Applied Genetics Unit Test Review Guide
Turner's Syndrome:
(karyotype 45, X), only females, caused by nondisjunction, women are unable to reproduce and do not develop at puberty, woman only has one X chromosome.)
Klinefelter's Synrome:
(karyotype 47, XXY), only males, caused by nondisjunction, unable to reproduce.
Two applications of transgenic organisms:
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What is gene therapy used for?
...
Two uses of selective breeding driven by human intervention:
1) Breeding dogs for characteristics. 2) Breeding plants to fight off diseases.
Two uses of gel electrophoresis:
1) DNA fragments can be separated and analyzed. 2) Can help identify one gene out of thousands of genes in an individual's genome.
Steps of transformation:
1) Foreign DNA is placed into a small, circular DNA molecule known as a plasmid. This has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication. 2) It uses a genetic marker to distinguish cells that carry the plasmid and those that don't. ...
Three advantages of genetically modifying crops:
1) Stay ripe longer. 2) Fight off diseases. 3) Achieve desired appearance.
Transformation
A cello takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA, allows new DNA to combine with outside body. If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
Selective breeding
Allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation.
How do forensic scientists determine who committed a crime after a gel electrophoresis procedure is complete?
B/c the genes moving at one rate or another show how big or small they are and they can be matched up w/ who committed the crime.
karyotype
Biologists photograph cells in mitosis, when the chromosomes are fully condensed and easy to see. The, they cut out the chromosomes from the photographs and group them together in pairs.
Why are bacteria used as vectors in the process of transformation?
Can be transformed simply by placing them in a solution containing the DNA molecules.
Disadvantage of selective breeding:
Can cause genetic mutations.
What is another name for the gel electrophoresis process?
DNA Separation
What makes DNA travel through the end of the gel?
DNA is negatively charged.
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
Why are we able to complete gene slicing into very different organism?
Every organism on earth has the same genetic code an base pairs.
How can a female get a sex-linked disorder?
In order for a recessive allele to be expressed in females, there must be two copies of the allele, one on each of the two chromosomes.
Genetic Engineering:
Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
Explain why males are more likely to inherit sex-linked traits.
Males have just one X chromosome. Thus, all X-linked alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive.
Tristomy
Means "three bodies".
Which chromosome pairs are considered autosomes?
Pairs 1-22
Recombinant DNA
Produced by combining DNA from different sources.
Cloning
Producing a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
What is the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome?
Sex chromosomes are 2 of 46 chromosomes in humans that determine sex. Autosomes make up the remaining 44 chromosomes.
Why do DNA fragments move through the gel at different rates?
The smaller the DNA fragment, the faster it moves.
Function of a restriction enzyme:
To cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Karyotype Annotation for Down Syndrome:
Tristomy 21, three copies of chromosome 21.
Sex-linked traits are most commonly found on this chromosome:
X chromosome.
What are a female's chromosomes (genotype)?
XX
Which chromosome pair is depicted as a sex chromosome?
XX or XY chromosomes, chromosome pair 23.
What are a male's sex chromosomes (genotype)?
XY
Advantage of selective breeding:
You can produce animals/ plants with desired traits and create increased variation in the population.
