APES test

Roughly what percentage of iuncoming solar energy is converted into chemical energy by producers

1

Based on the diagram above (Carbon cycle) which process most directly results in the storage of carbon as coal and oil over millions of years?

Decomposition

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?

Nitrogen fixation

Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers?

A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level.

Which of the following types of organisms are required to complete the nitrogen cycle, including the process of denitrification?

Bacteria

Which of the following biomes is best characterized as an area that forms the narrow band along the coast that experiences a range of environmental conditions (including daily changes in sunlight, temperature, and water) ?

Intertidal zones

According to the diagram (Phosphorus cycle), the movement of phosphorus between biological organisms and soil is in a steady state in an undisturbed system. Which of the following best explains the reason for this steady movement?

Readily available organic phosphorus in the soil is assimilated by plants.

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

Rivers

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean pHpH and photosynthesis, as shown in the diagram?

The carbon cycle

Which of the following major storage reservoirs of carbon, stored in the form of carbon dioxide, is not represented in this diagram?

The ocean

(b) Describe the process of primary productivity.

The rate of photosynthesis over time

Which of the following is the best explanation for why there is such a small amount of phosphorus that moves into aquatic systems?

There is not a gaseous phase of the phosphorus cycle, and therefore the movement of phosphorus into oceanic reservoirs is very slow.

At which trophic levels are eagles that consume fish and eat algea

secondary consumers

Research at Hubbard Brook showed that stream nitrate concentrations in two watersheds were _____ before clear-cutting, and that after one watershed was clear-cut, its stream nitrate concentration was _____.

similar/decreased

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 11 kilogram (kgkg) of large fish in this food web?

1,000kg

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.

Cellular respiration

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome.

Coral reefs

Which of the following pathways indicate how nitrogen is added to the largest nitrogen reservoir? (Nitrogen Cycle)

Denitrifying bacteria and volcanic activity

This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round.

Desert

Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?

Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer.

Scientists calculated the net primary productivity at two different forest sites. Both forests have the same gross primary productivity. Forest A has net primary productivity of 1,650kcal/m2/year, and forest B has net primary productivity of 1,110kcal/m2/year

Forest A producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest B producers.

Which of the following statements is true of aquatic biomes?

Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water.

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.

Freshwater wetlands

Which of the following best describes gross primary productivity in an ecosystem?

Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time.

Where is the majority of fresh water found on Earth?

Ice caps and glaciers

Which of the following best describes a symbiotic relationship?

Intestinal bacteria inhabit the gut of humans.

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web?

Killer whale

Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem?

Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.

Which macronutrient is recquoired by humans in the largest amounts

Nitrogen

Besides banning all harvest of crabs, describe one potential realistic strategy to increase the population of crabs.

Passing laws to cap the number of crabs that can be harvested by each boat or Improving existing habitat for crabs

Small inputs of this substance, commonly a limiting factor in aquatic ecosystems, can result in algal blooms and dead zones.

Phosphorus

Which of the following would best describe X in the diagram above?

Phosphorus and nitrogen are both required for plant growth.

Based on the diagram above (Carbon Cycle), which of the following processes reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

This biome is characterized by long dry seasons and is dominated by grasses, shrubs, and grazing animals.

Savanna

Based on the diagram (phosphorus cycle), which of the following reservoirs contains the most phosphorus?

Sediments

In the nitrogen cycle illustrated above, nitrification occurs in which of the following steps? (Nitrogen cycle)

Step 3

Which biogeochemical does not have a gaseous component

Sulfur and phosphorus

Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water and is missing from the diagram?

The Sun

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs?

The atmosphere

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

The table above shows the balanced chemical equations that represent three processes that are part of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following is exemplified by the equations above?

The major reserve for nitrogen is in the atmosphere.

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland.

There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.

This biome is warm and wet, with little seasonal variation in temperature and frequent precipitation.

Tropical rain forest

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity?

Tropical rain forest