Introduction to Sociology, Anthropology

What principle was central in Durkheim's research?

"Human behavior cannot be understood only in terms of the individual; we must always examine the social forces that affect people's lives."

Verstehen

"emphatic understanding", Weber's term to describe good social research, which tries to understand the meaning that individual social actors attach to various actions and events

Anomie

"normlessness", term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker bonds and an increased feel connected to other members of their group

Parkinson's law

(C. Northcote) given too much time for a job will make the job seem much bigger than it is.

"The power elite" (1956)

(Mills) consists of military leaders, politians & business leaders (warlords, corporate chieftans & the political directorate) are responsible to no one but themselves.

organin solidarity

(durkheim) bonds thatunite members of indestrialized nations.

characteristics of a bureaucracy

1) paid officials (main income) 2) officials have privileges 3) seniority rights and salary increases 4) degrees or vocational training 5) responsibilities rigidly defined by the organization 6) separation of funds & files from their personal ones.

Auguste Comte (1838)

3 stages of scientific development and coined the term sociology.

Social inequality

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

Theory

A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another

Sociological Imagination

A quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces

Conflict perspective

A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation.

Functionalist perspective

A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability

Interactionist perspective

A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole

Feminist perspective

A sociological approach that view inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization

Generalization

A statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation.

Functional Analysis

A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium, also known as functionalism and structural functionalism

Latent Function

An action that has unintended consequences that help a system adjust

Manifest Function

An action that is intended to help some part of the system

Sociological imagination

An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past

Dysfunction

An element or process of society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability

Macro-Level Analysis

An examination of large scale patterns in society.

Macro-Level Analysis

An examination of large-scale patterns of society

Micro-Level Analysis

An examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the members of a group interacts

Manifest function

An open, stated, and conscious function

Latent function

An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidde purposes

Public Sociology

Applying sociology for the public good; especially the use of the sociological perspective (how things are related to one another) to guide politicians and policy makers

Who is credited as the founder of sociology?

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Most hominin fossils older than 3 million years are called

Australopiths

according to some Islamic scholars in France, a French civil marriage already meets the conditions for an Islamic marriage because

Both French and Islamic marriages are contracts, both spouses must agree to the marriage, and the legal requirements imposed on spouses meet the Islamic goal of keeping spouses together.

Globalization of Capitalism

Capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system

The claim that similar living species must all have had a common ancestor or origin was made by

Charles Darwin

Nonverbal Interaction

Communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on

Charles Darwin

Darwin proposed that organisms evolve as they adapt to their environment. This led Herbert Spencer to come up with social Darwinism: the belief that only the fittest survive.

Social Facts

Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior

mechanical solidarity

Durkheim's term for social bonds that are based on shared moral sentiments.

The famous "Lucy" fossil was found in

Ethiopia

during the last half of the twentieth century, the countries of ________ were the target of large waves of immigration from all over the world

Europe

Functionalist

From the perspective of functional analysis , society is a functioning unit, with each parts related to the whole. Whenever we examine a smaller part we need to look for its functions and dysfunctions to see how its related to the larger unit.

Emile Durkheim

Got sociology recognized as a separate discipline. Achieved this goal when the Unv. of Bordeaux awarded the first academic appointment in sociology. Durkheim also studied suicide rates and concluded that Protestant males were most likely to commit suicide.

Who is considered the second founder of sociology?

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), coined the term "Survival of the Fittest"

The species of large-brained, robust hominins that lived between 1.8 and 0.4 mya is

Homo erectus

Stages of research

ID the problem, research, hypothesis, test, conclusion.

Holism in anthropology is defined in the text as

Integrating what is known about human beings and their activities at an inclusive level

Dialectical Model

Marx's model of historical change, whereby two extreme positions come into conflict and create some new third between them

Class Conflict

Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

Iron Cage

Max Weber's pessimistic description of modern life, in which we are caught in bureaucratic structures that control our lives through rigid rules and rationalization

generalized other

Mead's term for thhe cultural norms and values we use as references when evaluating ourselves.

Cultural capital

Noneconomic goods, such as family background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and the arts.

The style of stone-tool making that involves knocking a few flakes off tennis ball-shaped rocks to produce cutting edges is called the

Oldowan tradition

Social Interaction

One person's actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, but also includes communications at a distance

the appearance of domesticated plants is taken to be the end of one great cultural period and the beginning of another. The period that ends with the beginning of domestication is called the

Paleolithic

C. Wright Mills

Professor of sociology at Colombia and wrote the book The Power Elite in which he introduces the elite theory which says is a theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power relationships in contemporary society.

Patterns of Behavior

Recurring characteristics or events

Functions

Refer to the beneficial consequences of people's actions: Functions help keep a group (society, social system) in balance

The theory of common ancestry holds that

Similar species are descended from a common ancestor

Basic sociology

Sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena. Also known as pure sociology.

Macrosociology

Sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations

Microsociology

Sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means

Basic/Pure Sociology

Sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

Sociology as a separate science on the grounds that it has both an object (patterned reularities as a group distinct from that of individuals) and a substratum (society as a whole).

The panda's elongated wrist bone or "thumb" would be explained by Darwin's theory in which of the following way/s

Some pandas had "thumbs" of different lengths, and in a new environment those with longer "thumbs" were better able to survive and produce offspring

Harriet Martineau

Studied American society in depth and was an advocate for slaves, women's rights, and wrote extensive analyses of social life. Also, translated August Comte's ideas into English.

Science

The body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation

Social capital

The collective benefit of social networks to a person, which are built on reciprocal trust

Social Integration

The degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

Social Location

The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

Globalization

The growing interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism

Dysfunctions

The harmful consequences of people's actions, they undermine a system's equilibrium

Natural Sciences

The intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environments

Subjective Meanings

The meanings that people give their own behavior

Replication

The repetition of a study in order to test its findings

Nonverbal communication

The sending of messages through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures

Values

The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly

Natural science

The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change

Applied Sociology

The use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution

Clinical sociology

The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions.

Applied sociology

The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations

Value Free

The view that a sociologist's personal values or beliefs should not influence social research

Globalization

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

What makes sociology different from anthropology, economists/political scientists, and psychologists?

They focus primarily on industrialized and postindustrialized societies, they do not concentrate on a single social institution, and they stress factors external to the individual to determine what influences people and how they adjust to life.

Common Sense

Those things that "everyone knows" are true

Sociological Perspective

Understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context. Stresses the social contexts in which people live.

Objectivity

Value neutrality in research

Max Weber (1864-1920)

Verstehen; Protestant Catholicism "produced the spirit of the modern form of industrial capitalism.

Critical Theory

a contemporary form on conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression

When anthropologists distinguished between "culture" and "cultures" they were distinguishing between ___________ and _______________.

a defining attribute of human beings / ways of life of specific groups of people

Society

a group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from other groups

stigma

a mark of social disgrace

Structural Functionalism

a paradigm that begins with the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures

Modernism

a paradigm that places trust in the power of science and technology to create progress, solve problems, and improve life

Conflict Theory

a paradigm that sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, and emphasize a materialist's view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model a historical change

Postmodernism

a paradigm that suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and constantly in flux

role conflict

a person with statuses that contradict.

Socialism

a political system based on state ownership or control of principal elements of the economy in order to reduce levels of social inequality

Communism

a political system based on the collective ownership of the means of production; opposed to capitalism

Scientific Method

a procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasizes collecting concrete data through observation and experiment

Bureaucracy

a rationally designed organizational model whose goal it is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible.

a ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another is called

a rite of passage

gentrificatioin

a rundown section of a city has been repaired and revitalized and das become attractive to a middle class population.

Paradigms

a set of assumption, theories, and perspective that make up a way of understanding social reality

Structure

a social institution that is relatively stable over time and that meets the needs of society by performing functions necessary to maintain social order and stability

Conversation analysis

a sociological approach that looks at how we create that looks at how we create meanings in naturally occurring conversation, often by taping conversations and examining them

Ideology

a system a beliefs, attitudes, and values that direct a society and reproduces the status quo of the bourgeoisie

caste system

a system of stratification where groups are strictly ranked on the basis of thnic group.

Feminist Theory

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequalities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

Symbolic Interactionism

a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with each other.

Pragmatism

a theoretical perspective that assumes organisms (including humans) make practical adaptions to their environments. Humans do this through cognition, interpretation, and interaction

Deconstruction

a type of critical post-modern analysis that involves taking apart dissembling old way of thinking

The Chicago School

a type of sociology practiced by researches at the University of Chicago in the 1920s and 30s which centered on urban sociology and fired research methods

in the Hindu ranking of jatis, in terms of purity and pollution, which of the following activities is the least polluting?

a vegetarian diet

social mobility

ability of a given individual or group to move through social levels.

The role women play in food procurement in contemporary foraging societies suggests that a unique skill in the earliest human societies was the

ability of women to arrange their reproductive lives around the demand of their food-gathering activities

Nonmaterial culture

abstract terms for defining, describing, explaining, clarifying....what they do & how they live (languages, ideas, belief systems, rules, customs, politics).

Metaphysical stage of scientific development

abstract, human nature

kinship relationships based primarily on nurturance are examples of

adoption

the systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness is called

agriculture

Participant observation

aka field research, researcher is part of the group he/she is studying.

which of the following is an example of redistribution?

all of the above

which of the following statements correctly presents a position taken by those whose language is dying? (1) some parents care less about preserving their dying language than they do about making sure their children become literate in a world language (2) some indigenous groups are concerned that loss of language will mean loss of access to traditional sources of religious power (3) some indigenous speakers would not like to see what was once a fully functioning mode of communication reduced to nothing but ceremonial use

all of the above

the French approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

all the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as the adopt French culture and language

Status set

all the statuses of a person. ie: wife, mother, teacher, coworker)

Secondary socialization

an additional socialization experience into a new sector of society by an already socialized person.

Midrange theory

an approach that integrates empiricism and grand theory

when artifacts and structures from a particular time and place are grouped together, they are called

an assemblage

peer group

an association of self-selected equals

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership

Micro-Level Analysis

an examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the members of a group interact.

Means of Production

anything that can create wealth; money, properly, factories, and other types of businesses, and the infrastructure necessary to run them

Beginner's Mind

approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way

all material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology are considered part of the

archaeological record

The major specialty within anthropology that involved analysis of the material remains of the human past is

archaeology

a cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment is called

archaeology

Mores

are Norms of such moral & ethical importance as to be punishable by institutionalization.

ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society that are closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one rank to another,

are castes

Agricultural societies

are more complex than horticultural & pastoral societies in the level of technology used to support crops.

Cultural universals

are the basic elements essential to idevidual and collective survival.

Folkways

are the usual customes and conventions of everyday life. differs from values in the lack of a moral component) antonym: eccentric.

play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of

art

objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity are called

artifacts

negative correlation

as one increases the other decreases.

the social positions assigned to people at birth are

ascribed status

democratic

authority ultimately lies with the people.

a small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm no herd but depend on wild food resource is called a

band

class system

based on achievement

traditional authority

based on sacred customs (blood lines)

Empirical

based on scientific experimental or observation

the hijras of Gujarat, India, are an example of a supermumerary sex

based on surgical removal of genetalia on adult males

Karl Marx

believed social development grew out of conflict.

the principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally is the

bilateral descent

the traditional concept of race in Western society is

biologically and genetically meaningless

the form of power preoccupied with bodies, both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself, is called

biopowe

Walking on two feet rather than four is called

bipedalism

which of the following statements reflects the way anthropologists understand myth? (1) myths are flawed attempts at science or history (2) myths may justify past action (3) myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome

both b and c are true

The anthropological research methodology called participant observation is characterized by

both getting involved in social activities and watching those activities

positive correlation

both variables either go up or down.

the substinence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering is

broad-spectrum foraging theory

the ritualist

bureauscrat who is more concernedwith following the rules and keeping his job than personal achievement.

achieved status

by choice, (husband, rock star, english major...)

Master Status

by which a person is most identified. (its the most important)

in an ethnically stratified society, ambitious individuals and groups

can manipulate ethnicity as a resource to pursue their interests

an economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the "market" is

capitalism

the way of life that grew in response to and in service of the "market" is referred to as

capitalism

emergent-norm theory

certain individuals construct new norms that are quickly adopted by the collective. (rocks/copycat)

a society in which one person and his or her relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a

chiefdom

hierarchically arranged social groups defined on economic grounds are called

classes

ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria are called

classes

ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria is the text's definition of

classes

in the traditional view, what is the difference between classes and castes?

classes are open; castes are closed

when individuals belonging to upper and lower levels in a stratified society are linked socially, anthropologists call their relationship

clientage

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

coined the term "class" in which people are organized in social ranks.

a system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum between white and black is called

colorism

according to the text, a central theme in multicultural debates within Europe is

coming to terms with increasing numbers of Muslims living in countries where Christianity has been dominant

impersonal economic exchanges typical of the capitalist market in which goods are exchanged for cash are called

commodity exchanges

the transfer of info from one person to another human is

communication

metacommunication refers to

communication about communication

the ability of native speakers of a language to use words in ways that are socially and culturally appropriate is called

communicative competence

Archaeologists are coming to agree that domestication was everywhere invented by

complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources

societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization are known as

complex societies

structure

composed of positions, roles, groups, and institutions.

role strain

conflicting expectations exist for a status. (a teacher being friends with students outside the classroom)

material culture

consists of things that people attach meaning to and use: cars, clothing, books, and burial sites

the stage in human-animal relationships that is characterized by selective hunting of herds is called

controlled hunting

Strain theory

crime as the result of structural constraints, blocking means for achievement.

cultural transmission theory

crime is learned through cultural norms.

to argue that "their culture made them do it" is to take the position of

cultural determinism

understanding another culture sympathetically enough so that it appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living is called

cultural relativism

sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures humans create and use, is an anthropological definition of

culture

the human condition is distinguished from the condition of other living species by

culture

False Consciousness

denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize the interest of the ruling class in their ideolgy

the principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong is called

descent

which of the following observations about kinship is stressed by the authors of the text?

different societies have chosen to highlight some features of the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance, while downplaying or ignoring others

primary group

direct interaction, with intimate warm and personal relationships.

informal sanction

direct social pressure from those around us to conform.

Resocialization

discarding previous behaviors for new ones as part of a transition in life. (becoming a parent, for example)

a stretch of speech longer than a sentence united by a common theme is a

discourse

Culture Shock

disorientation that occurs when you enter a radically new social or cultural environment

serial monogamy

divorce...rmarriage.

"primitive" human languages

do not exist

human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them, is called

domesticaton

masses

don't have to be in proximity to each other, just have similar goals.

Functionalism

each part of a society serves a function necessary for the survival of the system as a whole.

the part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relates directly to the decision of daily life and making a living is

economic anthropology

social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another are called

egalitarian social relations

Peter's Principle

employee's are promoted until they reach a position in which they cannot work competantly

the process by which human beings living together with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling considered appropriate in their respective cultures is

enculturation

social control

ensures that people conform to norms.

social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural features such as language, religion, or dress are referred to as

ethnic groups

a principle of social classification that creates groups on the basis of a set of distinctive cultural criteria that people in the group are believed to share is referred to as

ethnicity

the opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct and the only true way of being fully human is called

ethnocentrism

A description of a particular culture is called an

ethnography

control theory

everyone deviates.

The claim that "living species can change over time and give rise to new kinds of organisms, with the result that all organisms ultimately share a common ancestry" is central to which theory?

evolutionary theory

the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them is called

excavation

roles

expected behavior for a status.

W.E.B. Du Bois

first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. Founded the NAACP. Taught Sociology at Atlanta University.

power=conflict theory of prejudice

focuses on the power dynamics between those who are prejudiced and those who are against prejudice.

association

formed of the basis of common interest or agreement.

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis, and considered biological needs as the human drive; socialization and repression forms personality (ego, superego, id).

August Comte

founder of sociology. He analyzed the bases of social order.

a cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as "play" or "ordinary life" is called

framing

the freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests about everything else and to challenge one another for dominance is known as

free agency

which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a particular society?

gender

if the distinctiveness of male and female characteristics can be used to make concrete people's ideas about the nature of social relations, then

gendered forms of inequality can be used to structure relations between different categories of men

Deductive theory

general ideas used to form logical, testable theories.

Conflict

generated by the competition between different class groups for scare resources and the source of all social changes, according to Karl Marx

noncapitalist forms of economic exchange that are deeply embedded in social relations and always require reciprocity are called

gift exchanges

the actions taken by many contemporary nation-states to identify the level of terrorist threats, take action to stop them, and institute policies to minimize damage and disruption in the even of a terrorist attack would be considered examples of

governmentality

the art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state is the art of

governmentality

the set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community is called

grammar

A single hierarchy of all organisms, each differing slightly from the ones above it and below it, was known as

great chain of being

the sensing method that reflects pulsed radar waves off features below the surface is called

ground-penetrating radar (GPR)

those parts of culture that are absorbed in the course of daily practical learning are called

habitus

the social category of race

has real consequences, even if it has no reality in biology

closed systems

have clear, rigid, and impermeable boundaries between classes.

control variable

held constant

many anthropologists accept that ethnicity is created by

historic processes

The foramen magnum is the

hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes on its way to the brain

the "Neanderthals" are

hominin fossils from Europe and western Asia that apparently evolved from an earlier population of archaic Homo sapiens about 130,000 yrs ago

Primates that walk on two feet are now called

hominins

self-rationalization

how an official observes & calculates how he/she must change their personality to meet the 'market's' demand.

structural functionalist perspective

how society's parts fit together to maintain stability.

the exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings is called

human agency

Symbolic interaction

human beings shape their world and are shaped by social interaction.

In the textbook, anthropology is defined as the study of

human nature, human society, and the human past

Systematic sampling

i.e. every 50th person in the phone book is selected, thus assuring everyone in the in the population is guaranteed the same chance of being selected for study.

values

ideals and goals.

a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live is called

ideology

Theories

in sociology, abstract proposition that explain the social world and make predication about the future

group conformity

individual compliance with group goals.

To say that anthropology is a field-based discipline means that

info about particular social groups comes through direct contact with them anthropology is based on experience with other ways of life, and the experience of being in the field is central to modern anthro.

postindustrial

information is created, processed, and stored.

Primary socialization

initial socialization that a child receives.

complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practice that organize social life are called

institutions

complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practices that organize social life are called

institutions

Secondary groups

interaction is anonymous, impersonal, and short-lived.

primary sector of economy

involves the extraction of raw materials & resources.

secondary sector

involves turning the raw materials into manufactured goods.

sect

is a cult minus the charismatic leader.

ascribed status

is a label by which a person is identified without choice. (son, widower, american indian...)

communal relationship

is formed on the basis that "they belong together"

characteristic intitution

kin/clan/siblings now known as a bureaucracy.

which of the following distinguishes a bilateral kindred from a lineage?

kindreds have overlapping memberships, whereas lineages don't

social relationships that are derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance are called

kinship

the activity linking human social groups to the material world around them is referred to as

labor

the system of arbitrary symbols used to encode one's experience of the world and of other is

language

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf believed that

language has the power to shape the way people see the owrld

language, like culture, is

learned, coded in symbols, and shared

culture is defined as being

learned, shared, and symbolic

the ability of native speakers of a language to distinguish correctly between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences is called

linguistic competence

the scientific study of language is known as

linguistics

religion

linked with ethics, personality, historical condition, & theodicy.

nuclear family

made up of extended family members.

a set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes is called

magic

looting archaeological sites

makes any scientific analysis of a site impossible

Some anthropologists have claimed that meat eating was the crucial behavioral change leading to the appearance of early Homo. This story of human origins is called the

man the hunter scenario

governmentality can best be understood as a way to

manage individuals, goods, and wealth

the exchange of goods calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard of value carried out by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism is called

market exchange

the institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access and the position of offspring in the society, and establishes new kin connections is

marriage

rigid endogamy

marriage within one's only group.

a unilineage can be

matrilineal or patrilineal

In a world in which people from different cultural backgrounds come into contact with one another for extended periods, anthropology offers a

means of learning to cope with cultural differences

group think

members begin to think simalarly and develop a narrow view

pluralist movement

minority groups try to maintain their own distinctive cultural features.

patterns according to which distribution takes place, such as reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange, are referred to as

modes of exchange

group marriage

more than one of each.

the term anthropologists use for stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are is

myths

a group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance constitute a

nation

an ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide is known as a

nation-state

Darwin's theory that the "fitter" survive and reproduce more offspring, which then inherit the trais that made their parents "fitter", is called

natural selection

deliberate representations of particular identities as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, thus making them appear eternal and unchanging, are known as

naturalizing discourses

the deliberate representations of particular identities such as caste, race, or nation as if they were the result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, are called

naturalizing discourses

when an organism actively perturbs the environment or when it actively moves into a different environment, it is engaging in

niche construction

"art by intention" includes

objects that are made to be art

profane

objects, persons, & behaviors capable of being understood and altered.

Unobtrusive observation

observation from a distance.

Labeling theory

one is labeled & defined as a criminal

according to the text, play displays which of the following concepts in linguistics and cognition?

openness

George Herbert Mead

originated the field of social psychology.

when myths and related beliefs that are taken to be self-evident truths are highly codified and deviation from the code is considered a serious matter, we may call this

orthodoxy

Bourgeoisie

owners; the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage labors

in the vocabulary of kinship studies, father's brother's children or mother's sister's children are called

parallel cousins

social group

people interact with one another in an orderly fashion.

aggregate

people who happen tho be in the same place at the same time

social category

people with certain characteristics in common

Countercultures

people/cultures whose values, beliefs, and ways of life do not conform to the norm. Characterized by unconventional or eccentric behavior.

in traditional Western thought, the prototype of power in human social relations is based on

physical coercion

a language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages is a

pidgin

Positive stage of scientific development

pinnacle of social development, society governed by reliable knowledge and understood by facts. (When people can predict and change their own destinies.)

the study of social power in human society is called

political anthropology

A contemporary cultural anthropologist is likely to study

political institutions in a village in another country, kinship systems in an urban setting, patterns of material life in his/her own society

in recent years, the anthropology of politics has addressed questions about

power and inequality

the study of the way speakers of a language actually use the language to communicate with one another is called

pragmatics

formal sanction

pressure to conform that is enforced by a formal institution

religious practitioners skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they can carry out for the benefit of the group, are known as

priests

Socialization

process in which we learn to be members of society and develop a personality.

tertiary sector

provides services in areas such as health, & education.

the human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes is

race

Natural selection acts on

randomly produced variation

the exchange of goods and services of equal value is called

reciprocity

the mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the groups and to allocate them in such a way as to provide for every member of the group is called

redistribution

Cultural Relativism

refers to scientists' efforts to be objective in their observations by avoiding attaching meaning to observations, only why and how.

sociocultural evolution

refers to the tendency for society as a system to become more complex over time.

The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways are called

relatedness

the social connections linking human beings who engage in different production tasks and who must work together are called

relations of production

the ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses are known in anthropology as

religion

"The Elementary Forms of Religious life" (durkheim)

religion as a means of validation the existance of society.

Theological stage of scientific development

religious view

Qualitative methods

relying on personal observation and description to explain behavior.

cultural relativism

requires us to take many things into account before we form opinions about other cultural practices

Totalitarian

rulers have no limits to their power.

authoritarian gov

rulers tolerate little of no opposition to their rule.

Norms

rules whose violation results in some form of punishment.

the process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place is called

sedentism

authoritarian-personality theory of prejudice

sees prejudice as stemming from certain personality characteristics.

According to the text, culture consists of

sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures that human beings create and use

which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the observable physical characteristics that distinguish the two kinds of human beings, male and female, needed for human biological reproduction?

sex

part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to travel or contact supernatural forces directly on the behalf of individuals or groups are known as

shamans

fad

short-term obsessions with a behavior that is unexpected and widely copied like streaking.

a precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity is an archaeological

site

cult

small group of followers with a charismatic leader.

Iron law of Oligarchy

small number of specialists hold sway over the entire organization.

Culture is

social heritage of beliefs, customs, skills, traditions, and knowledge that members pass on to one another.

the patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members is called

social organization

the process by which human beings, as material organisms living together with other similar organisms, cope with the behavioral rules established by their respective societies is called

socialization

symbolic interatction

society is the result of an individual's interactions

Normative theory of prejudice

states that individuals become prejudiced when such attitudes are so ingrained in their society's norms and values that they get passed on from generation to generation without question.

a person's social position in a group is that person's

status

social stratification

structured inequality (our place among the ranks)

Robert Merton

studied at Colombia University and was a major proponent of functionalism one of the main theoretical perspectives in Sociology. Coined the terms manifest, latent functions and dysfunctions which added to the functional perspective.

Survey method

subjects are asked about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior, such as how they have behaved in the past or how they intend to behave in the future, in a series of questions.

the physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found is

survey archaeology

something that stands for something else is

symbol

the study of the various processes that affect the formation of a particular site, explaining how certain objects in that site (such as bones or stone tools) came to be where they are found, is called

taphonomy

Mechanical Solidarity

term developed by Emil Durkheim to describe the type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion

Organic Solidarity

term developed by Emile Durkeim to describe the type of social bonds present in modern societies, based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights

Evolutionary theory is based on a set of

testable hypothesis

Rationalization

the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns

Social Darwinism

the application of the theory of evolution and the notion of "survival of the fittest" to the study of society

Ethnocentrism

the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.

which of the following is a topic of interest to political anthropologists?

the classification and evolution of political system, the structure and functions of political systems, and the modernization of formerly tribal societies

Solidarity

the degree on integration or unity within a particular society, the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group

Social Integration

the degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion.

Social Sciences

the disciplines that use the scientific method to examine the social world, in contrast to the natural sciences, which examine the physical world

Thesis

the existing social arrangements in a dialectal model

linguistic determinism holds that

the grammars of people's native languages determine how they think about the world

Sacred

the holy, divine, or supernatural

Latent Functions

the less obvious, perhaps unintended functions of a social structure

Micro-sociology

the level of analysis that studies face-to-face and small-group interactions in order to understand how to affect the larger patterns and institutions of society

Macro-sociology

the level of analysis that studies large-scale social structures in order to determine how they affect the lives of groups and individuals

The principle which asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world is

the linguistic relativity principle

suburbanization

the movement of people to areas surrounding the urban region.

Synthesis

the new social system created out the conflict between thesis and antithesis in a dialectical model

Manifest Functions

the obvious, intended functions of a social structure for the social system

Antithesis

the opposition to the existing arrangements in a dialectical model

Profane

the ordinary, mundane, or everyday

research by political anthropologists has led to a reconsideration of

the political role of the state, the political role of kinship, and traditional Western notions about human natrre

In your text, evolution is defined as

the process of change over time

Disenchantment

the rationalization of modern society

Class Consciousness

the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leasing to revolutionary action

Alienation

the sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else, according to Marx

Collective Conscience

the shared morals and beliefs that are common to a group and which foster social solidarity

Ethnomethodology

the study of "folk methods" and background knowledge that sustain a shared sense of reality in everyday interactions

Content Analysis

the study of recorded human communication such as books, paintings, and laws.

Sociology

the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large- scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions

Eurocentric

the tendency to favor European or Western histories, cultures, and values over other non-Western societies

Positivism

the theory, developed by Auguste Comte, that sense perceptions are the only valid source of knowledge

Culture includes

the tools we use, the rules we live by, the ideals to which we are committed, and the ideas we express.

Social Inequality

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society

Cultural Variability

the variety of things human beings have devised to meet their needs.

Hawthorne Effect

the very presence of a researcher affects the subject's behavior.

to an archaeologist, which of the following would be considered a feature at an archaeological site?

the wall of a house

social structure

the way in which people's relatioins in society are arranged to form a network

Studying material culture is important to anthropologists because

the way people deal with artifacts is shaped by the cultural meanings people attach to those artifacts AND the same object can mean different things to different people

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

theory of the genesis of the mind and self. The outcome of socialization is the ability to anticipate the reactions of others and to adjust our behavior accordingly.

a kindred is composed of

those people linked to Ego through Ego's mother and Ego's father

In Darwinian terms, who are the fit?

those who reproduce and replace themselves

a society generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm for a living, is a

tribe

the anthropological definition of cultural relativism requires that we make an effort to _______ the practices of other cultures

understand

Deviance

unexpected behavior.

in Haiti, gender relations are incorporated into the nature of the state, such that

until recently, women who married foreigners lost their Haitian citizenship

Horticultural and pastoral societies

use domestic animals and hand tools to cultivate plants for their source of food.

Quantitative methods

use statistical and mathematical techniques of measurement to describe and interpret observations.

industrial societies

uses complex machinery and energy sources are used for production.

Stratified sampling

uses the differences that already exist in a population, such as between males and females, as the basis for selecting a sample. (f/m = % in the given population)

Inductive theory

using concrete observations to form general conclusions through a process of reasoning.

Secondary analysis

using information gained from past recorded experiments. (like official government statistics)

spurious relationship

variables appear to be related but are actually related to a third vaiable which explains both of them.

Conflict paradigm

views society as being characterized by conflict and inequality. (Whose interests are expressed, and who benefits/suffers from social arrangements).

craze

wanting something because everyone else has it

play communicates about _________; ritual communicates about ___________.

what can be; what ought to be

convergence theory

when a # of like-minded individuals converge, they are likely to generate a collective action.

relative mobility

when the son's education, occupational prestige, and income exceeds that of his father.

the unconscious

where the unpleasant, or perhaps antisocial memories of experience are stored.

Interpretive Sociology

whereby humans attach meaning to their lives and shape their actions based upon both the real and anticipated responses of others.

fashion

widely held beliefs, styles, and attitudes toward dress, hair, music....

artists in non-western societies

work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies

Proletariat

workers; those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live