Chapter 5: Introduction to Learning and Habituation & Classical Conditioning

What is a semi-permanent change in behavior potential caused by a interaction with the environment?

learning

What is the term for how the environment influences our behavior?

learning

________________ ________________________ involves visceral reactions involving the sympathetic nervous system.

Classical conditioning

______________________ helps us adjust to upsetting circumstances to prevent jarring, stressful effects of triggers.

Habituation

___________ _______________ studied the automatic connection between food (meat) in the mouth and the flow of digestive juices (saliva).

Ivan Pavlov

What is the process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response?

acquisition

Humans behavior is controlled by a just a few _______________ behaviors which quickly fade after birth.

automatic

What is referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning?

biological preparedness

What is learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex?

classical conditioning

What is a modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus?

cognitive perspective

What is an emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs, or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person?

conditioned emotional response (CER)

What is a learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus?

conditioned response (CR)

What is a stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus?

conditioned stimulus (CS)

What is the development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association?

conditioned taste aversion

The remaining automatic behaviors that do not fade after birth deal with __________________ behaviors (feeding, response to threats and reproduction).

essential

What is the decrease or extinguishment of the conditioned response?

extinction

What takes place when we repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus following it?

extinction

What is the dampening of an automatic response due to repeated exposure to its triggers and deals with hard-wired preprogrammed responses, biologically performed?

habituation

What occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus?

higher-order conditioning

Extinction does not erase the CS>CR connection but _________________ it.

inhibits

In Pavlov's example, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____________ and the unconditioned response is the ____________.

meat; saliva

What is a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response?

neutral stimulus

What is the temporary return of the extinguished response after a delay?

spontaneous recovery

What is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

stimulus discrimination

What is the extension or broadening of a conditioned response from the original conditioned stimulus to another, similar stimulus?

stimulus generalization

What is the original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together?

stimulus substitution

What is an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus?

unconditioned response (UCR)

What is a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response?

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

What is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person?

vicarious conditioning