APUSH 7&8

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s?

Abolitionist scrutiny

What happened in Christiana, Pennsylvania, in 1851?

About twenty African Americans fought a gun battle with slave catchers, killing two; a jury subsequently acquitted one defendant, and the government dropped charges against the rest.

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry?

African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.This is the correct answer.

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century?

All people as children of God

Which of the following statements characterizes American settlement in California before the mid-1840s?

American settlement in California was fairly sparse in this period.

From 1854 to 1856, which of the following was the fundamental principle all Republicans agreed on?

An absolute opposition to the expansion of slavery into any new territories

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton-growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century?

As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.`

Which of the following pairs is properly matched?

Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C.

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s?

Black evangelical Christianity

Slaves' practice of "taking root" involved which of the following?

Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century?

By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

Despite stiff Mexican resistance, American forces also secured control of which future state in 1847?

California

Why did Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass propose the idea of squatter sovereignty in 1848?

Cass hoped the plan would maintain the unity of the contentious Democratic Party.This is the correct answer.

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid-nineteenth-century South?

Church and family

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally?

Congressional legislation

During the 1850s, proslavery American expansionists attempted to acquire which of the following regions?

Cuba

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions?

Deep South

Which of the following was the critical issue facing political parties in the late 1840s?

Expansion of slavery

From 1818 until the early 1840s, the Oregon Territory was administered under which of the following arrangements?

Great Britain and the United States controlled it jointly.

Why did radical abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison criticize the free-soil movement bitterly in the late 1840s?

He found its emphasis on freehold farming racist and insufficiently radical.

Which of the following statements describes President Buchanan's handling of the Kansas issue?

He tried but failed to have Kansas admitted as a slave state and fractured the Democratic Party.

In 1854, why did Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduce a bill to extinguish Native American rights in the Great Plains and organize the northern segment of the Louisiana Purchase into a large territory called Nebraska?

He wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to Northern California.

Which of the following individuals expressed public support for John Brown's attempt to ignite a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1859?

Henry David Thoreau

Why did the Republican Party nominate Abraham Lincoln for the presidency in 1860?

His egalitarian image would attract votes among farmers and workers.This is the correct answer.

Which of the following statements characterizes blacks' resistance to slavery by the 1820s?

In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves.

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century?

Inequality

Which of the following statements describes the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

It denied alleged runaways a jury trial or the right to testify in their own defense.

Which of the following statements describes the Slidell mission to Mexico in December 1845?

It failed because Mexico had suspended diplomatic relations with the United States and refused to even see Slidell.

Why was the South on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution by 1840?

It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin?

It sparked an unprecedented discussion about race and slavery in the United States and abroad.This is the correct answer.

What feature of the Lakota Sioux society protected it from the epidemics that decimated other Native American groups in the nineteenth century?

Its small groups and nomadic lifestyleThis is the correct answer.

Which man who sought the presidency in 1844 is matched with the correct description?

James Polk—expansionist, dark-horse candidate of the Democratic Party who won the election

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups?

Jews

Which of the following events took place in Kansas during the summer of 1856?

John Brown and his followers murdered and mutilated five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie.

The creation of the Republican Party, the Pottawatomie massacre, and the negation of the Missouri Compromise were all consequences of the

Kansas-Nebraska Act.

By the 1830s, which of the following was the dominant Indian tribe on the central and northern Plains?

Lakota

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South?

Large-scale uprisingsThis is the correct answer.

Who of the following people is correctly matched to his position on the extension of slavery during the debate over the admission of California into the Union in 1850?

Lewis Cass—supported popular sovereignty to address the slavery issue

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop?

Louisiana—sugar

The Alabama Constitution of 1819 did which of the following?

Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s?

Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.

Which of these statements most accurately describes the experiences of free blacks in the early nineteenth-century United States?

Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses.

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average?

One to five

Which of the following policies was implemented as part of the Compromise of 1850?

Passage of a new Fugitive Slave Act

How did the Franklin Pierce administration approach the settlement and organization of the Kansas Territory in 1854 and 1855?

Pierce officially favored the legitimacy of the proslavery legislature in Lecompton.

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s?

Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

Which action did President Polk take in 1845 as part of his California strategy?

Polk sent orders to the U.S. Navy in the Pacific to seize San Francisco Bay and other California ports in the event of war with Mexico.

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century?

Population growth through natural reproduction

What did the Wilmot Proviso, introduced in Congress in 1846, propose to do?

Prohibit slavery in any territory the United States acquired from Mexico

What was the outcome of the midterm election in 1858?

Republicans won control of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South?

Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

The phenomena described in the excerpt most strongly suggest which of the following about the United States in the early to mid-nineteenth century?

Slave owners were dependent on slaves as a source of both labor and wealth.

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea?

Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

Which statement characterizes the typical relationship between slaves and their masters in the 1850s?

Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy.

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South?

Tenant farmers and day laborers

Which of the following statements describes the American Party, or Know-Nothings, that emerged in the North in the 1850s?

The American Party originated in anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic societies of the 1840s.

Which of the following statements describes the American invasion of Mexico in 1846?

The Americans captured Matamoros, Monterrey, Tampico, and most of northeastern Mexico.

Which of the following was the most direct and historically significant result of the patterns Greenberg describes in the above excerpt?

The Mexican War

The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act led to which of the following outcomes?

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed.

Which of the following scenarios occurred during the 1856 presidential election?

The Republicans emerged as a formidable replacement for the Whigs and came close to winning the election.

"Although territorial expansion in the early republic had not proceeded peacefully, the expansionism of the 1840s . . . was newly aggressive, clearly grounded in racism, and driven by the conviction that all nonwhite peoples must necessarily bend to the will of whites. Until the 1830s, Americans justified taking land from 'savages' because they were not . . . 'improving' their land. . . . But after the ethnic expulsion of the civilized Cherokees . . . in the 1830s, race and not civilization became the determining factor in this equation. Increasing numbers of 'Anglo-Saxon' Americans believed their claims to North America to be superior to those of any racially 'impure' peoples." — Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion, 2012 Which of the following actions best supports Greenberg's assertions in the excerpt?

The call for laws in California to expel Chinese workers

What did nineteenth-century American expansionists mean by the term Manifest Destiny?

The citizens of the United States had a God-given right to conquer the land to the Pacific Ocean.

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South?

The cotton revolution

The 1857 Dred Scott decision had which of the following consequences?

The decision persuaded many Republicans that the Supreme Court and President Buchanan were part of the "slave power" conspiracy

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century?

The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century?

The domestic slave trade

Which of the following statements characterizes the cotton planter class in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas in the mid-nineteenth century?

The goal of the planter class was to make money.

"Although slavery 'worked' very well as an economic system, its fundamental conflict of interests created an unstable and violent society. . . . Many [planters] provided professional medical care, offered monetary rewards for extra productivity, and granted . . . Christmas vacation. . . . Yet . . . these same . . . plantations in the Deep South were essentially ruled by terror. Even the most kindly and humane masters knew that only the threat of violence could force gangs of field hands to work from dawn to dusk. . . . Frequent public floggings reminded every slave of the penalty for inefficient labor, disorderly conduct, or refusal to accept the authority of a superior." — David Brion Davis, historian, Inhuman Bondage, 2006 Which of the following was the most direct cause of the phenomena that Davis describes in the excerpt?

The growing significance of cotton for American agricultural and industrial interests

How did pro-annexation Democrats engineer the annexation of Texas in 1845?

The party approved it through a joint resolution, which required only a majority vote in both houses of Congress.

How did Oregon fever affect national politics in the United States in 1844?

The possibility of expansion into Texas became a major issue in the presidential election.

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion?

The redistribution of the African American population

Which of the following statements describes the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The treaty purchased more than one-third of Mexico's territory for a mere $15 million.

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860?

The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

Which of the following is true of free blacks in the South?

They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.

Which of these factors made enslaved African Americans reluctant to attempt to escape to the North?

They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s?

They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century?

They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics?

They were named after family members.

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century?

Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

Popular sovereignty solved which of the following issues temporarily?

Whether Congress had the authority to legislate slavery in the territories

Abraham Lincoln belonged to which political party during his four terms in the Illinois state legislature?

Whigs

Americans who migrated to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s settled in which of these regions?

Willamette Valley

The popular 1844 phrase "Fifty-four forty or fight!" served as

a push for American control of the entire Oregon territory.

In 1858, in his so-called Freeport Doctrine, Stephen Douglas

asserted that settlers could exclude slavery from a territory by not adopting local legislation to protect it.

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work?

b. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth-century South?

bout 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

Americans who lined up behind the free-soil cause in the late 1840s

declared that slavery threatened American republicanism by undermining family farms.

Which of the following developments occurred during the 1852 presidential campaign?

democrats nominated Franklin Pierce as a compromise candidate because he was a congenial man with southern sympathies.

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following?

he Indian Removal Act

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy?

he trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century?

he wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.

In the nineteenth-century South, free blacks lived primarily

in the coastal cities and the Upper South

Under the task system, slaves were required to

omplete a precisely defined job each day.

The northern states responded to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act by sponsoring

personal-liberty laws.

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837?

president Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by

separating family members through sale and trade.

The 1845 annexation of Texas provoked

the Mexican War.

In 1845, Texans claimed that their boundary extended

to the Rio Grande on the south and west.

Which of the following made the Oregon Territory so appealing to Americans in the mid-1800s?

ts mild climate and rich soil

james K. Polk's declaration that American blood had been shed "upon American soil" was his call for

war with Mexico.

In an 1858 senate campaign speech, Abraham Lincoln

warned that the nation could not endure as "a house divided against itself," that is, half slave and half free.