APUSH 10 FInal Exam Study Guide

Which of the following was a consequence of the shift to sharecropping and the crop lien system in the late nineteenth-century South?

A cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support?

Abolitionism

The issuance of the Monroe Doctrine did which of the following?

Asserted American independent in the realm of foreign policy.

Andrew Jackson supported all of the following EXCEPT A - Indian removal B - the right of nullification C - the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States D - annexation of new territory E - use of the presidential veto power

B - the right of nullification

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 Which of the following most directly contributed to the conflict referred to in the excerpt?

Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight?

Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve.

Which of the following achievements of the "carpetbag" governments survived the "Redeemer" administrations?

Establishment of a public school system

Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during the Civil War is correct?

For most of the war, they were paid less than White soldiers of equal rank.

The trend shown in the map led most directly to which of the following?

Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of slavery in new territories

The United States Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) represented a departure from earlier practices in which of the following ways?

It held that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

Which of the following is true of John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?

It increased federal authority by invoking the doctrine of implied powers.

In the mid-nineteenth century, the process shown in the map was advocated by supporters of which of the following ideologies?

Manifest Destiny

The Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case in 1857 effectively repealed the

Missouri Compromise

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt?

Northern abolitionists

The United States gained which of the following from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ?

Possession of California and most of the Southwest

The theme of individualism is most evident in the writings of

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to?

Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

"Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . . He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . . . . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the name of no colored man." Frederick Douglass, excerpt from an editorial, April 1863 Which of the following best explains Douglass' point of view in the excerpt?

Shared sacrifice would help advance African American men's claims to United States citizenship.

President Andrew Jackson's creation of a monetary system based on state-chartered banks most likely contributed to which of the following?

The Panic of 1837

The Supreme Court established which of the following by its ruling in Marbury v. Madison ?

The Supreme Court has the authority to determine the constitutionality of congressional acts.

Which of the following was a common justification in the United States for the trend depicted in the map?

The belief in White cultural and political superiority

Which of the following most directly contributed to the change over time depicted on the two maps?

The building of canals and roads

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 Which of the following aspects of life in the United States in the early nineteenth century most likely influenced Adams' recollection of Revolutionary events?

The development of a national culture and national identity

"The Erie Canal poured into New York City [wealth] far exceeding that which its early friends predicted. . . . In the city, merchants, bankers, warehousemen, [and] shippers . . . seized the opportunity to perfect and specialize their services, fostering round after round of business innovations that within a decade of the opening of the Erie Canal had made New York by far the best place in America to engage in commerce. . . . ". . . Even before its economic benefits were realized fully, rival seaports with hopes of tapping interior trade began to imagine dreadful prospects of permanent eclipse. Whatever spirit of mutual good feeling and national welfare once greeted [internal improvements] now disappeared behind desperate efforts in cities . . . to create for themselves a westward connection." John Lauritz Larson, historian, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States, 2001 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

The expansion of access to markets

Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction?

The formation of the Ku Klux Klan

Which of the following best describes the situation of freedom in the decade following the Civil War?

The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby planters.

"The river Missouri, and the Indians inhabiting it, are not as well known as is rendered desirable by their connection with the Mississippi, and consequently with us. It is, however, understood, that the country on that river is inhabited by numerous tribes, who furnish great supplies of furs and peltry to the trade of another nation. . . . An intelligent officer, with ten or twelve chosen men, fit for the enterprise . . . might explore the whole line, even to the Western Ocean, have conferences with the natives on the subject of commercial intercourse . . . agree on convenient deposits for an interchange of articles, and return with the information acquired. . . . While other civilized nations have encountered great expense to enlarge the boundaries of knowledge by undertaking voyages of discovery . . . our nation seems to owe to the same object, as well as to its own interests, to explore this, the only line of easy communication across the continent, and so directly traversing our own part of it. The interests of commerce place the principal object within the constitutional powers and care of Congress. . . . The appropriation of two thousand five hundred dollars, 'for the purpose of extending the external commerce of the United States,' . . . would cover the undertaking from notice." President Thomas Jefferson, secret message to Congress, January 1803 The fulfillment of Jefferson's proposal in the excerpt would be used to support which of the following executive acts?

The purchase of the Louisiana territory from France

"Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . . He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . . . . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the name of no colored man." Frederick Douglass, excerpt from an editorial, April 1863 Ideas expressed by Douglass in the excerpt were most likely interpreted as supporting which of the following arguments?

The war was no longer just about preserving the union of the states.

The call for the "immediate and uncompensated emancipation of the slaves" is associated with the position of

William Lloyd Garrison in The Liberator

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 In the decades following the Civil War, the woman's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on

achieving the right to vote

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society were known for

advocating immediate and uncompensated emancipation

The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act instituted popular sovereignty to

allow people living in a territory to determine whether slavery should be permitted there

Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the United States partly because he believed that the bank

concentrated too much power in the hands of a few people

A key purpose of Henry Clay's American System was to

develop a national economy by improving transportation

An important consequence of the "tariff of abominations" (1828) is that it led to the

enunciation of the doctrine of nullification

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 One key change immediately following the Civil War aimed at achieving the "racial justice" that Blight describes was the

establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights

Politics in the antebellum United States changed dramatically because

expanded White male suffrage broadened participation in elections

A significant result of the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 was that the United States

experienced increasing tension over the issue of slavery

On the eve of the Civil War, the South enjoyed an advantage over the North in

experienced military leadership

The Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862, is considered pivotal to the outcome of the Civil War because it

forestalled the possibility of European intervention

The Union's victory at Gettysburg was significant because it

halted the last major Confederate invasion of the North

Members of the Hudson River School were best known for their paintings of

landscapes

After the Civil War, women reformers and former abolitionists were divided over

legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males

"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence . . . of someone to provide that work—to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford . . . , and scavenge . . . for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth . . . of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor." Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 During the first half of the nineteenth century, some women increasingly "bolster[ed] the household income," as described in the excerpt, by

obtaining positions in textile mills

The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the

passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act

The map above shows the United States immediately following the

passage of the Missouri Compromise

Jacksonian Democracy was distinguished by the belief that

political participation by the common man should be increased

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that

prioritized regional interests

The nullification crisis of 1832 arose over the issue of

protective tariffs

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the

relationship between the federal government and the states

The most important factor in Andrew Jackson's successful bid for the presidency in 1828 was his

reputation as a hero of the War of 1812

Henry Clay's "American System" called for all of the following EXCEPT

sale of federal lands to finance higher education

During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the

spread of sharecropping

The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest were similar in that all involved a defense of

states' rights

When the Emancipation Proclamation was issued at the beginning of 1863, its immediate effect was to

strengthen the moral cause of the Union

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established

that suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude

The belief by some Americans that the Civil War was "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight" was reflected in

the draft riots in NYC

The Wilmot Proviso specifically provided for

the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

the withdrawal of federal troops from the South

The American Colonization Society was established in the early nineteenth century with the goal of

transporting African Americans to Africa