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Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . .. But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government?

The creation of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau for formerly enslaved people

*Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas-healing and justice... [These two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition... But theories of inevitability. are rarely satisfying....

The federal goverment removed troops from the South and eliminated aid for former slaves.

During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South?

African Amerians were able to exercise political rights.

Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify Foner's main argument in the second excerpt?

After 1877 Democrats in the South legislated restrictions on the ability of African Americans to vote.

Which of the following is a similarity between Rable's and Foner's arguments in the excerpts?

Both focus on many Southerners' opposition to racial equality.

Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. ... But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? in what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government?

Democrats dominated the Southern states after suppressing African American voting rights.

Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas-healing and justice... [These two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition...But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I'

Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve.

The federal government never acknowledged that a Conservative insurgency was underway in the South [after 1865]... [it] simply divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, each commanded by a major general.

Many African Americans in the South felt politically empowered after the end of slavery.

Which of the following describes a difference between Rable's and Foner's arguments in the excerpts?

Rable asserts that violence in the South achieved its political goals during Reconstruction, whereas Foner asserts that this violence was suopressed at the time.

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the fast full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863

Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

The federal government never acknowledged that a Conservative insurgency was underway in the South [after 1865] . . [it) simply divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, each commanded by a major general.

Some groups of White Southerners prevented African Americans from voting.

1870, the Ku Klux Klan .... had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state, ... In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. ...

Southem resistance hindered Reconstruction

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution?.. It is the judgment of this court that it appears . .. that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . .. in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt?

The Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following developments would the author have been most likely to use to support his assertion that African Americans had joined the United States "national family"?

The ratification of constitutional amendmeggs during Reconstruction

The cartoon abova ss intended to aynress

a critique of Reconstruction

Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled refationship between two profound ideas-healing and justice... [These two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition... But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of frose people wnom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I: David

establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights

"The slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; .. they are overworked, underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep. ... They are often kept confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together." Theodore Dwight Weld, Slavery As It Is, published in New York, 1839

ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment

Which of the following best describes the situation of freedom in the decade following the Civil War?

the manor enters snare-cropping arrangements won former masters of owner nearby planters.

The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction

temporanly altered race relations in the South