APHG-Unit 5 Agriculture

Climate's impact

Key factor. what crop can grow or which animal instead of crop? Explains trend of pastoral nomad-ism Explains trend of slash-and-burn( shifting cultivation)

Explain why farmers in the midwest cut off food supplies to cities during the great depression

not being payed enough to make a living

what "world" did bananas come from?

old world

what "world" did grains come from?

old world

what "world" did smallpox come from?

old world

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

crop

any plant cultivated by people for economic gain

food desert

areas that lack access to affordable fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lowfat milk, and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet, within 1 mile walking distance

Explain how the Colombian exchange affected the old and new worlds

exchange and diffusion of crops, animals, diseases, and ideas

Von Thunen Model ring 4

grazing ( cow, sheep) animals just exist wide open space land cheaper as you move out of city

luxury crops

- don't need it Example: Tea, coffee, cacao, sugar cane, tabbacco

Von Thunen Model ring 2

Forestry(lumber) transportation costs are high

value-added agriculture

"value added" means adding value to raw product by taking it to at least the next stage of production.( demand-side focus) - the more benefits relative to the price, the higher the customer value - it is the customers' perception of value, not the producers' -EX: organic, farm to table, sawdust(waste) into fiberboard, beef feed yards and specialty products, cow manure--> fertilizer - grants allow people to be successful GROWN OR MADE BETTER BASED ON CONSUMER

township and range/ rectangular survey system

( land ordinance of 1785) - Homestead act(1862) - squares Location: no attention to the terrain

Mediterranean

- Any place with the Med. climate region, like - near a sea, hilly, hot/sunny summers, mild winters - livestock not as profitable(used transhumance) - most crops for humans - horticulture: fruits/veg/flowers - olives and grapes -2/3 wine produced around Med sea - 1/2 land still given to cereals(staples) - CA biggest in horticulture - battles with urban sprawl----> move into arid lands---> $$ for irrigation

Long-lot

- French tradition - Long lot behind the area Location: Rivers, roads, Louisiana, Quebec, Mississippi river, St. Lawrence seaway

Why so much poultry in our diets?

- Health craze which began in the 1970's - low fat, low cholesterol, high protein - rise of fast food franchises -KFC, Popeye's, Church's, McDonald's, burger king, Boston Market, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Wendy;s- just to name a few - better animal husbandry( animal breeding) techniques - increased processing technology -Other examples: fast demands, can't hide what happens in farms( social media), chickens are easy to breed and cheap, no religious taboo against chicken, chickens are small--> can fit more

Women in ag( notes from FRQ module)

- LDC's many women work in agriculture - 30% of farmers in U.S.A are women - many farmers take their life because of financial stress( no fair pay) - Disadvantages for women: lack of education, rights to land taken by men, unhealthy working conditions, equal access to seeds, tools, technologies, credit, legal rights, markets - gender roles( without husbands permission may not be able to do things) - women have to "prove" themselves - women work more, earn less due to gender obstacles - limited access to credit prevents women from borrowing money from banks - money----> advanced tech-----> money - women in farming could reduce hunger -150 million people could have enough food

Mixed crop and livestock

- Most common -middle of US; Europe -crops(majority) fed to animals----> manure fertilizes crops - space goes to crops, but $$$ comes from animals - Reduces lost time and seasonal loss of income

Pastoral Nomadism

- Mostly in dry climates;15 mil ppl - planting crops impossible---> herding -milk,skins/hair; only consume dead - size of herd reps power/prestige -some alternate w/ farming depending on rainfall; some practice transhummance - Bedouins ( Saudi, N Africa), Masai( E Africa) -territories do not exist for groups - longest standing way of life - declining w/ technology - no longer needed as messengers - Government's want to resettle nomads - China, Kazakhstan, ME, East Africa - put in cooperatives so can modernize dry land( irrigation, mining, oil, etc) - try to encourage sedentary agriculture

shifting cultivation

- Mostly in the tropics - No major tools, no sophisticated modification - Two major characteristics: - shock-and-burn, cleared land= swidden -stay a few years, then leave it fallow( leave it alone) to recover(return 6-20 years later)(fertilizer for soil) - a variety of crops work... guess, test, revise - being replaced by logging, ranching Cash crops--->more economical Critics: an inefficient way to get food; should be replaced w/higher yielding method Proponents- environmentally sound; nothing artificial; cultural diversity

Gardening and Fruit Farming

- SE United States - long growing season( humid subtropical); ( coastal trade); near big eastern cities - Truck farming:"truck"= bartering/ exchange - some fresh, most processed -highly mechanized - migrant(cheaper) workers common - specialty farming( affluent consumer goods)(New England)

Seed

- The reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds - still most common Where? - dry plants - West India - North China( yellow river) - Ethiopia - Fertile Crescent( Mesopotamia) - Nile Valley - Later hearths in Mexico and Peru with squash, maize, beans, and cotton - Crops: Began with wheat and barley, rice is included

Impact of ethanol boom

- change in crop choices - affect soil fertility -less conservation areas set aside - increase in chemicals(water pollution) - livestock - lowers meat profits( higher corn price= higher feed price) - drop in beef and poultry output - turn to even more genetically engineered crops

2 requirements of Borlaug's "resistant" wheat

- chemical fertilizer - water

Describe how society and/or culture can influence the types of agricultural practiced

- culture leads to traditions----> people follow what others are doing - cultural beliefs - wealthy----> buy machines( commercial)

Vegetative

- cut plants, divided roots( direct cloning) - Carl sauer believes started in South East Asia - Already sedentary because of fishing - Probably started with root vegetables ( Yams, Casava, Taro) Where? - South East Asia - Latin America( Andes Mountains)( This is where potatoes are from!) - Ghana/Togo area of Africa

plantation farming

- found in tropics, subtropics(LA,Africa, and Asia)---> in LDC's but owned by MDC for sell in MDC's. - specializes in 1 or 2 crops - located in sparse areas---> Important workers( manage time efficiently) - can be processed@ plantation= cheaper shipping - part of neocolonism? - monoculture- many colonized countries became famous for the one crop they grew. Ghana- cacao Mozambique- cotton Sri Lanka- tea

challenged to DF

- labor intensive year round - feeding is expensive---> lower profitability -# of farmers dropped by 2/3 1980-2000 BUT production increased by 1/4

Agriculture in the MDC's

- mixed crop and livestock - dairy farming - grain farming - ranching -Mediterranean -specially/truck/fruit farming

cash crop

- money - subsistence farmers do not grow - by colonial powers Example: Cotton, rubber,sugar

dairy farming

- most important in NE United States, SE Canada, NW Europe - New Zealand largest producer/capita - India has now surpassed US - DF's must be in milk shed: first ring outside city( highly perishable) - grown from 30 miles to 300 miles with refrigerated railcars/trucks

intensive subsistence agriculture

- mostly in E,S and SE asia: 3/4 of world's population - fragmented plots( generational) - high agricultural density( work more to produce enough on small plots) - Abundent labor, no funds for machines - cannot waste any arable land - double cropping alt b/w wet rice and dry crops

Expansion of fishing

- one way to increase food supply without depending on land based farming - Fish consumption has risen dramatically in recent decades-driven by the developing world-from 27 million metric tons in 1960 to 110 million in 2010. - fish production has increased even more sharply, from 36 to 145 million metric tons. The excess production is largely used in animal feed - most of this expanded production has come from aquaculture- the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions wild caught--> commercial fishing

What specific details related to the first agricultural revolution, The Columbian exchange,and the second agricultural/industrial revolution illistrate how agriculture has changed over time?

- technology - advancements in women empowerment - farming supplies - mass production - land ownership - development trade

Vertical farms( not to be confused with vertical integration)

- today called aqua-phonic - using warehouses and rooftops - some are growing tilapia/other fish in the recirculated water - use fish excrement as fertilizer for plants - certified organic - is "on-demand" farming as growers can react to markets quickly - energy is expensive indoors - in cities ---> lack of fresh food

mixed crop and livestock farming

- utilizes crop rotation - 400's: 2-crop(cereal and fallow) -700's 3-crop(spring cereal,winter cereal,fallow) - 1700's: 4-crop( 2 cereals, root, and rest crop) - rest restored and served as grazing field -corn #1 chosen crop(high yield);400% from US -ppl/animal food;oil;margarine;ethanol -soybeans #2

Grain Farming

- wheat,corn,oats,barley,rice,millet - diff b/w mixed crop is grain farming is for human consumption - wheat most versatile,most stable, most exported - grown when too dry for mixed crop - US, Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, UK leaders - Three areas in NA - Winter belt, spring belt, Palouse - McCormick reaper(1830's) - Combine( reaping , threshing, and cleaning in one) - companies offer service thru out year in different belts

Agribusiness and vertical integration

-Tyson(multinational corporation) has all phases of production - hatcheries - research - feed - delivery of hatchlings - growing - pick-up of chickens - slaughtering - preparing/cooking - distribution/transportation - marketing - bulk reducing industry--> final product less than original

Staple crop

-an important part of the diet - "every day" Example: corn, wheat, potato, rice, grains

Describe how the environment can influence the types of agriculture practiced

-based on climate - type of land - near water or not? - landlocked?

livestock ranching

-commercial grazing over extensive area -typically in arid/semiarid - Romanticized in pop culture, but shows importance on settlement of US -brought by Spaniards/Portuguese - Early issue: transport cattle - 10x the price in east US than in TX - orig. driven on hoof then on railway( location is key)---> frontier towns created - Abilene, Dodge city, Chisholm trail - Range wars- sedentary farmers vs. ranchers - government-owned the west--> sold land to farmers ---> didn't fit in with "the code of the west" - barbed wire won war; ranchers began leasing land ( still used today) - longhorns favor open-grazing, but not as good meat - Herefords favor fixed-location but need more water/feed - no longer sent to be fattened - ranches often owned by meat processing companies( no more travel)----> agribusiness - South America: cattle in pampas, easily transported, more room - issues with over grazing - Australia, NZ, ME, S Africa: sheep more common - open rangeland, until wheat farming became more profitable

Fair trade

-geared to LDCs( substantial farming) - has to be community based - demanded by public for it to last - communities vote for it to last - gives to LDCs

Fourth Agricultural Revolution

-genetically modified foods, vertical farming - robotics

wet rice production

-intense subsistence agriculture 1. plow and animal preps field 2. dikes and canals repaired (for #3) 3. Land is flooded ( delicate balance)= sawah...not paddy 4. seedling grown on dry land 5. transplant seedlings to sawah 6. harvested by hand by a sickle 7.threshed, (winnowed, polished)-----> can be mechinized

In general...

-larger more developed/industrialized countries will often export food to lesser developed countries. - Mechanical, chemical and genetic innovation enable some higher-income countries to produce food at per unit cost less than many LDCs - Examples include: USA, Brazil, Argentina - luxury crops are often exported from LDCs to MDCs - legacy of colonialism and demand for luxury crops pressure LDCs to create those crops at the expense of food for their people - Examples include: Coffee, Sugar, Tea, Chocolate - countries in the southern hemisphere often export food to countries in the northern hemisphere during their winter.

Issues effecting food security

1. ability to balance production and consumption across regions - is food being produced/land used for ppl? 2. Expanding use of food crops for biofuel(ex:ethanol)--> corn goes to alot, sometimes not humans 3. Accelerating conversion of rural land to urban uses 4. Increase in nrg-intensive food production with decreasing fossil fuel resources

animal

150 different species of wild, plant eating, terrestrial animals that weigh over 100 pounds. Only 14 successfully domesticated. - dogs first domesticated animal-12,000 years ago before neolithic revolution. May have been used for hunting + security Hearths: - SW Asia- cattle, goats, pigs, sheep( over 8,000 years ago) - Central Asia- horses( following indo- european language family( Gimbutas kurgan theory))

Von Thunen Model

A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

Ester Boserup's Theory

A revision to Malthus that describes food production will increase in conjunction to population growth because of innovation. There have been at least two key points where food production has spiked because of innovation - the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

Use geography to explain why the american government would be particularly concerned about the conditions in Mexico in the 1930's.

America ruled differently than Mexico ---> mexico had large amounts of hunger

First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

Date: 10,000 years ago 8,000 BCE Hunters and Gatherers- 250,000 hunters and gatherers today- Arctic, Africa, Australia, South America - New land revolution - combo of ancient and deliberate experimentation - Animals used 1st for non-econ purposes - Women discovered farming - The domestication of plants and animals occured

Second Agricultural Revolution( mechanization)

Date: 18th century -England's enclosure act/movement helped spawn industrial revolution and urbanization - Peasants kicked out as land privatized - Tools, fertilization, harvesting, storage, distribution - productivity increased to meet new demands Mechanization changed the landscape- vast rows - Specialization - diffused with railroads - grain elevator, McCormick reaper, and iron/steel plow

Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

Date: mid 20th century-present- 70's - saved most of the world from Malthusian famine - New high yield crops, new fertilizers, and pesticides - Drip irrigation and other improved techniques, mechanization -Had not been very successful in Africa because wrong crops focused on, Malawi seen more success in 21st century -Mexico, maize,wheat - Philippines and India, IR8,IR36( best white varieties) ^^^^ most successful rice grains made by Dr. Norman Borlaug - GMO's: Newest step----> changes to DNA that won't happen naturally - hybridization/ cross-breeding of seeds - possible animal rights/abuses - increased use of chemical fertilizer -increased positivism/trade

Norman Borlaug

Father of the Green Revolution, "the man who tried to feed the world", won nobel peace prize. The connection between increasing food and peace is... -equality -"hangry"

Von Thunen Model ring 1

Horticulture( fruit, vegetables, flowers) + dairy( highly perishable and delicate) Milkshed- Back then, if you lived more than 30 miles from the city you made cheese Dairy belt- great lakes/California

Identify the country that developed the "drawf" varieties of wheat that Borlaug used to strengthen the stem of the variety of wheat he had bred.

Japan

Agribusiness

Large-scale, industrial style farming that includes all levels/sectors from seed to global market - often paired with MNCs and TNCs( multinational corporations, transnational corporations) - 3 common sectors - input( seeds ,fertilizer, machinery,fuel etc.) - Farm( crops and livestock) - output( sales, marketing, storage, etc.)

Thomas Malthus Theory

Population would outpace food supply. (poor suffer = have fewer children. war, disease, famine are greater the population reduces.

Commercial Agriculture(MDCs)

Purpose: make a profit Labor force: low # of farmers. 5% workforce in farming. Big farm. Relation with business Machinery: mechanized, computer, tech and science, AI Farm size: large Business scale: Agribusiness- farms one part of a large food industry including food processing, packaging, sorting, distributing, and retailing

Subsistence agriculture(LDCs)

Purpose: to survive Labor force: high # of farmers, smaller farms, 55% workforce in farming Machinery: human and animal powered Farm size: small Business scale: occasional surplus sold( local market)

difference between sonara farmers and central mexico

Sonara---> no machinery Central Mexico--->machinery

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production. The tractor he invented is an example of an advance in technology that changed agriculture is at helped mass produce food quicker/ more efficiently. Increased income and land available.

vegetation

a plant that grows naturally

Staple crops of Mexican diet in the first half of the 1930's

corn +beans

Von Thunen Model ring 3

crop rotation + mixed crop/livestock -crops feed animals, and animals compost for crops ( apple orchards) Today- processing first, then ship/transport instead of cattle drives

agriculture

deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance( subsistance- for substance/ needs) or economic gain( commericial- for money)

economies of scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

extensive agriculture

involves fewer inputs of capital and labor relative to the space being used. Less work and fewer people on more land. Example: cow farming

intensive agriculture

involves greater inputs of capital and labor relative space being used. More work and more people on less land. Example: rice farming

Why weren't poor farmers likely to take advantage of biotech developed by Borlaug?

it was expensive

4 animals indigenous to America

llama, alpaca, turkey, guinea pig

Explain how producing a surplus of food affects migration patterns

many would migrate to the city

Explain the American governments fears about Mexico in the historical context of the 1930's

mexico could attack for land

shuttle breeding

moving crops between sonara and central Mexico to keep spores out

Metes and Bounds

natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land - random shapes Location: east coast

what "world" did cocoa come from?

new world

what "world" did potatoes come from?

new world

what "world" did turkey come from?

new world

agriculture in LDC's

shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, intensive subsistence agriculture( Sustenance) plantation farming( commercial)

spatial relationships between Germany/Poland and Russia, Mexico/USA, and Japan/China

they saw larger countries feeding power. People wanted to get out of poverty

identify a major focus of the american government in countering the perceived communist threat posed by the soviet union and china in developing countries during the early years of the cold war.

to produce large amounts of food to make the peasants happy

Borlaug focused on this crop...

wheat