APHG EXAM 2
hierarchical diffusion
Christianity encouraged when Emp. Constantine embraced the religion
rimland theory
Forming alliances and controlling the coasts and seas are necessary to maintain the political power to control the world - Nichols Spyman
organic theory
Political entities seek nourishment by gaining territories to survive the same way a living organism seeks nourishment from food to survive - Friedrich Ratzel
formal region
an area defined by one predominant or universal characteristic throughout its entire area
state
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs occupies a defined territory on Earth and contains a permanent population aka) country
vernacular region
an area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity; emerge from one's informal sense of place rather than scientific model
centripetal force
an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
social construction
an idea or meaning that's widely accepted as natural by a society but may not represent a reality shared by those outside the society
ethnic religion
appeal to primarily one group of people living in one place ex) hinduism
brown vs. board of education of topeka kansas
argued that the separation of races was unconstitutional because no matter how equivalent the facilities, racial separation branded minority children as inferior and therefore was inherently unequal
origin of christianity
around jedea based off of the teachings of Jesus
universalizing religion
attempt to appeal to all people; not just in a specific spot or of a specific culture ex) christianity
animism
belief that inanimate objects such as plants, stones, and thunderstorms are "animated" or have discrete spirits and conscience life
racism
belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority
reviving a language
bring recognition to the language
centrifugal force
can break up/cause arguments within a state
examples of universalizing religions
christianity, islam, buddhism
4 largest religions
christianity, islam, hinduism, buddhism
syncretic
combination of several traditions ex) many chinese traditional religions
self determination
concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves ex) czech republic and slovakia
microstate
country small in both population and area ex) andorra
funtional region
distinguished by a centralized hub with surrounding areas and structures that relate to a common activity
separate but equal
equal treatment and care, just separated by skin color
structure/set up of universalizing and ethnic religions
ethnic: stays mainly within or near it's hearth but can spread through relocation diffusion universalizing: missionaries often sent out to spread the religion
folk religion
faiths closely associated with a particular group; falls under the ethnic religion category
origin of buddhism
founded in northeastern India by Prince Siddhartha in the sixth century B.C.
nation
group of people bound together by some sort of common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland ex) kurds & native american tribes
semi autonomous region
having a degree of, but not complete, self-government ex) native americans
race
identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait
nationality
identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country
ethnicity
identity with a group of people who share their cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth... could refer to a group occupying a very small area such as the Tutis of Central Africa, or it could refer to a large heterogeneous group like Asian Americans
british isles
inhabited by celts speaking celtic, angles, jutes, and saxons invaded from mainland europe pushing celts into NW parts of britain
christianity holy sites
jerusalem
language vs dialect
language is broader, whereas dialects are considered more regional
extinct language
language no longer taught or used ex) gothic
hebrew
language that has been revived, preserved, and is currently growing
revived language
language that has been saved from extinction ex) hebrew
endangered language
language that is on the verge of extinction ex) celtic
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nationality
budhism branches & their locations
mahayana - china, japan, korea theravada -cambodia, laos, myanmar, sri lanka, thailand vajrayana - tibet, mongolia
branches of buddhism
mahayana, theravada, vajrayana
african american's cluster
mainly in the southeast
hispanic's cluster
mainly in the southwest
asian american's cluster
mainly in the west
african traditional religions
majority are animism
stateless nation
nation of people without a state that it considers home ex) kurds, basquest, palestines
multistate nation
nation stretches across borders and states people share a common characteristic and live in multiple states ex) korea, kurds
nationality & ethnicity
nationality identifies citizens of the USA including those born in the country and those who immigrated and became citizens. ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions such as african americans, mexican americans, ore chinese american
14th admendment
no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws
global distribution of english
official language in 54 countries including australia, UK, and USA; people of england migrated with their language and established colonies; USA spreads english through things like geopolitics and social media
antarctica
only large landmass not part of a state
racist
person who display discrimination against particular races
sovereignity
political authority of a state to govern itself
preserving a language
provide language classes and advertise on social platforms
hinduism holy sites
rivers and mountains where rituals were performed
branches of christianity
roman catholic, protestant, orthodox
nation-state
sate in which cultural borders of a nation correspond with state borders of a country; territory matches culture ex) japan, iceland, denmark
autonomous region
sections of a region that have a degree of independence in several issues control over certain affairs, make own decisions ex) many regions in china, aland islands
buddhism diffusion
slow diffusion, primarily through hierarchical, merchants helped spread it into China from India (relocation)
developing language
spoken in daily use by all ages and has literary tradition
islam diffusion
spread from its hearth in Southwest Asia through missionaries (relocation and expansion)
relocation diffusion of christianity
spread from its hearth, judea, through relocation diffusion
contagious diffusion
spread through daily conversations between people
origin of islam
started in Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia, during the time of the prophet Muhammad's life
origin of hinduism
started somewhere between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley, near modern-day Pakistan. But many Hindus argue that their faith is timeless and has always existed. Unlike other religions, Hinduism has no one founder but is instead a fusion of various beliefs
multinational state
state that contains more than one nation and no single ethnic group dominates Every state to a degree is multinational (no state has 100% of a single ethnicity) ex) yugoslavia, ussr lebanon
political geographers
study how people have organized Earth's land surface into countries and alliances, reasons underlying the observed arrangements, and the conflicts that result for the organization
branches of muslims
sunni, shiite
muslim branches & their locations
sunnis - southwest asia, north africa, south east asia shiites - azerbaijan, bahrain, iran, iraq, lebanon, yemen
mixed language
the combination of 2 languages ex) spanglish & franglais
opposition to mixed language
the french are against franglais because they want to preserve their original language
official language
the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in schools, used in the courts of law, etc.
apartheid
the legal separation of races into different geographic areas
genocide
the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence
geopolitics
the study of the interplay between international political relations and the territories in which they occur
affect of apartheids
to ensure geographic isolation of groups, the south african government designated 10 so called homelands for blacks. The white minority government expected every black to become a citizen of one of the homelands and to move there. Blacks were restricted in these apartheids
caste system (lowest to highest)
untouchables (street sweepers& latrine cleaners), sudras (commoners & servants), vaishya (merchants & landowners), kshatryia (warriors & kings), bhramin (priests & academics)
dying language
used by older people, but isn't being transmitted to young people
official language
used by the government for laws, reports and public objects, such as road signs, money and stamps
threatened language
used during face-to-face conversations, but is losing speakers
institutional language
used in education, work, mass media, and government; has literary tradition
yugoslavia
was created after WW1 to unite several balkan ethnicities that spoke similar south slavic languages; it was accepting of ethnic cultural diversity Tito's death leading to its breakup into 6 small countries... bosnia & herzegovina, croatia, macedonia, montenegro, serbia, and slovenia to strengthen their cases for breaking away from Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks
main US ethnicities
white, hispanic/latino, african american
number of languages in the world
6000-7000
buddhism holy sites (shrines)
8 important places in Buddah's life... Lumbini in southern Nepal (where Buddah was born), Bodh Gaya (sight where Buddah reached enlightenment), Deer Park in Sarnath (where Buddah gave his first sermon), Kushinagar (where Buddah died and passed into nirvana), Sarvasti (where Buddah performed his greatest miracle), Sankashna (where Buddah ascended to heaven), Rajagrha (where Buddah tamed a wild elephant), and Vaisali (where Buddah announced his impending death
islam holy sites
Makkah (birthplace of Muhammad) and Madinah (site of Muhammad's tomb)
dialect examples
UK: crisps US: chips UK: biscuit US: cookie
heartland theory
Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; who rules the World-Island commands the world - Halford Mackinder
plessy vs ferguson
a case in which the Court held that state-mandated segregation laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
balkinization
a contintious process of a state fragmenting into smaller states ex) former yugoslavia
chokepoints
a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile (narrow pass or gorge between mountains) or a bridge, or at sea such as a strait, which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower frontand therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, to reach its objective
lingua franca
a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different
isolated language
a language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family ex) basque
fundamentalism
a literal interpretation of a strict and intense adherence to the basic principles of a religion
dialect
a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group
irredentism
a political movement by an ethnic group or other closely aligned group that aims to reoccupy an area that the group lost ex) east and west germany
ethnic cleansing
a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
shatterbelt/shatterbelt theory
a region caught between stronger colliding forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by agressive rivals. cohen's theory predicted that armed conflicts after 1950 would likely occur in areas within the inner crescent or middle east
language
a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
literary tradition
a system of written communications as well as spoken