PHIL110 FINAL

In the Apology, Socrates declares __________.

"The unexamined life is not worth living"

In __________, Camus argues that we should embrace the absurd.

The Myth of Sisyphus

The reductio ad absurdum is a type of __________.

argument

Nussbaum's argument for tolerance rests on the __________ principle.

equal respect

According to Augustine's hierarchy of being, __________.

goodness correlates to reality

__________ is, Aristotle tells us, "something complete and self-sufficient."

happiness

Philosophers distinguish life's value or meaning from __________.

happiness and moral rightness

According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, notions of right and wrong or justice and injustice __________.

have no place

In Confucianism, the ideal world is generated through the practice of __________ and __________.

li; ren

For the atheistic internalist, meaning is found in __________.

life (i.e., one's goals, purposes, and concerns)

Albert Camus declared, "Judging whether __________ amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy."

life is or is not worth living

A pessimist is also called a(n) __________.

nihilist

Utilitarians judge the morality of conduct by a single standard, the __________.

principle of utility

Knowing that something is the case is called __________ knowledge.

propositional

Sartre claims that human beings are __________.

radically free

Those who believe that through unaided reason we can come to know what the world is like are called __________.

rationalists

Plato reasons that, if truth is objective, it must also be about __________ things.

real

All but __________ are instances of the pattern of social activity in which words play a crucial role and derive their meaning from how they are used in the activity

stream of consciousness

True or False? "A bachelor is an unmarried man" is an example of a(n) analytic statement.

true

True or False? According to Descartes, only beliefs that are certain can count as knowledge.

true

True or False? Locke claims that secondary qualities are nothing in the objects themselves.

true

True or False? Mill thinks that some kinds of pleasures are more valuable than others.

true

Kant asserts, __________.

"Though all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience."

The Hindu aranyakas are __________.

"forest treatises" for those who seek a reclusive religious life

Rawls's hypothetical starting point is the __________.

"original position"

__________ is the name for the view that the rightness of actions depends solely on the overall well-being produced by individual actions.

Act-utilitarianism

In Hinduism, __________ is the impersonal, all-pervading spirit that is the universe yet transcends all space and time.

Brahman

The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that desegregated public schools was __________.

Brown v. Board of Education

Dukkha is a concept in __________.

Buddhism

_________ is a moral theory in which the rightness of actions is determined partly or entirely by their intrinsic nature.

Deontology

True or False? A deductive argument is an argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion.

False

True or False? Aristotle believes that simply studying philosophy will make one virtuous.

False

True or False? Aristotle says, "That which is primarily and is simply (not is something) must be pure matter."

False

True or False? Aristotle thinks that matter constitutes substance.

False

True or False? Aristotle thinks that the final cause of something is the material out of which it is made.

False

True or False? Plato argues that the soul is composed of four parts.

False

True or False? Plato established a school called the Agora.

False

True or False? Socrates accepts the Oracle's pronouncement that no one in Athens is wiser than he.

False

True or False? Socrates preferred exile to death.

False

True or False? Socrates says death is probably bad.

False

True or False? The argument form known as affirming the antecedent is valid.

False

True or False? The key to identifying an argument in context is to first determine whether the reasoning is correct.

False

True or False? The objects of knowledge, according to Plato, are ascertained exclusively through sense experience.

False

True or False? The words that name classes, or categories, of things are called names.

False

True or False? Virtues are physical conditions.

False

__________ is the fallacy of arguing erroneously that since there are only two alternatives to choose from, and one of them is unacceptable, the other one must be true.

False dilemma

The set of sacred compositions known as the Vedas is considered the reference point in __________.

Hinduism

Kant addresses __________ skepticism about the possibility of scientific knowledge.

Hume's

__________ is the doctrine that emphasizes personal freedoms and the right to pursue one's own social and economic well-being in a free market without interference from others.

Libertarianism

Is Socrates an atheist?

No because he believes in a higher power.

What is the significance for Descartes of clear and distinct ideas?

Nothing can be judged as true unless it is seen clearly

Augustine argues for degrees of reality, which reflects __________ influence on his thought.

Plato's

_________ is the view that through unaided reason we can come to know what the world is like.

Rationalism

According to __________, the wretchedness of existence is proof life has no meaning.

Schopenhauer

Nussbaum advocates "an approach inspired by ethical philosophy in the spirit of" __________.

Socrates

What are some connections between Aristotle's logic and his idea of scientific knowledge?

The excellence that comes from gaining scientific knowledge through logical questioning connects us to a more virtuous lifestyle.

_________ once thought, "My life is a stupid, mean trick played on me by somebody."

Tolstoy

True or False? A harmonious soul is one in which reason rules the other parts.

True

True or False? An argument requires at least two statements: one premise and one conclusion.

True

True or False? Daoism advocates the view that the best life is lived in harmony with nature.

True

True or False? Descartes asserts that God would not deceive him because God is perfect.

True

True or False? For his republic, Plato envisions an aristocracy

True

True or False? Plato's Forms are objectively real, eternal, abstract entities that serve as models or universals of higher knowledge.

True

True or False? Socrates believes that people pursue the good if they know what it is

True

True or False? Socrates continues to philosophize while awaiting his execution.

True

True or False? That for which a thing is, is called the final cause.

True

True or False? The Upanishads is the sacred text in Hinduism.

True

True or False? The heart of Aristotle's logical system is the syllogism.

True

True or False? The highest and greatest Form is the Form of the Good.

True

True or False? This classic argument "The Bible says that God exists; the Bible is true because God wrote it; therefore, God exists" is an example of begging the question.

True

In the early __________, there is an emphasis on improving one's lot in life through religious practice and faith in the gods.

Vedas

The Oracle at Delphi declared no one was __________ than Socrates.

Wiser

Why does Aristotle think that knowing why something is true is superior to knowing that it is so?

You are able to formulate your own personal thoughts on the truth. Once the truth is known and understood, it is not as bad as one thought. Optimism and hopeful thinking are key to Aristotle's points.

According to Hume, we rely on the principle of induction because it is __________.

a habit of mind

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has __________ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

a unhealthy soul

Mill says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for __________.

all concerned

Descartes's doubt goes further when he concludes at the end of Meditation I that he is deceived by __________.

an evil genius

A teleological argument reasons from __________.

apparent signs of design or purposeful creation in the world to the existence of a supreme designer

Sartre is a proponent of __________.

atheistic existentialism

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argues that life is __________.

bereft of meaning, and so nonexistence would be better than existence

A rule-utilitarian thinks that rule following __________.

best maximizes well-being in the long run

Words such as consequently, therefore, and as a result are __________.

conclusion indicator words

A moral theory in which the rightness of actions depends solely on __________ is called a __________ theory.

consequences; consequentialist

Atheism and __________ is the contradiction regarding the gods that Socrates says his accusers put forth.

creating new divinities

The view that right actions are those endorsed by one's culture is called __________ relativism.

cultural

Derrida is credited with developing the philosophical method known as __________.

deconstruction

Phenomenology is a way of painstakingly __________.

describing the data of consciousness without the distortions of preconceived ideas

According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must __________.

determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer

Plato and Xenophon wrote __________ featuring Socrates's method.

dialogues

The doctrine of __________ is the moral principle that performing a bad action to bring about a good effect is never morally acceptable but that performing a good action may sometimes be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect.

double effect

According to the doctrine of __________, __________ is not one of the four "tests" that an action must pass to be judged morally permissible.

double effect; the end justifies the means

Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be __________.

dreaming

Descartes asserts, "I am, I exist, is necessarily true __________."

each time that I pronounce it, or that I mentally conceive it

Mill thinks that, when promoting the goal of utilitarianism, we must consider __________.

equally everyone's needs or interests

Sartre thinks our freedom means we have no __________.

excuses

Anselm's argument associates perfection with divine __________.

existence

Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from __________.

experience

A moral theory __________.

explains why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad

Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were __________.

false

Descartes supposes that everything he sees is __________.

false

True or False? "A bachelor is an unmarried man" is an example of a synthetic statement.

false

True or False? Before converting to Christianity, Tolstoy was what philosophers call an internalist on the question of the meaning of life.

false

True or False? Before the Vedic period, the human-authored smriti scriptures appeared.

false

True or False? Berkeley is willing to accept the conventional distinction between primary and secondary qualities.

false

True or False? Berkeley thinks that sensible things have real existence, that is, existence independent of a perceiver.

false

True or False? Descartes cannot find a principle of knowledge.

false

True or False? Dharma is the Buddhist concept of moral duty.

false

True or False? Hume believes that external objects resemble internal perceptions.

false

True or False? In Confucianism, the ideal world is generated through the practice of samsara and dukkha.

false

True or False? Locke accepts the view that we have innate ideas about metaphysical truths.

false

True or False? Moral evil is evil that comes from demonic influences on people's choices and actions.

false

True or False? Natural law theory is a theory about nature.

false

True or False? Teleological arguments reason from the concept of God to the existence of God.

false

True or False? The doctrine of double effect disallows bad consequences stemming from good actions.

false

The Vedas consist of __________ collections.

four

Sartre declares the first principle of existentialism is, "Man is nothing else but what __________."

he makes of himself

_________ pleasures are, in Mill's view, found in such experiences as the search for knowledge and the appreciation of art and music.

higher

Mill distinguishes between __________.

higher and lower pleasures

At the beginning of Meditation II, Descartes arrives at the certainty of __________.

his existence as a thinking thing

Kierkegaard wants to replace the "what" of what is believed with the __________ of what is believed.

how

The difficulty of justifying the assumption that the future will be like the past is known as the problem of __________.

induction

Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are __________.

inductive

The meaning or purpose that humans give to themselves is called __________ meaning

internal

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of __________.

knowledge

A __________ is a pattern of social activity in which words play a crucial role and derive their meaning from how they are used in the activity.

language-game

According to Derrida, __________ is the preoccupation with truth, logic, and rationality that characterizes the Western tradition.

logocentrism

A system of rule by those most qualified to govern is known as a(n) __________.

meritocracy

In the Allegory of the Cave, sunlight represents __________.

metaphysical truth

The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as __________.

metaphysics

_________ is the view that standards are not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe.

moral relativism

The will to power is, according to Nietzsche, the fundamental __________.

nature of existence as a drive to control and dominate

Aristotle insists that all the statements in his syllogism be __________.

necessarily true

A truth that could not have been false is a __________ truth.

necessary

King thinks __________ is the middle road between militant violence and nonviolent action.

nonviolent resistance

Morality is called a(n) __________ enterprise.

normative

According to Kant, to say that something exists is to __________.

not add any additional property to it

According to Derrida, meaning is __________.

not fixed

Descartes knows the wax is still wax, despite its changes, because __________.

of rational intuition

Avicenna contributed to distinctions in __________.

ontology

At his death, Socrates asks his friend Crito to __________.

pay a debt

Kierkegaard laments that society has replaced individuals with __________.

people who have "forgotten what it means to exist"

Before undergoing a Christian conversion, Leo Tolstoy was a(n) __________.

pessimist

The Hindu Upanishads are __________.

philosophical and religious speculations

According to Bentham, the utility to be maximized is __________.

pleasure

Kant says that "being" is not a real __________.

predicate

In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the __________.

premises

According to Plato, the process of learning is a process of __________.

recollection

Hume divides propositions into two types: __________.

relations of ideas and matters of fact

According to the utilitarian, right actions are those that __________.

result in greater overall well-being for the people involved than any other possible action

In Hinduism, __________ is one's cycle of repeated deaths and rebirths.

samsara

Hume's strict empiricism leads naturally to __________.

skepticism

Rawls's second principle of justice concerns __________.

social and economic goods such as income, wealth, opportunities, and positions of authority

Rawls's view is a kind of __________.

social contract theory

In Buddhism, right __________ means, among other things, refraining from lying, slander, gossip, unkind, or rude words or abusive talk, and idle or misleading assertions.

speech

Aristotle asserts that __________ consist(s) of form plus essence, and matter.

substance

Berkeley thinks that an object is __________.

the collection of sensations we have

In existentialism, absurdity is a sense of meaningless and irrationality in the world arising from __________.

the conflict between our need for meaning and an indifferent universe

A central concern of Kierkegaard's work is the nature of __________.

the individual

Kant wants us to believe that logical and mathematical concepts depend on __________.

the innate structure of our minds

According to Kant, the good will acts from respect for __________.

the moral law

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called __________.

the philosophical method

Ethics is __________.

the study of morality using the methods of philosophy

Nietzsche thinks that all human struggle is a reflection of __________.

the will to power

Kant maintains that right actions do not depend on __________.

their consequences

True or False? The principle of induction cannot be justified a priori.

true

Plato considers belief insufficient for knowledge, which requires that a proposition also be __________ and __________.

true; justified

Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become a __________.

universal law

For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for __________.

whats true and real