APES Unit 4 AP Classroom stuff

Farmers use various methods of irrigation on crops. What statement correctly pairs an irrigation method with an advantage or disadvantage?

Flood irrigation is often used in agricultural fields, however, it increases surface erosion and salinization of the soil.

What irrigation method is most likely to result in salinization of the soil, especially if the agricultural fields are located in a warm climate with consistent sunlight?

Furrow irrigation

What combinations correctly identifies and explains the effects of the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on Earth?

Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses.

Describe an aspect of urbanization that would most increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere compared to rural and suburban areas

Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition

The vast majority of ozone (O3) is found in a thin layer due to a lack of circulation in which of the following atmospheric layers?

Stratosphere

What abiotic factor, when graphed on the x-axis, leads to the curved line in the graph due to variation in the different layers of the atmosphere?

Temperature gradients

How does the Sun's energy affect the Earth's surface from June through September in the Northern Hemisphere?

The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice.

What kind of tectonic plates make up the San Andreas fault?

a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast.

An advantage of using synthetic fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer is that

synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops

The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because

the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory

What would be most helpful to determine the soil texture of a sample?

A density gradient tube and a soil triangle

What change to the local hydrologic cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear-cutting?

Evaporation of water from the soil will increase.

What statement best describes the most unsustainable method of clear-cutting forests to harvest timber?

All of the trees in a forest are cut down and removed in one operation.

The Chesapeake Bay is a watershed that is located in six states and the District of Columbia. What can cause an increase in water pollution in the watershed?

An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas

Name a direct economic advantage associated with aquaculture

Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round.

Why does the summer solstice in Australia occur in December and not in June?

At this time of year, the tilt of Earth causes Australia to receive highly concentrated solar radiation.

What is an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture?

Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste Waste from fish farms can pollute waterways with excess nutrients from fecal material and uneaten food.

A farmer grows several crops on a farm that has mostly shallow, sandy soil. What irrigation method would be the best suited for this farm?

Drip irrigation

During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience?

Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

Describe an environmental advantage of urbanization

Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

Why does the Atacama Desert has a consistently arid climate?

It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains.

Which day in Earth's yearly orbit would have the longest period of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere?

June solstice

Peru's commercial anchovy industry would most likely be harmed during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. What is a likely explanation for the decline in anchovy during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event?

Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web.

Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. What environmental consequence will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging?

More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.

The Mississippi watershed is the largest in North America, draining all or part of thirty-two states in the United States and two Canadian provinces. A new apartment complex is being built on a steep slope near the source of the Mississippi River outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota. What measures should be taken to best reduce erosion at the construction site to protect the Mississippi watershed?

Plant grass and shrubs on the slope.

A developer wants to develop a large tract of land near a watershed, which will require the removal of several large trees. Describe the impact that the development would have on the watershed.

Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer.

Describes legislation that could be used to address problems with overfishing

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) uses trade rules to protect commercially valuable species.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the formation of Hadley cells in the tropics between 30°N and 30°S latitude?

The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks.

Identify and explain the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate?

The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.

What is an example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population?

The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the deflection of the trade winds in both hemispheres?

The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.

What is a likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing?

There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged gas molecules that glow and produce light when hit by solar energy, leading to glowing gases such as the northern lights, found over 90 kilometers above Earth's surface?

Thermosphere

What solution would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization?

Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks

During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from what climatic change?

Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture

One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to

eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested

A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is

eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use