APES
Decomposer
bacteria or fungi: returns nitrogen to the soil
Industrial
birth low/ death low
Soil Structure
bottom: bedrock --> mixture --> topsoil --> humus
Detritivore
eats dead things: Scavenger
Heterotroph
eats plants and animals
immigration
enter the US
Growth rate % equation
entering - exiting / population x100
K strategist
few large offspring, low population growth rate (ELEPHANTS)
Density Independent Limiting factors
habitat destruction natural disasters
Green Revolution
increase farming to increase plant productivity
Greatest threat of extinction worldwide
increasing habitat loss
Replacement level fertility
it is greater in countries with high infant mortality rates than in countries with low infant mortality rates
clear cutting
leads to increase in volume of runoff
Tragedy of Commons
loss of fish in ocean
denitrification
no2 and no3 ions converted to n2 by bacteria
Def for replacement level fertility
number of kids a couple must have to replace themselves US- 2.1 Kenya- 2.5
Total fertility rate
number of kids that will be born to a women during her lifetime Developed countries- 1.6 developing countries- 2.9
Autotroph
plant:makes own food thru photosynthesis
Farm Act
reduced soil erosion
Restoration
return degraded habitat to natural state
R strategist
small and short lived, early reproductive age (ROACHES)
Keystone species
supports others in ecosystem
Remediation
take oil out
hadley cell
warm air rises; rain cold air sinks
Mutualism
+/+
Parasitism
+/-
Commensalism
+/0
Factors adding to the rise in world hunger
-unequal amount of food supplies -loss in land -increase rate of population growth -increase poverty in developing countries
how does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon
Carbon that has been sequestered at ground level is added to the atmosphere
Doubling Time equation
DT= 70/R
Density Dependent Limiting Factors
Disease amount of water competition of resources competition for mates
Foundation Species
Elephant
immigration
Exit the US
Pre Industrial
High Birth/ Death high
Transitional
High Birth/ Death low
Post Industrial
Low everything
10% rule of energy transfer in food chains is due to
Second law of thermodynamics