APUCH FINAL

Noche Triste

"Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

First Anglo-Powhatan War

(1614) series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

(1644-1646) Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Tuscarora War

1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.

thomas jefferson

1st secretary of state-strted D-R party-as pres. added LA Territory

Hiawatha

A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Canadian Shield

A huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada.

Plantation

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Father Junipero Serra

A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

three-sister farming

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Isabella of Castile

Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Ferdinand of Aragon

Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Pope's Rebellion

An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Yamasee Indians

Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.

Roanoke Island

English colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

James Monroe

Era of Good feeling-added Florida-Monroe Doctrine warned Eur

Barbados Slave Code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Black Legend

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Battle of Acoma

Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of the Georgia Colony

Napoleon

French leader who sold LA Terr. to US for $15 million

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Middlemen

In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Malinche (Doña Marina)

Indian slave who served as an interpreter for Hernán Cortés on his conquest of the Aztecs. Malinche later married one of Cortés's soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain.

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1498

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

Andrew Jackson

New or Hero-1st Dem pres-spoils system-troops to SC-ended Bank

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

Squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Seneca Falls convention-founded National Women's Suffrage

Tordesillas, Treaty of

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Conquistadores (20)

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires. (3 Gs)

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Fransisco Coronado

Spanish explorer claimed new lands for Spain including Mexico and Florida

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

James I

The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Jaes K. Polk

US acquired Texas, Oregon Country, Mexican Cession

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Pocahontas

a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)

buffer state

a small neutral state between two rival powers

Zebulon Pike

after LA Terr. added-explored upper Miss. Valley and Southwest

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

charter document

an important document in american history, guaranteed overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen that stayed home.

Daniel Boone

blazed the Wilderness Road-led first settlers into KY

Oliver Hazar Perry

defeated British in Battle of Lake Erie in War of 1812

William h. harrison

defeated Indians at Tippecanoe-died after one month as president

Sam houston

defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto-Pres. of Lone Star Republic

Horace Mann

established public school system in Mass. -many states copied

Lewi and clark

explored Louisiana Territory after its purchase from France

John jay

first Chief Justice of Supreme Court-Jay's Treaty-US and GB

Joseph Smith

founded Mormon church-took followers to Midwest-killed by mob

John Sutter

gold found on his land by James Marshall-CA gold rush

James Madison

he was the president during War of 1812 against GB

Francis Lowell

immigrant from England-started first American textile mill

Robert Fulton

invented "Clermont"-first successful steamboat

Samuel Morse

invented telegraph-first message-"What hath God wrought!"

Cyrus McCormick

invented the reaper which speeded the harvesting of wheat

Elias Howe

inveted the first sewing machine

William Travis

led Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, other frontiersmen at Alamo

Santa Anna

lost Texas to US later led Mexicans to defeat in Mexican War

john c. fremont

mapped western trails "pathfinder"-helped in bear flag revolt

marcus and narcissa Whitman

missionaries in Oregon-killed by Indians after measles epidemic

George Washington

pres of Constitution Convention-Proc. of Neutrality-Whiskey Reb.-Farewell Address

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

sacajawea

shoshone girl-interpreter and guide for Lewis and clark

Samuel Slater

started "factory system" with all manuf. steps under one roof

Brigham Young

succeeded Joseph Smith-took Morons to Great Salt Lake, UT

Stephen f. Austin

took 300 American families into Mexican territory of Texas

Tecumseh

united triibes in Old Northwest against US-lost at Tippecanoe

Alexander hamilton

wanted strong constituion-1st Secretary of Treasury-Federalist Party

Henry Clay

with John C. calhoun led "War Hawks" in congress-War of 1812

Zachary Taylor

won Battle of Buena vista in Mexican War-elected president

Dorthea Dix

worked for better treatment of criminals and mentally ill

Francis Scott Key

wrote "Star Spangled Banner" near Ft. McHenry-war of 1812