APHG EXAM 2

hierarchical diffusion

Christianity encouraged when Emp. Constantine embraced the religion

rimland theory

Forming alliances and controlling the coasts and seas are necessary to maintain the political power to control the world - Nichols Spyman

organic theory

Political entities seek nourishment by gaining territories to survive the same way a living organism seeks nourishment from food to survive - Friedrich Ratzel

formal region

an area defined by one predominant or universal characteristic throughout its entire area

state

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs occupies a defined territory on Earth and contains a permanent population aka) country

vernacular region

an area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity; emerge from one's informal sense of place rather than scientific model

centripetal force

an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

social construction

an idea or meaning that's widely accepted as natural by a society but may not represent a reality shared by those outside the society

ethnic religion

appeal to primarily one group of people living in one place ex) hinduism

brown vs. board of education of topeka kansas

argued that the separation of races was unconstitutional because no matter how equivalent the facilities, racial separation branded minority children as inferior and therefore was inherently unequal

origin of christianity

around jedea based off of the teachings of Jesus

universalizing religion

attempt to appeal to all people; not just in a specific spot or of a specific culture ex) christianity

animism

belief that inanimate objects such as plants, stones, and thunderstorms are "animated" or have discrete spirits and conscience life

racism

belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority

reviving a language

bring recognition to the language

centrifugal force

can break up/cause arguments within a state

examples of universalizing religions

christianity, islam, buddhism

4 largest religions

christianity, islam, hinduism, buddhism

syncretic

combination of several traditions ex) many chinese traditional religions

self determination

concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves ex) czech republic and slovakia

microstate

country small in both population and area ex) andorra

funtional region

distinguished by a centralized hub with surrounding areas and structures that relate to a common activity

separate but equal

equal treatment and care, just separated by skin color

structure/set up of universalizing and ethnic religions

ethnic: stays mainly within or near it's hearth but can spread through relocation diffusion universalizing: missionaries often sent out to spread the religion

folk religion

faiths closely associated with a particular group; falls under the ethnic religion category

origin of buddhism

founded in northeastern India by Prince Siddhartha in the sixth century B.C.

nation

group of people bound together by some sort of common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland ex) kurds & native american tribes

semi autonomous region

having a degree of, but not complete, self-government ex) native americans

race

identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait

nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country

ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share their cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth... could refer to a group occupying a very small area such as the Tutis of Central Africa, or it could refer to a large heterogeneous group like Asian Americans

british isles

inhabited by celts speaking celtic, angles, jutes, and saxons invaded from mainland europe pushing celts into NW parts of britain

christianity holy sites

jerusalem

language vs dialect

language is broader, whereas dialects are considered more regional

extinct language

language no longer taught or used ex) gothic

hebrew

language that has been revived, preserved, and is currently growing

revived language

language that has been saved from extinction ex) hebrew

endangered language

language that is on the verge of extinction ex) celtic

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nationality

budhism branches & their locations

mahayana - china, japan, korea theravada -cambodia, laos, myanmar, sri lanka, thailand vajrayana - tibet, mongolia

branches of buddhism

mahayana, theravada, vajrayana

african american's cluster

mainly in the southeast

hispanic's cluster

mainly in the southwest

asian american's cluster

mainly in the west

african traditional religions

majority are animism

stateless nation

nation of people without a state that it considers home ex) kurds, basquest, palestines

multistate nation

nation stretches across borders and states people share a common characteristic and live in multiple states ex) korea, kurds

nationality & ethnicity

nationality identifies citizens of the USA including those born in the country and those who immigrated and became citizens. ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions such as african americans, mexican americans, ore chinese american

14th admendment

no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

global distribution of english

official language in 54 countries including australia, UK, and USA; people of england migrated with their language and established colonies; USA spreads english through things like geopolitics and social media

antarctica

only large landmass not part of a state

racist

person who display discrimination against particular races

sovereignity

political authority of a state to govern itself

preserving a language

provide language classes and advertise on social platforms

hinduism holy sites

rivers and mountains where rituals were performed

branches of christianity

roman catholic, protestant, orthodox

nation-state

sate in which cultural borders of a nation correspond with state borders of a country; territory matches culture ex) japan, iceland, denmark

autonomous region

sections of a region that have a degree of independence in several issues control over certain affairs, make own decisions ex) many regions in china, aland islands

buddhism diffusion

slow diffusion, primarily through hierarchical, merchants helped spread it into China from India (relocation)

developing language

spoken in daily use by all ages and has literary tradition

islam diffusion

spread from its hearth in Southwest Asia through missionaries (relocation and expansion)

relocation diffusion of christianity

spread from its hearth, judea, through relocation diffusion

contagious diffusion

spread through daily conversations between people

origin of islam

started in Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia, during the time of the prophet Muhammad's life

origin of hinduism

started somewhere between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley, near modern-day Pakistan. But many Hindus argue that their faith is timeless and has always existed. Unlike other religions, Hinduism has no one founder but is instead a fusion of various beliefs

multinational state

state that contains more than one nation and no single ethnic group dominates Every state to a degree is multinational (no state has 100% of a single ethnicity) ex) yugoslavia, ussr lebanon

political geographers

study how people have organized Earth's land surface into countries and alliances, reasons underlying the observed arrangements, and the conflicts that result for the organization

branches of muslims

sunni, shiite

muslim branches & their locations

sunnis - southwest asia, north africa, south east asia shiites - azerbaijan, bahrain, iran, iraq, lebanon, yemen

mixed language

the combination of 2 languages ex) spanglish & franglais

opposition to mixed language

the french are against franglais because they want to preserve their original language

official language

the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in schools, used in the courts of law, etc.

apartheid

the legal separation of races into different geographic areas

genocide

the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

geopolitics

the study of the interplay between international political relations and the territories in which they occur

affect of apartheids

to ensure geographic isolation of groups, the south african government designated 10 so called homelands for blacks. The white minority government expected every black to become a citizen of one of the homelands and to move there. Blacks were restricted in these apartheids

caste system (lowest to highest)

untouchables (street sweepers& latrine cleaners), sudras (commoners & servants), vaishya (merchants & landowners), kshatryia (warriors & kings), bhramin (priests & academics)

dying language

used by older people, but isn't being transmitted to young people

official language

used by the government for laws, reports and public objects, such as road signs, money and stamps

threatened language

used during face-to-face conversations, but is losing speakers

institutional language

used in education, work, mass media, and government; has literary tradition

yugoslavia

was created after WW1 to unite several balkan ethnicities that spoke similar south slavic languages; it was accepting of ethnic cultural diversity Tito's death leading to its breakup into 6 small countries... bosnia & herzegovina, croatia, macedonia, montenegro, serbia, and slovenia to strengthen their cases for breaking away from Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks

main US ethnicities

white, hispanic/latino, african american

number of languages in the world

6000-7000

buddhism holy sites (shrines)

8 important places in Buddah's life... Lumbini in southern Nepal (where Buddah was born), Bodh Gaya (sight where Buddah reached enlightenment), Deer Park in Sarnath (where Buddah gave his first sermon), Kushinagar (where Buddah died and passed into nirvana), Sarvasti (where Buddah performed his greatest miracle), Sankashna (where Buddah ascended to heaven), Rajagrha (where Buddah tamed a wild elephant), and Vaisali (where Buddah announced his impending death

islam holy sites

Makkah (birthplace of Muhammad) and Madinah (site of Muhammad's tomb)

dialect examples

UK: crisps US: chips UK: biscuit US: cookie

heartland theory

Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; who rules the World-Island commands the world - Halford Mackinder

plessy vs ferguson

a case in which the Court held that state-mandated segregation laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

balkinization

a contintious process of a state fragmenting into smaller states ex) former yugoslavia

chokepoints

a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile (narrow pass or gorge between mountains) or a bridge, or at sea such as a strait, which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower frontand therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, to reach its objective

lingua franca

a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different

isolated language

a language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family ex) basque

fundamentalism

a literal interpretation of a strict and intense adherence to the basic principles of a religion

dialect

a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group

irredentism

a political movement by an ethnic group or other closely aligned group that aims to reoccupy an area that the group lost ex) east and west germany

ethnic cleansing

a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

shatterbelt/shatterbelt theory

a region caught between stronger colliding forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by agressive rivals. cohen's theory predicted that armed conflicts after 1950 would likely occur in areas within the inner crescent or middle east

language

a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

literary tradition

a system of written communications as well as spoken