bio final 2
White blood cells are produced
from bone marrow stem cells.
The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are
helpet T cells
Animals that eat only plants are
herbivores
If, for a study, you wanted to cause blood vessel dilation and swelling to mimic effects of innate immunity, you would want to inject
histamine
An organism with an incomplete digestive tract is at a disadvantage compared to an organism with a complete digestive tract since the organism with an incomplete digestive tract
must cease eating temporarily to defecate.
The liquid matrix of blood is
plasma
The middle layer of the wall of an artery or vein, allowing it to withstand and modify blood pressure, is
smooth muscle.
A person who has been bitten by a venomous snake needs help via passive immunity.
t
When explaining a patient's near death from anaphylactic shock, you would tell the patient that this was a secondary immune response.
t
Cells often use _____ to move ions against their concentration gradient.
active transport
A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)
antibody
Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?
They would be immunocompromised.
Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to what by a pregnant woman?
a foreign antigen on red blood cells
Which of the following vaccines would expose a person to an antigen for the longest time, and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations?
a live weakened pathogen
Which is an example of passive immunity?
acquisition of maternal antibodies by a fetus a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)
allergy
Which is an example of active immunity?
antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes
Which is an example of humoral immunity?
antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen
What is not part of the innate defense response?
antibody production
A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)
antigen
Which would a person in a less-developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more-developed country, according to the hygiene hypothesis?
asthma
Every year the flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?
because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals, including cats and dogs???? because the viruses can mutate into new strains????
If a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?
because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues
Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?
because the virus can mutate into new strains
In which of the following organisms does oxygenated blood leave the heart?
birds and mammals only
The homeostasis of water in organisms is affected by
blood composition. nutrition. sweating when internal temperatures are too hot. salt concentrations. All answers are correct.!!!
Immunological memory results from the production of
both B and T memory cells.
Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?
both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection
Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. This would be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen because it would lead to
both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection.
Organisms that conduct intracellular digestion and organisms that conduct extracellular digestion both
break down their food with digestive enzymes within contained areas.
The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are
capillaries
Smelling food causes a hungry person to salivate. Which of the following begins to be digested in saliva?
carbs
Animals that hunt and eat essentially only other animals are
carnivores
If you observe an immune reaction involving a cytotoxic T cell, it is a
cell-mediated response.
Often a woman may first suspect she is pregnant when she misses her period, which is due to
chorionic gonadotropin causing the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone inhibiting GnRH release.
To help a patient who is malnourished for vitamin C, you would prescribe eating more
citrus fruit.
In a process called _____, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from stimulated B cells.
clonal selection
Ice fish would have which kind of circulatory systems?
closed with a two-chambered heart
Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish that the circulatory system cannot?
collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues
The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is
complement protein.
Which is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle?
coronary artery
The primary function of a vaccine is to
create immunological memory without causing disease.
What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?
diffusion down a concentration gradient
The stage of human development that occurs from implantation to about eight weeks after fertilization is the
embryonic stage.
A phagocyte is a cell that
engulfs other cells and debris.
Which main tissue type of the circulatory system enables diffusion across walls of capillaries?
epithelial
If you see cytotoxic T cells, you know that a humoral response is underway.
f
The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell.
f
The type of cell that is primarily responsible for initiating and coordinating the adaptive immune response is the B cell.
f
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene," the hypothesis states that people who have
fewer worm infections will have an overactive immune system.
The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of
filtration, absorption, and secretion.
The stage of human development in which the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm form is the
gastrula
In the human male and female reproductive systems, each system contains paired primary sex organs called _____, which contain _____ that give rise to gametes.
gonads; germ cells
In organisms that reproduce sexually, _____ are the sex cells that carry the genetic information from each parent. Mature human sperm cells
haploid gametes
List the correct order of the terms below that describe the travel of an oxygen molecule in the blood from the heart to a muscle cell.
heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, interstitial fluid
HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of
helper T cells
What evidence would cause you to think that a preembryo had split before day 12 of a patient's pregnancy?
identical twins
Fever is considered a defense mechanism because it
inactivates (kills) some viruses. speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria. kills some bacteria. All answers are correct.!!!
Kidney stones are calcium-rich crystals that form inside the kidney and can be triggered by dehydration because salt concentrations
increase as blood volume drops.
Which is a trend observed in the evolution of respiratory surfaces and lungs in vertebrates?
increased surface area
In sequence of their occurrence, the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
You would know that a viral infection is ongoing in a body if you detect high levels of
interfron
The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is
interleukin
A female chicken laying a fertilized egg has undergone _____ with a rooster.
internal fertilization
If a bird can mimic human speech, it can mimic the action of what organ?
larynx
Blood in the pulmonary artery would have _____ oxygen and _____ carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein.
less;more
Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is _____ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm _____.
lower; contract
B cells or T cells are
lymphocytes
A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a
mast cell
A disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n)
opportunistic pathogen.
At the capillaries, _____ leaves red blood cells and _____ enters the circulation.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
Which is not a major part of the immune system? thymus bone marrow is spleen is lymph node
pancreas
If you eat a lot of meat, one enzyme needed to break down all of that protein would be
pepsin
Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are
plasma cells
Birth control pills contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone and prevent pregnancy by
preventing ovulation.
The cells in the ovary that give rise to the mature egg cells are the
primary oocytes.???
The expulsion of the placenta does not occur until the final stage of labor, since up to that point the placenta
removes waste from the fetus. provides nourishment to the fetus. provides oxygen to the fetus. removes carbon dioxide from the fetus. All answers are correct.!!!
In the male, the sac-like structure that contains the testes is the
scrotum
The tightly coiled structure/s inside the testes that produce the sperm cells is/are the
seminiferous tubules.
A gene called the _____ must be activated at week seven of embryonic development for male sex organs and glands to develop.
sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome
When a female cuttlefish accepts a male's mating attempt, the two animals align head-to-head, and he inserts a sperm packet into her body. This is an example of
sexual internal fertilization.
The passage of food needs to occur in a controlled way, so the body contains rings of muscle in the digestive tract that regulate the movement of food. These are
sphincters'
If you had a patient with blood improperly draining from all areas above the diaphragm, you would suspect a problem with the
superior vena cava.
When taking a person's blood pressure, after proper inflation of the cuff, the first pulse sound that is heard through the stethoscope indicates that blood is flowing through the artery past the cuff. The reading on the pressure gauge at this point indicates
systolic pressure.
A very rapid response to a pathogen, involving antibodies, is a secondary immune reaction. True
t
Adaptive immune defenses provide a defense against a specific infectious agent, while innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action.
t
CH 29 If you see B cells, you know that a humoral response is underway.
t
Colorless urine usually indicates excessive water intake or the ingestion of diuretics.
t
Heterotrophs must eat to obtain some organic compounds.
t
If you detected large amounts of ammonia in mammalian urine, you would know that the mammal in question had serious problems with liver and urinary functions.
t
If you exercised more and more intensely over two months, your heart would be able to pump out more and more blood with each stroke.
t
If you found a giant panda in a hardwood forest in Europe, where no bamboo grows, you would be very surprised since the panda should not have anything to eat there.
t
If you see B cells, you know that a humoral response is underway.
t
In an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's self antigens.
t
The chambers of the heart that push blood to the lungs or body are the ventricles.
t
The human circulatory system transports blood in a one-directional circuit throughout the body.
t
The primary functional unit of a kidney is the nephron.
t
The signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial node.
t
Male athletes who take synthetic steroids can become sterile due to lack of sperm production. This is because of negative feedback on the
testes
Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include
the acidity of the stomach. tear fluid from the eye. an un-punctured skin. mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. All answers are correct.!!!
Morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI (body mass index) of at least
40???
A person can donate blood every two months, platelets every two weeks, and plasma twice a week. In whole blood donation, the blood is collected directly into a bag until it is used in a transfusion. In platelet donation, the platelets are separated from the other blood cells by apheresis and saved; the other blood cells and plasma are injected back into the donor. In plasma donation, blood cells are separated, plasma is removed, and the blood cells are injected back into the donor. A person has a blood type of A. They could receive a whole blood transfusion from which donors?
A or O
Heterotrophs eat to
All answers are correct.????
If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not?
B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion.
Which correctly describes B cells and T cells?
B cells and T cells are lymphocytes. B cells and T cells attack cancerous cells in the body. B cells and T cells attack foreign particles in the body. B cells and T cells are not innate defenses. All answers are correct.!!!
Antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope. An epitope is often just five to six amino acids from a protein on an antigen. Which explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen?
B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen.
If an individual has their gallbladder removed, they are typically put on a low-fat diet. Which of the following would explain this recommendation?
Bile cannot be released following a meal.
The upper respiratory tract is composed of
the nose, pharynx, and larynx.
What effect would drinking salt water have on a human?
Dehydration as the extra salt pulls water out of the blood into the urine.
Birds and mammals are endotherms, meaning they spend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant body temperature. To meet these energy needs, birds and mammals independently evolved four-chambered hearts, completing the separation of oxygen-rich from oxygen-depleted blood. How would this maximize the amount of oxygen reaching tissues?
Diffusion of oxygen from oxygenated blood into tissues would be increased.
A baby turtle growing into an adult that appears similar is an example of
Direct Development
The second stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage.
F, fetal is the last
A major challenge is finding an acceptable bone marrow donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins a person needs. Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient?
If they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign.
Which description is correctly matched with its term? Adaptive immunity—able to defend against any pathogen Innate defenses—unable to fight cancerous cells Adaptive immunity—unable to fight cancerous cells All answers are correct.
Innate defenses—able to defend against any pathogen
You are reading a patient's chart and decide that ovulation has happened. What did the chart show surging to make you think this?
LH
A frog can absorb oxygen through its skin and lungs. Which is an advantage of absorbing oxygen through the lungs?
Lungs have more surface area than the skin.
Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?
Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens.
Why does the surface of the oocyte change when the first sperm cell touches the oocyte?
to prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg
Which of the following STIs is caused by a protist?
trichomoniasis
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene," what is the hygiene hypothesis?
People who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system.
In humans, the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the
uterer
A preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a(n)
vaccine
If you were trying to block an antibody that was causing an autoimmune disease in a patient, in the antibody you would want to find a way to cover and inactivate the
variable region
If a human fetus is _____ and the pregnant woman is _____, an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur.
Rh-positive; Rh-negative
Genital warts are caused by HPV.
T
The causes of PMS are clearly related to hormonal fluctuations, but they are not yet fully understood. Taking antibiotics can disrupt the microbial community of the vagina and create an opportunity for the yeast Candida albicans to cause an infection.
T
The events of the birthing process use positive feedback. The stretching of the cervix during prelabor or stage 1 of labor causes the hypothalamus to trigger the pituitary gland to release the hormone oxytocin, which causes uterine contractions.
T
In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?
The antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney.
Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?
The fetus and mother are not genetically identical.
Which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that cause disease?
The pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system.
A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. Which is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?
The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat.