcends all space and time.
Brahman
The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that desegregated public schools was __________.
Brown v. Board of Education
Dukkha is a concept in __________.
Buddhism
_________ is a moral theory in which the rightness of actions is determined partly or entirely by their intrinsic nature.
Deontology
True or False? A deductive argument is an argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion.
False
True or False? Aristotle believes that simply studying philosophy will make one virtuous.
False
True or False? Aristotle says, "That which is primarily and is simply (not is something) must be pure matter."
False
True or False? Aristotle thinks that matter constitutes substance.
False
True or False? Aristotle thinks that the final cause of something is the material out of which it is made.
False
True or False? Plato argues that the soul is composed of four parts.
False
True or False? Plato established a school called the Agora.
False
True or False? Socrates accepts the Oracle's pronouncement that no one in Athens is wiser than he.
False
True or False? Socrates preferred exile to death.
False
True or False? Socrates says death is probably bad.
False
True or False? The argument form known as affirming the antecedent is valid.
False
True or False? The key to identifying an argument in context is to first determine whether the reasoning is correct.
False
True or False? The objects of knowledge, according to Plato, are ascertained exclusively through sense experience.
False
True or False? The words that name classes, or categories, of things are called names.
False
True or False? Virtues are physical conditions.
False
__________ is the fallacy of arguing erroneously that since there are only two alternatives to choose from, and one of them is unacceptable, the other one must be true.
False dilemma
The set of sacred compositions known as the Vedas is considered the reference point in __________.
Hinduism
Kant addresses __________ skepticism about the possibility of scientific knowledge.
Hume's
__________ is the doctrine that emphasizes personal freedoms and the right to pursue one's own social and economic well-being in a free market without interference from others.
Libertarianism
Is Socrates an atheist?
No because he believes in a higher power.
What is the significance for Descartes of clear and distinct ideas?
Nothing can be judged as true unless it is seen clearly
Augustine argues for degrees of reality, which reflects __________ influence on his thought.
Plato's
_________ is the view that through unaided reason we can come to know what the world is like.
Rationalism
According to __________, the wretchedness of existence is proof life has no meaning.
Schopenhauer
Nussbaum advocates "an approach inspired by ethical philosophy in the spirit of" __________.
Socrates
What are some connections between Aristotle's logic and his idea of scientific knowledge?
The excellence that comes from gaining scientific knowledge through logical questioning connects us to a more virtuous lifestyle.
_________ once thought, "My life is a stupid, mean trick played on me by somebody."
Tolstoy
True or False? A harmonious soul is one in which reason rules the other parts.
True
True or False? An argument requires at least two statements: one premise and one conclusion.
True
True or False? Daoism advocates the view that the best life is lived in harmony with nature.
True
True or False? Descartes asserts that God would not deceive him because God is perfect.
True
True or False? For his republic, Plato envisions an aristocracy
True
True or False? Plato's Forms are objectively real, eternal, abstract entities that serve as models or universals of higher knowledge.
True
True or False? Socrates believes that people pursue the good if they know what it is
True
True or False? Socrates continues to philosophize while awaiting his execution.
True
True or False? That for which a thing is, is called the final cause.
True
True or False? The Upanishads is the sacred text in Hinduism.
True
True or False? The heart of Aristotle's logical system is the syllogism.
True
True or False? The highest and greatest Form is the Form of the Good.
True
True or False? This classic argument "The Bible says that God exists; the Bible is true because God wrote it; therefore, God exists" is an example of begging the question.
True
In the early __________, there is an emphasis on improving one's lot in life through religious practice and faith in the gods.
Vedas
The Oracle at Delphi declared no one was __________ than Socrates.
Wiser
Why does Aristotle think that knowing why something is true is superior to knowing that it is so?
You are able to formulate your own personal thoughts on the truth. Once the truth is known and understood, it is not as bad as one thought. Optimism and hopeful thinking are key to Aristotle's points.
According to Hume, we rely on the principle of induction because it is __________.
a habit of mind
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has __________ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.
a unhealthy soul
Mill says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for __________.
all concerned
Descartes's doubt goes further when he concludes at the end of Meditation I that he is deceived by __________.
an evil genius
A teleological argument reasons from __________.
apparent signs of design or purposeful creation in the world to the existence of a supreme designer
Sartre is a proponent of __________.
atheistic existentialism
The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argues that life is __________.
bereft of meaning, and so nonexistence would be better than existence
A rule-utilitarian thinks that rule following __________.
best maximizes well-being in the long run
Words such as consequently, therefore, and as a result are __________.
conclusion indicator words
A moral theory in which the rightness of actions depends solely on __________ is called a __________ theory.
consequences; consequentialist
Atheism and __________ is the contradiction regarding the gods that Socrates says his accusers put forth.
creating new divinities
The view that right actions are those endorsed by one's culture is called __________ relativism.
cultural
Derrida is credited with developing the philosophical method known as __________.
deconstruction
Phenomenology is a way of painstakingly __________.
describing the data of consciousness without the distortions of preconceived ideas
According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must __________.
determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer
Plato and Xenophon wrote __________ featuring Socrates's method.
dialogues
The doctrine of __________ is the moral principle that performing a bad action to bring about a good effect is never morally acceptable but that performing a good action may sometimes be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect.
double effect
According to the doctrine of __________, __________ is not one of the four "tests" that an action must pass to be judged morally permissible.
double effect; the end justifies the means
Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be __________.
dreaming
Descartes asserts, "I am, I exist, is necessarily true __________."
each time that I pronounce it, or that I mentally conceive it
Mill thinks that, when promoting the goal of utilitarianism, we must consider __________.
equally everyone's needs or interests
Sartre thinks our freedom means we have no __________.
excuses
Anselm's argument associates perfection with divine __________.
existence
Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from __________.
experience
A moral theory __________.
explains why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad
Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were __________.
false
Descartes supposes that everything he sees is __________.
false
True or False? "A bachelor is an unmarried man" is an example of a synthetic statement.
false
True or False? Before converting to Christianity, Tolstoy was what philosophers call an internalist on the question of the meaning of life.
false
True or False? Before the Vedic period, the human-authored smriti scriptures appeared.
false
True or False? Berkeley is willing to accept the conventional distinction between primary and secondary qualities.
false
True or False? Berkeley thinks that sensible things have real existence, that is, existence independent of a perceiver.
false
True or False? Descartes cannot find a principle of knowledge.
false
True or False? Dharma is the Buddhist concept of moral duty.
false
True or False? Hume believes that external objects resemble internal perceptions.
false
True or False? In Confucianism, the ideal world is generated through the practice of samsara and dukkha.
false
True or False? Locke accepts the view that we have innate ideas about metaphysical truths.
false
True or False? Moral evil is evil that comes from demonic influences on people's choices and actions.
false
True or False? Natural law theory is a theory about nature.
false
True or False? Teleological arguments reason from the concept of God to the existence of God.
false
True or False? The doctrine of double effect disallows bad consequences stemming from good actions.
false
The Vedas consist of __________ collections.
four
Sartre declares the first principle of existentialism is, "Man is nothing else but what __________."
he makes of himself
_________ pleasures are, in Mill's view, found in such experiences as the search for knowledge and the appreciation of art and music.
higher
Mill distinguishes between __________.
higher and lower pleasures
At the beginning of Meditation II, Descartes arrives at the certainty of __________.
his existence as a thinking thing
Kierkegaard wants to replace the "what" of what is believed with the __________ of what is believed.
how
The difficulty of justifying the assumption that the future will be like the past is known as the problem of __________.
induction
Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are __________.
inductive
The meaning or purpose that humans give to themselves is called __________ meaning
internal
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of __________.
knowledge
A __________ is a pattern of social activity in which words play a crucial role and derive their meaning from how they are used in the activity.
language-game
According to Derrida, __________ is the preoccupation with truth, logic, and rationality that characterizes the Western tradition.
logocentrism
A system of rule by those most qualified to govern is known as a(n) __________.
meritocracy
In the Allegory of the Cave, sunlight represents __________.
metaphysical truth
The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as __________.
metaphysics
_________ is the view that standards are not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe.
moral relativism
The will to power is, according to Nietzsche, the fundamental __________.
nature of existence as a drive to control and dominate
Aristotle insists that all the statements in his syllogism be __________.
necessarily true
A truth that could not have been false is a __________ truth.
necessary
King thinks __________ is the middle road between militant violence and nonviolent action.
nonviolent resistance
Morality is called a(n) __________ enterprise.
normative
According to Kant, to say that something exists is to __________.
not add any additional property to it
According to Derrida, meaning is __________.
not fixed
Descartes knows the wax is still wax, despite its changes, because __________.
of rational intuition
Avicenna contributed to distinctions in __________.
ontology
At his death, Socrates asks his friend Crito to __________.
pay a debt
Kierkegaard laments that society has replaced individuals with __________.
people who have "forgotten what it means to exist"
Before undergoing a Christian conversion, Leo Tolstoy was a(n) __________.
pessimist
The Hindu Upanishads are __________.
philosophical and religious speculations
According to Bentham, the utility to be maximized is __________.
pleasure
Kant says that "being" is not a real __________.
predicate
In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the __________.
premises
According to Plato, the process of learning is a process of __________.
recollection
Hume divides propositions into two types: __________.
relations of ideas and matters of fact
According to the utilitarian, right actions are those that __________.
result in greater overall well-being for the people involved than any other possible action
In Hinduism, __________ is one's cycle of repeated deaths and rebirths.
samsara
Hume's strict empiricism leads naturally to __________.
skepticism
Rawls's second principle of justice concerns __________.
social and economic goods such as income, wealth, opportunities, and positions of authority
Rawls's view is a kind of __________.
social contract theory
In Buddhism, right __________ means, among other things, refraining from lying, slander, gossip, unkind, or rude words or abusive talk, and idle or misleading assertions.
speech
Aristotle asserts that __________ consist(s) of form plus essence, and matter.
substance
Berkeley thinks that an object is __________.
the collection of sensations we have
In existentialism, absurdity is a sense of meaningless and irrationality in the world arising from __________.
the conflict between our need for meaning and an indifferent universe
A central concern of Kierkegaard's work is the nature of __________.
the individual
Kant wants us to believe that logical and mathematical concepts depend on __________.
the innate structure of our minds
According to Kant, the good will acts from respect for __________.
the moral law
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called __________.
the philosophical method
Ethics is __________.
the study of morality using the methods of philosophy
Nietzsche thinks that all human struggle is a reflection of __________.
the will to power
Kant maintains that right actions do not depend on __________.
their consequences
True or False? The principle of induction cannot be justified a priori.
true
Plato considers belief insufficient for knowledge, which requires that a proposition also be __________ and __________.
true; justified
Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become a __________.
universal law
For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for __________.
whats true and real