APES

Decomposer

bacteria or fungi: returns nitrogen to the soil

Industrial

birth low/ death low

Soil Structure

bottom: bedrock --> mixture --> topsoil --> humus

Detritivore

eats dead things: Scavenger

Heterotroph

eats plants and animals

immigration

enter the US

Growth rate % equation

entering - exiting / population x100

K strategist

few large offspring, low population growth rate (ELEPHANTS)

Density Independent Limiting factors

habitat destruction natural disasters

Green Revolution

increase farming to increase plant productivity

Greatest threat of extinction worldwide

increasing habitat loss

Replacement level fertility

it is greater in countries with high infant mortality rates than in countries with low infant mortality rates

clear cutting

leads to increase in volume of runoff

Tragedy of Commons

loss of fish in ocean

denitrification

no2 and no3 ions converted to n2 by bacteria

Def for replacement level fertility

number of kids a couple must have to replace themselves US- 2.1 Kenya- 2.5

Total fertility rate

number of kids that will be born to a women during her lifetime Developed countries- 1.6 developing countries- 2.9

Autotroph

plant:makes own food thru photosynthesis

Farm Act

reduced soil erosion

Restoration

return degraded habitat to natural state

R strategist

small and short lived, early reproductive age (ROACHES)

Keystone species

supports others in ecosystem

Remediation

take oil out

hadley cell

warm air rises; rain cold air sinks

Mutualism

+/+

Parasitism

+/-

Commensalism

+/0

Factors adding to the rise in world hunger

-unequal amount of food supplies -loss in land -increase rate of population growth -increase poverty in developing countries

how does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon

Carbon that has been sequestered at ground level is added to the atmosphere

Doubling Time equation

DT= 70/R

Density Dependent Limiting Factors

Disease amount of water competition of resources competition for mates

Foundation Species

Elephant

immigration

Exit the US

Pre Industrial

High Birth/ Death high

Transitional

High Birth/ Death low

Post Industrial

Low everything

10% rule of energy transfer in food chains is due to

Second law of thermodynamics