APUSH All

Kansas' Election and Status

MO residents flood KS and force it to go slave, tarnishing PopSov, free-state members expelled. Both factions seek admission as slave/free

Inchon

MacArthur launches daring attack on Inchon in north, pushing back invaders to 38th parallel

MacArthur vs. Truman

MacArthur unilaterally demands Chinese surrender, wants attack, Truman angry at insubordination & threat of WWIII, fires 4/11/1951

Lowell Offering

Magazine published by female workers at Lowell Mills

Ms. Magazine & Gloria Steinem

Magazine published first in 1972 in support of feminist movement

Decrease in consumer spending

Many consumers bought in installments, debt rises, unsustainable. Wealthy too rich, didn't spend enough (saved) to boost economy

Credit issues

Many farmers need credit to buy seed & tools, when crop prices fall they have no savings and borrow more, debt peonage

Colleges for Blacks and Women

Many land grant colleges accept women from start, but have less rigorous courses, colleges funding by northern groups accept blacks

Realities of Mining

Many miners pile onto claims but few make it rich, more money is found selling goods to miners, large-scale mining leads to widespread erosion

Devaluation, exports & slacking demands

Many nations devalue, raise tariffs to prevent competition at same time, failing to reduce trade barriers, demand falls internationally

Amendment Process

Needed 2/3 majority in both houses of Congress or 2/3 of states requesting, 3/4 of states had to ratify

James Monroe

Negotiator for LA president and 5th president of U.S.

French slavery

New Orleans planters import slaves, some of which join Natchez NAs and rebel, killing many. French stop importing

Republican coalition

Republicans garner support from industrialists in Northeast, Midwest, with farmers, business, and Union army veterans

Republican National Convention

Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln, moderate on slavery

Republican Party Ideology

Republicans opposed slavery because it drove out free labor, immoral, and opposed unrepublican, destructive Slave Power

Battle of the Standards

Republicans support gold as stable base for building confidence, Demos support silver as way out for farmers (loose v. sound $)

Elections of 1866

Repubs "wave bloody shirt", brand Johnson and Demos as traitors and cowards, win 2/3 control of Congress and all northern states

Election of 1964

Repubs & Goldwater oppose gov't programs, allowing LBJ to play a moderate, gets landslide

Election of 1936

Repubs and Alfred Landon can't differentiate from FDR, FDR stirs class conflict, wins landslide

Republican constituencies and positions

Repubs supported by Northern industrialists and wealthy, protestants, reformists, Civil War vets, waved bloody shirt

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions for VA and Y declaring that states had the right to supercede national government when it exceeded its limits

Chesapeake Gentry

Richer individuals had large plantations, lots of slaves, and helped lesser planters. Admired, served as politicians, militia leaders and clergy

David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd (1950)

Riesman condemns conformity, argues '50s Americans are "other-directed", by opinions of their peers

Technology in War

Rifles, artillery, other advances increase engagement range and make warfare more deadly

Young Americans for Freedom

Right-leaning group who opposes liberal college movements as Red, wanted to limit power of Feds, supported Goldwater

Transportation Revolution

Roads, canals and railroads spring up cutting costs of transportation drastically in early-mid 1800s

Regulators

SC vigilante group that filled in for courts, exacted grisly justice on criminals. NC protests against corrupt officials who exploited frontier settlers

Mississippi Freedom Summer

SNCC recruits college students to campaign for voter registration in MI, beaten by police, several murdered

William Henry Seward

Secretary of State 1861-1869, wanted U.S. to gain supremacy thru trade, acquired Alaska and Midway Island to serve as bases, cheap

Elections in the South

Southerners defiantly elect prominent Confederates to Congress, Johnson doesn't call new elections, Repubs vote to exclude them

Southern Fears of Lincoln

Southerners fear Lincoln could coerce border states out of slavery with federal aid, then shut down slavery with const. amendment

Polarized Democratic Party

Demos lose hold of South but win 12 largest cities in 1928, schism between Southern, urban sides of party

Silverites vs. Gold Bugs

Demos split between gold standards & Cleveland, silver standards & William Jennings Bryan, Bryan wins nomination

Democrats on Gov't Power

Demos support limited gov't that would prevent monopolies, special privileges, keep equal playing field while religion and morals should be kept outside of politics

Democratic constituencies and positions

Demos supported by Southern whites, urban poor and immigrants, hands free economic, saved South from Reconstruction

Resettlement Administration

Formed 1935, helped farmers move off of poor lands and into better ones with financial support

Schism of 1840

Dispute over whether women could hold office in AASS splits organization, Garrison supports while Tappan opposes

Land Ordinance of 1785

Divides land into townships with plots sold to buyers

Results of Awakening

Division on radical/moderate lines, some embrace and some shun, radical Baptists dislike old-school Anglicans, Presbytes & Congregs split

Emancipation Proclamation

Effective 1863, freed all slaves in rebelling territories (not border states), excluding about a fifth of slaves in border states

1973 Yom Kippur War

Egypt & Syria launch attack on Israel, Arab nations in OPEC support attack by embargoing Israel's allies (western nations & Japan)

Southern Alliance

Formed in 1875 in TX, Southern chapters of farmers expand, link together, pooled resources, cooperatives garner a million members

Civilian Conservation Corps

Gov't program 1933 employing young men to plant trees, build parks, other conservation activities, employing 2.5 million men in 10 yrs

15th Amendment

Gov't prohibited from denying any citizen from voting, moderates leave loopholes (b/c immigrants) allowing South to disenfranchise blacks. Ratified 1870

New Jersey Plan

Government is kept to a unicameral legislature with each state receiving one vote

Whiskey Ring

Grant's secretary was caught in a ring stealing federal whiskey taxes, and he intervened on his behalf

William Tecumseh Sherman

Grant's subordinate in West, later gained leadership of western armies, led "March to the Sea" in 1864

Force Bill

Grants president power to use military to enforce collection of tariffs in states

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem neighborhood of NYC center of black cultural explosion of arts, music, literature, including Claude McKay, Langston Hughes

Repeal of MO Compromise

Southerners oppose any organization with slavery being prohibited, forcing Douglas to repeal MO compromise as part of KS-NB Act

Role of Movies

Hollywood studios churn out new feature films, mostly adhered to traditional values, mass media affirms faith in popular gov't

Shift in Supreme Court decisions

In 4/1937 court upholds Wagner Act, Social Security despite lots of executive power, FDR makes appointment in late 1937

Robert Kennedy

JFK's attorney general, orders in federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders, becomes more liberal on civil rights during administration

Flexible Response Doctrine

JFK, McNamara favor moving away from MAD's 1st strike, be able to deter, respond to smaller aggression, negotiate

Electoral College

Voters would choose electors to vote for a presidential candidate because the electors would likely be familiar with the candidate

"Peace without victory"

Wilson's proposal to Europe to put down arms with no victor or vanquished or division of spoils of wars, "a peace among equals"

Wilson's 14 points

Wilson's vision of peace includes open diplomacy, free trade, asso. of nations to guarantee peace, sought to end selfish nationalism, war

Penn's compromises

With new settlers, Penn forced to revise charter limiting his own power and giving an elected unicameral assembly full legislative powers

Vietnamization

Nixon's strategy to shift fighting to S. Vietnamese army, offer peace talks, bombing halts to North while also threatening nukes

Extent of black officeholding in South

No black governors, only controlled 1 house of legis in SC, ~20% of state officers and~6% of congressmen were black, underrepresented

Colonial regulations

No coherent trade policy until Nav. Acts of 1660, but many colonists ignored duties and defied royal officials

Unregulated banking system

No gov't agency covered the stock exchanges and banks, allowing for insider trading, stock fraud

Election of 1852

No one wishes to tamper with compromise, Demos & Franklin Pierce beat Whigs & Winfield Scott

Political culture of the 1790s

No publicly acknowledged party system, instead each faction viewed other side as the "wrong side"

New Mexico

Northern Mexico has lot of rancheros and some mining, more densely populated than CA, trades with US

"Conscience Whigs"

Northern Whigs who dislike slavery, do not support Whig candidates such as Taylor b/c they are slaveholders

John Brown

Northern abolitionist who killed three men in Kansas in 1856 and led an attack on Harper's Ferry in 1859

New England Emigrant Aid Society

Northern association that recruited settlers in an effort to keep Kansas free

"Slave Power"

Northerners fear that slaveholders sought to extend their reach over new land and the rest of the country

John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath (1939)

Novel about a family of "Okies" who leave dry homeland, drive west, seeking opportunity in California

Jack Kerouac's On the Road (1957)

Novel based on Kerouac's travels across country, doing drugs, etc. in search of "IT"

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Novel that showcased the brutalities of slavery, drew voters to Republican cause

Panamanian Revolution

Panamanians revolt against Colombian rulers in 1903, US prevents Colombian intervention, agreed on canal with new republic

Panic of 1837 effect on Labor Movement

Panic causes financial crisis, few workers willing to collectively bargain during hard times

Corporate Mergers

Panic of 1893 leads to businesses being bought out by larger competitors, spawning corporate giants in many industries

Omaha Platform

Populists meet in Omaha, NE, in 1892 favor subtreasury plan & loose $, income tax, gov't ownership of comms & RRs, 8 hr workday

Nativism

Post-WWI nativism blooms to counter high rates of immigration from S, E Europe & Mexico, supported by conservative Protestants, AFL

Consumer culture & Advertising

Post-war boost in consumer goods leads to more consumption, leading to more production, lower costs, people began to purchase

Neo-isolationists

Post-war isolationists in Congress, bloc loses support as Red expansion continues, esp. in Czech

Construction Industry

Post-war, construction booms as many cities create skyscrapers, residential construction booms as many move to suburbs

South's Post-war economic transition

Postwar South grows from New Deal, TVA, AC allows business, pros, retirees to move south

Birthrate

Postwar birthrate peaks in 1957, esp. among middle class, despite rising standards of living

Victoria Woodhull

Publisher and presidential candidate for Equal Rights party, publicly advocated for women to be more free lovers

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico becomes U.S. colony with elections, non-voting House rep under Foraker Act, some opposed 2nd-class citizenship

Pullman Strike (1894)

Pullman RR workers strike, convincing ARU to stop servicing cars nationwide, Pres. Cleveland crushes with federal troops

Job growth and rising incomes

Purchasing power increases 20% from 1914-1929, consumer demand for goods continues to drive up demand for labor

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritans found Boston, aiming to set an example to the rest of the world, "city on a hill". Regrouping to assault corruption in church.

Presbyterians

Puritans whose churches were governed by higher ministers

Congregationalists

Puritans whose congregations did their own thing

William Penn

Quaker leader, granted land from Charles II to establish colony and advertised throughout Europe. Administered Pennsylvania from 1681 onwards

Benjamin Lundy

Quaker who owned a Baltimore antislavery paper, Garrison's former boss, supported colonization

Ulysses S. Grant and Western Theater

Quiet, but clearheaded, relentless in battle, coordinated well in West, capturing Confederate river forts, became army chief in East

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

RR workers across nation walk out, riot, destroying $10 mil of property, crushed by militia & troops, 100 dead

Jim Crow politics

Racialism disenfranchises blacks, white supremacy is platform to prevent poor blacks and whites from overthrowing Demos

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Repub's plan, putting Confederate states under military governors, requiring 50% loyalty, kept power to Unionists. Vetoed by Lincoln

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist based in Boston who published his own paper, the Liberator

Utopian Communities

Radical groups tried to withdraw from world and form their own noncompetitive communities

Radical & union unrest

Radical laborers strike many times and bombs sent to or thrown at prominent politicians & businessmen in spring 1919

Track Gauges

Rail networks use different gauges of track, which impedes trade.

Railroads

Rail travel is more reliable, direct, and year-round vs. canals and steamboats, become popular in 1850s

Rebates

Railroad companies secretly give discounts to preferred customers to drop rates below competitiors

Time Zones

Railroad companies unilaterally split country into four time zones in 1883, cities and towns later adopt

Railroads

Railroads are backbone of industrialization, stimulating various industries, lower transportation costs, new management techniques

Government Aid

Railroads are dependent on it in low-capital West, Whigs favor railroads as internal improvements

Railroads

Railroads expand in 1840s and 50s, provide big trade boost and integrate isolated communities into nat'l market. West favors railroads to East over Mississippi to South

Railroad Problems

Railroads faced operating costs & debt, too many rails built, faced competition with other lines, many go bankrupt

Railroad Effects on Local Economies

Railroads link remote communities, allowing them to buy manufactured goods and market their own far away

Lack of political loyalty

Reforms disrupted political machines and static party loyalties, media weakens consistent voter support for parties

Empowerment of "other" Americans

Reforms open doors for minorities, "others" but pluralism fragments the nation's various blocs, reform had reached high water mark

Continental Regulars vs. Militia

Regulars are full-time, disciplined but lack supplies and pay, militiamen preferred not to enlist and to defend their own homes

Quakers

Religious group big on egalitarian treatment, did not swear oaths, go to war, believed that all shared the "Light Within". Faced persecution.

Revivalism

Religious revival driven by converts from middle class, who used it to cope with tensions, uncertainties of life in market economy

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival in 1790s-1830s, massive efforts by Protestant churches to send missionaries into frontier and preach

Jacob Riis & How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Reporter photographs lives of impoverished Americans, creating awareness about the poor and attacking excesses of industrialism

CIA spying & assassinations

Reports of CIA abuses, spying on Americans, killing foreign leaders, Senate establishes committees to watch intelligence operations

Carpetbaggers

Repub-voting Northerners who moved to the South "with belongings stuffed into carpetbags", South alleges they were plundering lands

Elections of 1874

Republicans battered by economy, corruption issues, lose 77 seats in Congress and control of House, begin cutting Reconst loose

Republican Motherhood

Republicans believed that women should be educated and resourceful, and able to raise ideal republican citizens

Slave Power

Republicans contended that the rich planter class was influencing politics (e.g. KS) and sought to destroy liberties of northern whites

Election of 1876

Repubs and Hayes vs. Demos & Tilden, Tilden clearly wins pop vote but SC, FL, LA are disputed, ruled towards Hayes giving him electoral advantage

Election of 1896

Repubs and McKinley defeat Bryan and Demos & Populists, through massive modern campaign tactics, signalled end of political logjam

Midterm Elections of 1938

Repubs catch FDR off balance & conserv. Demos revolt, New Deal lacked power in Congress to continue

Ethnic and religious factors in politics

Repubs sought to reform, evangelize, restrict immigration, attracting white Protestants, Demos didn't care as much, immigrants support

Radical Republicans

Strongly anti-slavery Repubs who wanted to reform the South completely, thought Lincoln's 10% plan was too lenient

Oneida Community

Strove for human perfection, allowed polyamorous relationships and "scientifically" selected couples to have children

James II

Stuart, more Catholic than Charles II and was disliked in England, replaced by William and Mary

English consittution

Supposedly gave every man a vote and strapped power of monarch and ministers, but bribery was rampant in Parliament. Colonists feel like they executed it better

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court case that deemed the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thereby establishing judicial review.

Warren Court

Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren turns most conservative branch of gov't into liberal powerhouse with several key decisions

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

Supreme Court justice from 1902, believed that law had to be interpreted according to a dynamic, evolving society

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

Supreme Court rules "all-white" primaries unconstitutional (primary victor ran unopposed), giving blacks shot at the vote

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Supreme Court rules Dred Scott is still a slave, African Americans had no rights as non-citizens, Congress was not allowed to ban slavery from anywhere

Granger Cases & Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Supreme Court rules IL can regulate private property (if devoted to public use), and railroads within state lines, establishes oversight

U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)

Supreme Court rules Sherman Act only applicable to corporations in "trade or commerce", excluding all but transportation companies

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Supreme Court rules that President must turn over tapes (no nat'l security tricks), giving "smoking gun" of Nixon's involvement

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Edu (1971)

Supreme Court rules that busing, balancing ratios, redrawing school district lines are legal means of achieving integration

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Supreme Court rules that theaters, hotels, railroads, etc. are private institutions, and the 14th amendment doesn't apply to them (only public)

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Supreme Court says free speech can be restricted during times of war, upholding conviction of Socialist leader opposing draft

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Supreme Court strikes Georgia state legislature's law passed to break a contract

Butler vs. United States (1936)

Supreme Court strikes down AAA, US gov't can't regulate agriculture, instead law passed to pay farmers for "practicing conservation"

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)

Supreme Court strikes down MA toll bridge's implied monopoly, stating free bridge was in public's interest, helped support equality of opportunity

Abortion & Roe v. Wade (1973)

Supreme Court strikes down state laws against abortion, maternal deaths decline, but conservatives & religious oppose

Schecter Poultry Co. v. United State (1935)

Supreme Court unanimously rules NRA's attempt to regulate corp. exclusively inside NY is overstepping "interstate commerce" power

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Supreme Court upholds gov't relocation program as wartime necessity

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme court upholds segregation in Southern schools, condemning blacks to poorer education in neglected black schools

Blacklisting

Suspected Communists were banned from working @ many Hollywood studios, even if falsely accused, no clearing name

Tennessee Valley Authority

TN river valley public works project to provide employment while building dams to prevent flooding, generate power in poor region

RR regulation

TR & Congress strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission, favoring their regulation rather than their breakup

TR's New Nationalism

TR adopts hardcore progressive reform, wanting consolidation in economy, gov't to protect public interest, welfare, social justice laws

Progressive "Bull Moose" Party

TR defects from Repubs after Taft manipulates nomination, effective third party, beats Taft, looses to Wilson

"Walk softly and carry a big stick"

TR invoked this proverb in diplomacy with many nations, but not with Caribbean and Latin American neighbors

TR and race

TR is pragmatic, seeking racial tolerance to build political coalition with Southern blacks, reputation tarnished with Brownsville incident

Treaty of Portsmouth

TR mediates Russians and Japanese in Portsmouth, NH, settling conflict, ceding Russian land to Japan, TR wins 1906 Nobel Prize

Roosevelt Corollary

TR's addition to Monroe Doctrine, claims right to intervene directly in Latin American nations with poor finances, used on several nations

McCarthy & Army

TV channels show McCarthy acting crazy & badgering Army in hearings, popularity slides along w/ Red Scare, censured 1954

Television

TV viewership booms, 46 mil sets by 1960, new way to advertise, entertain, spread political awareness

Taft's Accomplishments

Taft does protect land, adopt safety standards, create federal Children's Bureau, finally throws weight behind income tax

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft favors private investment to promote economic stability and force nations to stay close to US, tied to unpopular regimes, corps

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

Tariff hike protects US from foreign goods but retaliatory tariffs choke off European markets, reduce US sales

"Big Four" and attitudes towards peace

US & Wilson find UK & George, FR & Clemenceau, IT & Orlando are eager to see Germany crushed, disarmed, spoils divided

Israel's statehood

US 1st to recognize State of Israel, winning him bilateral applause in Congress and Jewish votes in 1948 election

Rise of bureaucracy/gov't control

US becomes a modern bureaucratic state with hundreds of federal agencies and many employees to coordinate w/ business during war

Battle of Midway

US carriers decisively defeat Japanese fleet 6/1942, knocking out 4 carriers, turning point of Pacific war

U.S. entry into WWI

US declares war on 4/6/1917 after repeated U-boat attacks add to tensions, resolution opposed by several members of Congress

George Kennan

US diplomat in Moscow, familiar with Soviet conduct, favored containment to resist Red expansion

Nixon Doctrine

US foreign policy stating it would not fight every battle for world peace, offloading to regional allies e.g. Japan, S. Africa

1944 Bretton Woods summit

US heads up creation of IMF & World Bank in 1944, to promote worldwide trade, stimulate growth w/ regulation & investment.

Khrushchev's letter on Turkey

US must remove missiles from Turkey to end Cuba crisis, JFK ignores, later agrees privately, looks good for "standing up" to Reds

Battle of Coral Sea

US navy stops Japanese approaching Port Moresby, New Guinea, 5/1942, forcing them to turn back

Treaty of Paris (1973)

US recognizes N. Vietnam's gov't, withdraws all forces, N. Vietnam releases PoWs, US agrees to give aid to rebuild N. Vietnam

U.S. economic ties

US trades with primarily Britain and France, war increases those ties as they buy supplies. Ties with Central Powers weak, blockaded

Futility of guerilla war

US troops find themselves razing towns in order to remove Vietcong, some question purpose of saving people by burning their homes

"Body Counts"

US uses # of enemy killed to measure success in guerilla war, but count often included civilians massacred by angry US troops

The bomb & Soviet diplomacy

US uses A-bomb to end Japanese war quickly but also potentially to frighten USSR in post-war negotiations

Diplomacy and Conferences

US, UK, USSR begin meeting to discuss postwar arrangements at various venuse beginning 1943

Fall of Eastern Europe

USSR moves into Hungary 1947, topples Czech gov't 1948, both moderate & democratically elected, consolidates power in E. Europe

Greece

USSR supports local Communists in bloody civil war against Greek monarch

Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan

Union plan to "strangle" the Confederacy by surrounding it with land and sea blockades and deprive it of resoruces

Women and labor

Women enter workforce en masse 1900-30, attitudes change postwar after women have done many of men's jobs

Women's Political Status

Women had no vote, impairing their ability to affect reform as it wet political, begin to push for suffrage

Frontier women

Women had to endure loneliness and hard work

Sisterhood

Women have common sense of identity and shared experience that leads to tight bonds and helps sustain reform movements

Women on the Overland Trail

Women have to care for children, cook, wash, but now have to stand guard and drive cattle

Expansion of women's sphere

Women increasingly find that protection of their sphere- children, housekeeping, education, increasingly requires moving beyond it

Media images of women

Women often portrayed as domesticated housewives or sex objects, media promotes women relying on husbands

Women and Democratic Party

Women play more integral role in 1936 Democratic convention, women use "mouth-to-mouth" campaign for FDR

Equal Rights Amendment

Women push for constitutional amendment, support is strong but fails as some oppose loss of exemption for women (maternity leave)

Women in the 1950s

Women return back to housewife status, drive family around, run errands thru car, women get jobs, middle-class women begin getting education

Success & Failures of Unions

Workers divided among race lines, fear retaliation, unions unable to get much of wage increase or other improvement

Working conditions

Workers faced dangerous conditions, long hours, menial tasks, low wages, long hours, rarely compensation

Ways workers sought to retain control

Workers observe holidays, took time off, slowed down, walked off the job in search of better conditions

Strikes

Workers walk off jobs, often organized by both unionized and non-unionized workers

Leisure

Working and middle class begin to gain free time as job hours reduced, form of leisure also is separated by class

Saloons

Working-class men got drinks, chatted, etc. at "workingmen's clubs"

Midcentury foreign policy

World is in a stalemate, divided by Iron Curtain in Europe and in Asia between US & "free world" and USSR & "communist bloc", US tries to contain USSR

Global economic realities

World tied to each other economically (esp. Europe & debts to US), crash hurts trade, protective measures worsen world's condition

United Nations

Worldwide peacekeeping org with General Assembly, 11-member Security Council, 1st meeting held @ San Francisco 4/1945

The Almighty Dollar

Writer Washington Irving coins term in 1836 to describe American obsession with materialism

Expatriates

Writers rebelling against American life flee to London & Paris, e.g. T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald

Nixon's Silent Majority

Nixon believes he is representative for "silent majority" of average citizens, as opposed to vocal minority of student protesters

August 1971 wage & price freezes

Nixon breaks from conservatives, adopts deficit budget for growth, froze wages & prices to stop inflation, good for silent majority

1972 Renewed bombing campaign

Nixon fails to negotiate settlement with North, orders more bombing instead of US troops, sustained bombing fails

1970 invasion of Cambodia

Nixon orders raids into Cambodia to destroy N. Viet supply depots, widening of war prompts massive protests in 5/1970

Richard Nixon & "Checkers" Speech

Nixon revealed to have "slush fund" from donors, on TV portrays himself as ordinary, he'd be keeping dog "Checkers"

Environmental Protection Agency

Nixon sense environment is big issue, creates EPA in 1970 to unify multiple gov't agencies handling pollution & environmental policy

Philadelphia Plan & Affirmative Action

Nixon uses LBJ rule giving gov't funding only if contractors used affirmative action, causing anger among white unions

Impoundment

Nixon uses tactic against Congressional bills to refuse spending money on bills he opposed, Congress says it's unconstitutional

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's Nat'l Security Adviser, Sec. of State, pursued ends secretly, helped with detente w/ USSR, opening diplo. channels w/ China

1969 Woodstock Music Festival

400k people attend 3-day rock festival in Bethel, NY with music, drugs, celebrating promise of peace, love, freedom

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

"Buffalo Bill" Cody, well-known army scout, creates Western show with cowboys, Indians, etc., creating American Western stereotype for outside world

Ben Franklin

"Enlightenment man" of America, invented franklin stove, lightning rod, etc.

General Zachary Taylor

"Old Rough and Ready", was deployed to Rio Grande to provoke Mexicans, fought in the war. Future president.

Charles Coughlin

"Radio Priest" blames bankers (and Jewish) for manipulating money and crashing, proposes inflation, nat'lizing banks

Pledge of Allegiance

"Under God" added to Pledge b/c cold war fervor

James Madison

4th president, 1808-1820, brilliant but not a strong leader

couriers de bois

"runners in the woods", French frontiersmen who lived and traded with natives

Defense Budget

$7 billion in 1947, jumps to $50 billion by 1950

Committee of 15

5 members from House, Senate, and Supreme Court form electoral commission, vote 8-7 along party lines in favor of Hayes

TV Debates

10/1960 debates between Nixon, JFK televised, JFK looked better, more confident while Nixon sweated, had 5 o'clock shadow

Benjamin Montgomery

A black former slave who took control of the Davis plantations in 1866, renting land out to other black farmers

Chivington Massacre at Sand Creek

11/1864 700 Colorado militia under Col. John Chivington massacre over 150 friendly Cheyenne, drawing anger from many tribes

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

13 countries, including 7 Arab nations & Iran form oil union, which supplies US' booming energy appetite

School desegregation

15 yrs after Brown v. Board of Edu districts still segregated, court orders immediate deseg, supports school busing

Movement of US pop. during war

15+ mil move during war, many blacks leave South for city jobs, Mexican farm workers return to Southwest, rural Appalachians travel to Detroit

Unrest in Chesapeake

1660s and 70s experience decline in conditions as tobacco prices drop and tariffs crush small planters. Assembly curbs political rights of landless men, trying to keep power out of the dissatisfied.

Bank Holiday

3/5/1933 (day after inauguration) FDR closes all banks for 4 days, waiting for Congress to pass banking legislation

Rural Electrification Admin

1935 REA begins spreading electricity to rural areas, 90% of farms have electricity by 1950

U-2 incident

1960 USSR shoots down U-2 and captures pilot Gary Powers, Ike forced to admit US was spying

Berlin Crisis

1961 Khrushchev wishes to stop East Germans escaping thru Berlin, JFK can't stop him, 8/1961 concrete wall splits Berlin into 2

Vatican II and American Catholics

1962 Pope John XXIII calls ecumenical council, turn Church focus to current events, cut down on traditions, US priests become more active for reform

Pentagon Papers

1971 Daniel Ellsberg, a White House aid, leaks document about escalation in Vietnam, lies to public from LBJ years

Battle of Shiloh

4/6/'62, fierce battle at TN river where Union wins at heavy cost of over 23k casualties

Jamestown

1st English colony, suffers from disease (settling in a swamp) and lack of motivation or skill to work or plant crops. 60/500 original settlers survive thru Starving Time of 1609-1610

Louis Brandeis in Supreme Court

1st Jewish justice, appointed 1916, also aggressive reformer in contrast to Wilson's more hands-off agenda

Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913

1st downward revision of tariff in 19 years, represented Wilson's attack on protection of big business

James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales

5-novel series describes the clash between nature's nobility and innocence and civilization's speed and destructive nature

D-day

6/6/1944 Allied forces land on Normandy, France, open up 2nd front and push towards Germany

Role of Radio

9/10 families own radio, commercialized w/ advertising, shows, music, pop culture spreads further over airwaves

Battle of Antietam

9/17/'62, Lee's invading army is intercepted by McClellan, who fails to defeat him despite outnumbering, bloodiest day in war, 23k casualties in 7 hrs

"Consensus"

A general agreement in American cultures based on the values of the broad middle class

Ghost Dance

A pan-Indian religious revival in 1890 with a strange dance promising the revival of fallen Indians and a return to pre-White times

Miscegnation

A plantation mistress bears an illegitimate child with a male slave, and faced lots of social stigma

Land Ordinance of 1787

A territory has an appointed governor and can apply for statehood with Congress at 60k people

Foreign investment in railroads

A third of all RR stocks owned by Europeans in 1898, due to creation of worldwide financial networks

Treaty of Paris (1783)

British cut colonies lose, give Americans land up to Mississippi, signed September 1783

Jefferson's Economic Policy

Abolished whiskey tax, downsized military, kept funding and assumption, levied tariffs, kept Bank of US

Geography of Abolition

Abolition was strong in areas with New Englanders and among young or rural people, some of whom were converted

David Walker

Abolitionist and activist who urged slaves to rebel against bondage in Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)

Elijah Lovejoy

Abolitionist in IL lynched by a pro-slavery mob

Position of Sec. of State Dean Acheson

Acheson favors focus on Europe vs. Asia, Europe was larger part of "collective security"

Emergency Banking Act of 1933

Act allows sound banks to reopen w/ gov't support while troubled banks were put under federal control, increases confidence in banks

Emergency Relief & Construction Act (1932)

Act authorizes RFC to lend money for public works projects, but not nearly enough money

Catherine Beecher

Advocate of domesticity, stated that women were moral guardians of the future and that they had to care for their household

New careers for women in 1920s

Aesthetic jobs at beauty parlors as well as librarians, education, social work employ many women

United Mine Workers

Affiliate coal miners' union of AFL headed by John Lewis, increased in membership after FDR's election

Internal African slave trade

African tribes raid enemies and sell captives to Europeans, build up wealth from trading w/ Europe

Seasoning

Africans, not used to American disease, suffered in their first year and died often in the first year, 25% mortality rate

Urbanization

After 1820s cities explode especially in Northeast due to improved transportation and less efficient farms

Sussex Pledge

After French steamer Sussex sunk in March 1916, Germany pledges to drop submarine warfare, faced with consequences from Wilson

French Participation

After Saratoga, Ben Franklin convinces French to enter an alliance in February 1778

Nuclear arms race

After USSR detonates their nuke in 1946, race is on with US to produce more potent weapons

19th Amendment (1920)

After WWI amendment is finally ratified allowing women to vote in nat'l elections

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty & Hotline

After crisis JFK negotiates w/ USSR to ban all aboveground nuclear testing, establish direct hotline to Kremlin for crises

Ida B. Wells

After friends were lynched she began educating Americans on lynching, formed Nat'l Asso. of Colored Women in 1896

Age of the Common Man

Age when politics began to enter the common man's life, with political rallies and parties becoming common

Successes and Failuers of Freedman's Bureau

Agents encouraged written contracts between planters and laborers, sometimes protecting laborers from unfair treatment, but also arrested deserting laborers, agents are mixed in their treatment

Mayflower Compact

Agreement that established democratic government for Plymouth, with a governor and assistants

Southern lack of urbanization

Agricultural profits keep many out of cities, 10% urban pop., New Orleans is only significant city

Agrarian Values

Agricultural society kept people honest, virtuous while cities encouraged speculation, greed, luxury

Demon Rum

Alcohol consumption peaks in early 20th century, avg 2+ gallons per person, saloons controlled by political bosses

Jackson's Bank Veto

Biddle applies for BUS recharter in 1832, Congress passes recharter bill but Jackson vetoes

Equal Rights Amendment

Alice Paul & Nat'l Women's Party propose amendment guaranteeing equal conditions for both genders, but would lose women's benefits

Factors unifying the South

All of South has agricultural economy based on slave labor, which affects their culture and livelihoods profoundly

Ocala Demands

Alliance at Ocala, FL demand gov't correct abuses of industry and banking, abolish nat'l bank, lower tariffs, regulate RRs, loose $

1944 Dumbarton Oaks summit

Allies meet to set up United Nations as worldwide peacekeeping & diplomatic organization

Mandatory education laws

Almost all states outside of South have education laws by 1900, education reform occurs as cities blossom post-Civil War

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Andrew Jackson leads American regulars, militia, various other forces and soundly defeats much larger British army

War Labor Board

Established 1942 to arbitrate any labor disputes to prevent strikes that would cripple war effort

Jacksonian Democracy- how democratic?

Although politics were a part of many men's lives, women, free blacks, Indians, and slaves still could not vote

American visions of Empire

America has more and more commercial ties abroad, which leads to desire to control events, spread Manifest Destiny overseas

Shifting international scene

America needs more raw materials to fuel its industry, bringing it into increasing competition with European imperial powers

Transcendentalism

American Romantic movement that emphasized connection with nature in order to rise above the material world and its institutions

Equality of opportunity

American belief that there should be equal opportunity for success instead of equal condition and wealth

American population growth

American birthrate is massive until about 1830 when immigration takes over

Nisei

American citizens of Japanese descent, still faced deportation despite no evidence of spying

Life of GIs

American soldiers do less fighting than marching, suffered from disease, lived in foxholes

Alice Paul & Nat'l Women's Party

American suffragist who adopted British protest tactics, protests and picketing during Wilson's tenure got her imprisoned, but effective

African- vs. American-born slaves

American-born slaves knew English, interacted with masters better, got married easier, often Christian. Africans unfamiliar and sometimes didn't like their American counterparts

Mexican

Americans & Asian-Americans at war-Latinos & Asians seek to fight for country and also for their own citizenship, improving their own status post-war

Oregon Territory

Americans and British jointly control OR since 1818, which extends up to 54 40 latitude.

Free Market

Americans are tied to more and more people in different places by the free market

Mexican-American War

Americans attacked on 5/9/'46, Mexico is unable to handle American forces and Indian enemies, surrenders by 1848

"Fragging"

Angry GIs in Vietnam attack overzealous commanding officers with fragmentation grenades

Fall of Saigon

April 1975 Saigon falls to N. Viet, Ford failed to get aid to SE Asia as public not onboard, Americans evacuated

Suburbs

Area outside of cities that is populated quickly by postwar middle class

Stono Rebellion of 1739

Around 100 slaves steal arms and kill several whites before suppressed

Florence Kelley & Nat'l Consumer's League

As chairman of league she organized boycotts of companies treating workers inhumanely, pushed for 8-hr workdays for women

Speed ups/stretch outs

As competition increased mills sped up machinery and assigned more machines to a single worker

Colonial governments

Assemblies often kept tabs on royal governors and defended their powers, esp. taxation. Hard to bribe as most members were watchful

Powers of Colonial Assemblies

Assemblies protected their rights from royal governors such as that of taxation (reserved for elected assembly)

Freeport Doctrine

At Freeport, IL debate Douglas states that slavery can only exist under protection of law, and that if people refused to pass a slave code owners would not bring slaves there

Laundresses Strike

Atlanta laundresses (mostly black) walk off in 1881, demanding better wages in, creating Washing Society

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Attempt to alter Dartmouth's charter is struck down, indirectly protecting many corporations which also use charters

Temperance Movement

Attempt to bring down alcohol consumption, at first led by clergy but is appealing to all who wanted to advance themselves, highly effective

A. Mitchell Palmer's Raids

Attorney General is bombed, uses federal troops to round up, jail, deport suspected Commun/Social/Anarchists in 1919-1920

National Bank & Panic of 1819

BUS fuels panic when it U-turns on financial policy, cutting loans quickly and causing state banks to start foreclosing

Bank of the United States

Bank holds government deposits, issues banknotes on American debt

Dawes Plan (1924)

Banker Charles G. Dawes lowers German reparations, loans to Germany, who pays Europe, who repays US for reduced war debts

Boom and Bust Cycles

Banking system often unable to distribute capital, supply sometimes outstripped demand, leading to regular depression years

Investment banks and railroads

Banks funded and advised RR companies, often taking control during bad times, helping to absorb smaller lines, cut competition

Economic independence for African Americans

Blacks need land and tools to support themselves economically in order to truly be "free" as opposed to slave-like sharecroppers

Land reform and its fate

Blacks need land for eco. independence, Radicals advocate confiscating land from Confeds, but Congress rejects, against American values of property rights

Barbary Pirates

Barbary corsairs initially bribed by Adams to not raid shipping, Jefferson declares war on them in 1801

Spectator sports

Baseball, football, boxing grow in popularity, leagues and clubs form as viewership increases in cities from people of many classes

Bunker Hill

Battle fought in June 1775, rebels holding a hill in Charlestown are dislodged only after 3 British attacks and hundreds of casualties

Black Migrations

Blacks often remain in rural areas during Depression, face equally poor conditions in both cities and fields

African Americans in the War

Blacks were not allowed to serve, in case they sided with British. Many slaves join British while others use war to flee

Pan-American Conference (1889)

Blaine persuades Latin American countries to join trade union and lower tariffs, threatening embargo on nations that didn't

Native Americans during Revolution

Caught in crossfire, most natives often changed sides or were forced to flee their homelands to escape warfare

Unions

Before Civil War were primarily local craftworker's groups, began to organize after war

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

Blamed for shaking confidence by shrinking gold reserves to buy silver, repealed in 1894 by Cleveland, deflation makes things worse

Coolidge & Business

Believed business was service to society, respect for businessmen increases and business seen as responsible for bringing prosperity

Shakers

Believed in hard work, celibacy, gave women equal rights, communally owned property, very ordered daily life

Mormons

Believed that Jesus had come to the U.S., and that they had to restore an ancient church. Supported hard work and self control, but was also theocratic and support polygamy

Great Compromise

Ben Franklin proposes compromise, Senate has equal representation while House has proportional representation, has sole right to draft budgets

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin proposes that all colonies united to help defend each other, but no delegate accepts proposal

Baruch Plan

Bernard Baruch proposes UN atomic agency that far favors US, not willing to bargain with USSR for disposing, fuelling arms race

Improvements in Stability

Better production = better health, more women = families beginning to form. 15k colonists by 1650

Pro-slavery Arguments

Bible doesn't condemn slavery, Greeks and Romans used slavery, slave's standard of living "better" than northern worker's

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Birmingham AL police chief, unleashed riot police, attack dogs, and fire hoses on civil rights demonstrators

Bison and Railroads

Bison's annual migratory patterns disrupted by railroad lines

Black Panthers & Huey Newton

Black Panther party in Oakland, CA arms against police harassment, leader Huey Newton is jailed after gunfight with police in 1967

Mary McLeod Bethune

Black administrator of NYA, formerly sharecropper's daughter & founder of Bethune-Cookman College

Freedom Summer

Black and white activists continued voting drive in summer 1965, prompting LBJ to pass Voting Rights Act

Rosa Parks

Black civil rights activist who was arrested in December 1955 after refusing to give up seat for white rider on bus, triggering Montgomery bus boycott

Robert Weaver

Black economist serving in FDR administration

Miami Confederation Resistance

Blue Jacket and Little Turtle defeat two American attempts to displace Miamis in OH River Valley in 1790s

War Industries Board & Bernard Baruch

Board led by Baruch coordinates production of war goods thru trade, industrial associations, made contracts, threatened takeovers

War Production Board

Board which could allocate resources, organize factories in any way possible for national defense

Board of Trade

Body that regulated trade and tried to prevent smuggling in colonies

Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique (1963)

Book protesting that culture did not allow women to fulfill potential as human beings, sparking women's rights movement

Michael Harrington's The Other America (1962)

Book showing poverty's persistence in rural Appalachia despite general prosperity, prompts LBJ to launch programs fighting poverty

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962)

Book warning about dangers of DDT and other insectisides

"Boomers" & "Sooners"

Boomers scramble to settle on OK territory (formerly Indian, last unsettled) opened in April 1889, Sooners jumped gun, hid out until then

Venezuelan Dispute

Border dispute with British Guiana is mediated by Cleveland and U.S. under Monroe Doctrine, U.K. concedes to keep relations with U.S.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

British and U.S. settle territorial disputes in ME and MN

Elijah Muhammad

Born Elijah Poole, est.s Black Muslims in Detroit 1931, favored black nat'lism, Islamic faith, self-discipline, all-black nation

Father Divine

Born George Baker, founded religious cult in Harlem 1930s, opened shelters for both blacks and whites

George Washington Plunkitt

Boss of a Manhattan city ward and a leader of Tammany Hall political machine

Crude Welfare System

Bosses distributed food, jobs, other favors in exchange for votes, more effective than private philanthropy

Bosses as entrepreneurs

Bosses often rose from the bottom, organizing their machine like a corporation with chains of management

Dorothea Dix

Boston teacher who advocated for state-supported mental asylums, documented horrors of the mentally ill

Slavery and Politics

Both Whigs and Democrats try to avoid anti-slavery discussion for fear of losing Southern votes

Taiwan and China

Brinksmanship leads China to threaten an invasion of Taiwan in 1955, Ike deploys 7th Fleet into Taiwan Strait to protect, threatening nuclear retaliation

British naval blockade

Britain mines and blockades waters of Germany, Wilson protests right to trade by neutral power but can't break it, drops issue

Henry Clinton

British general that replaced William Howe, led British on a wild chase through South

British Invasion

British invade Chesapeake, burn DC and repulsed Fort McHenry, invade South, beaten at New Orleans

Charleston

British lay siege to the city, which falls in May 1780

Lusitania

British liner carrying munitions and passengers torpedoed in May 1915, 128 Americans die, Wilson reprimands Germany

Saratoga

British march down from Canada and are stopped at Saratoga, sustaining heavy losses in September 1777 and forced to surrender in October

Herbert Spencer

British philosopher who applied Darwin's theories of evolution and competition to society

Impressment

British ships force American sailors to serve in their navy

Yorktown

British under Cornwallis fortify peninsula near Yorktown, VA, and are surrounded by Washington and French army and navy, surrender in October 1781

Victoriano Huerta

Brutal Mexican general not recognized by Wilson, who funded rival Carranza to overthrow Huerta

William Jennings Bryan's Resignation

Bryan decried double standard, wanted heavy protests on both U-Boats & trade blockades, resigns from Wilson's cabinet

"Cross of Gold" Speech

Bryan supports silver, "not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold", brilliant speech wins him nomination

Buchanan's Presidency

Buchanan takes Southern stance on sectional issues, rocked by KS issue, Dred Scott decision

Union gains

By 1940 33% workers in union, both skilled & unskilled workers have voice, women and blacks also join, unions remained strong force

Hawks & Doves

By 1966 politicians split into 2 camps, Hawks (most) want to beat Reds & preserve US prestige, Doves (often Blacks) oppose war

McNamara's Defection

By 1967 McNamara is struggling to quantify war's success and skeptical of results, loses faith in war and resigns

Zoot suiters

CA persecutes Hispanic men w/ Harlem hipster dress, all-white city gov'ts believe it to be asymbol of crime, riots occur in 6/1943

Mendez et al. v. Westminister School District (1947)

CA school districts ordered to integrate Latino students

Congress of Industrial Organizations

CIO founded 1935 by John Lewis & heads of other unions who walk out from AFL, mostly unskilled workers

William Gilpin

CO gov that believed that West could support a million people, and that "rain would follow the plow" allowing the land to be farmed

Freedom Riders

CORE organizes group of black, white activists on a bus ride to South in 5/1961, attract nat'l attention as group is attacked by southern rioters

Congress of Racial Equality

CORE uses nonviolent resistance of Gandhi, boycotts & picketing to try push for desegregation

Voter registration drives

CORE, SNCC focus on voter registration, thought to be less provocative- riots still continue, SNCC workers attacked, killed

Maryland

Calvert family founds it in 1632 with absolute authority, friends got estates, tenants had to pay small rent fees. VA dislikes Catholic family and competition

Coode's Rebellion

Calvert family monopolizing political office and hoarding power, John Coode leads army and captures governor in 1689, brings case to England where Calverts lose their charter

predestination

Calvinist belief that by acting like a saint, you would be part of the "Elect" that would free Earth from Satan

Puritans

Calvinists who want the Anglican church purified of Catholic rituals, faced persecution from Stuarts

Thomas Hooker

Cambridge, MA minister who is more liberal than Puritans on church membership, established Connecticut

Erie Canal

Canal connecting Lake Erie to Hudson River at Albany, massive construction project that greatly lowered cost of transportation

Panama Canal

Canal in Isthmus of Panama drastically cutting Atlantic-Pacific travel time, constructed at TR's will in Panama in 1906

Philadelphia

Captured in fall of 1777, British again create hostile feelings during their occupation

Automobile Industry

Car industry booms post-war, 1 per 5 pop in 1929, driving many material industries, cheap & mass-produced, led to car culture

Peace movement in US

Carnegie donated $10 mil for peace movement, Addams, Gilman, etc. form Women's Internat'l League for Peace & Freedom

Reasons behind Carnegie's success

Carnegie is opportunistic, aware of tech advances, had skilled subordinates, ruthless competitor and cost-cutter, expanded

Indian Slave Trade

Carolina settlers initiate slave wars and raids on Spanish Florida that engulf the region, leading to native backlash

Automobile culture

Cars become part of American life, with roadside shops, restaurants, movie theaters, everyone drives

Sugar

Cash crop introduced by Dutch, leads to massive cultivation, sugar islands, slaves, English form SC to farm rice to feed slaves on Barbados.

Parochial schools

Catholic immigrants begin expanding their church-run schools in 1884

"Hyphenated Americans"

Catholic immigrants, Jewish, Hispanics, Blacks all flock to JFK, putting him over the edge

Carrie Chapman Catt's Winning Plan & NAWSA

Catt, as president of NAWSA, organizes grassroots campaign to get suffrage state by state, slowly, from West at first

Birmingham, AL

Center of southern iron industry, made iron pipes, iron is poor and locally-based TCI is sold to Northern company

Southern Industry

Centered around Southern agricultural products, grows quickly but not comparable with

John Collier

Chair of Bureau of Indian Affairs 1933, hiring Indians, clearing bureau's corruption, built Indian schools, put Indians in CCC

Cesar Chavez & United Farm Workers

Chavez organizes Latino migrant workers to create UFW union in 1963, lead strikes, use nonviolent demonstration tactics of MLK

"Streetcar suburbs"

Cheap cost of streetcar transport means middle class begins moving out of city, using streetcars for transit

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Cherokee claim that Georgia laws do not apply to them, Supreme Court agrees with them but Jackson does not enforce, Cherokee expelled anyways

Cherokee Society

Cherokee create a written language, adopt constitution, establish plantation and buy slaves, imitate white cultuer

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

Cheyenne chiefs who defeated Custer and later were captured by U.S. army as tribe attempted to flee to Canada

1968 Democratic Nat'l Convention

Chicago Mayor Richard Daley uses riot police to attack antiwar demonstrators in front of live TV, Hubert Humphrey (pro-war) wins

"Chicago School" & Louis Sullivan

Chicago architect group & Sullivan rebuild Chicago with towering, beautiful skyscrapers

Memorial Day Massacre

Chicago police fires on striking steel workers Memorial Day 1937, 10 are killed

Powhatan Confederacy

Chief Powhatan leads a group of 30 Native American villages and other tribes

James Madison

Chief Republican strategist and politician

Eugene Debs

Chief of ARU, imprisoned under court order during Pullman strike, became leader of Socialist Party

Chief Joseph

Chief of peaceful Nez Perce, fled homeland in Snake River to Canada, stopped by U.S. Army miles away from Canadian border

Fourteenth Amendment

Civil Rights & Freedmen's legis, bans some Confeds from holding office, Congress has right to reduce power of states that didn't have impartial male suffrage. Ratified 1868

George Armstrong Custer

Civil War and Indian campaign vet, led an expedition into Black Hills, killed by Indians at Little Bighorn

Veterans' benefits

Civil War veterans lobby for pensions, getting up to 157 mil annually, almost half of federal budget, precursor to "welfare state"

Soul Music

Civil rights, rising black social & political consciousness leads to music that expresses black pride, separatism, blues themes

Atomic Energy Commission

Civilian agency created 1946 to control all nuclear materials (civ. and mil.), but armed services lobby against, still in control of backend

The Draft

Civilians drafted into army, mostly blue-collar white youth, blacks, Latinos that were literate but not in college

Election of 1844

Clay (Whigs) vs. James K. Polk (Demos) vs. James Birney (Liberty), Clay U-turns on Texas issue, Northern Whigs leave him for Birney

Tom Johnson

Cleveland mayor who pioneered gas & water socialism in Cleveland in 1901

Loyalists

Colonists that supported the King, centralized around New York and Carolinas

Village hierarchy

Colony has legislative body (e.g. MA's General Court) with governor, elected bicameral legislature, mostly with white men getting the vote

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of UN forces in Korea, beat back North Korea but called for attacks on China, getting him fired by Truman in 1951

George Washington

Commander-in-chief of Continental Army

Communist Party in US

Communists # 43k, but many fear Red ideology, flinched at the changes Reds called for, feared Red infiltration in gov't, media

Settlement Houses

Community centers run by middle-class women that served the poor in slums

Holding Companies

Companies which could hold shares of and control other companies, effectively trusts under a different name

Promontory Point, Utah

Competing Central Pacific and Union Pacific RR companies connect in Utah in May 1869, forming 1st transcontinental railroad

Confederacy's abandonment of slavery

Confederacy authorizes recruitment of slaves in 3/'65, offering freedom to those who served, also attempted to get British support by ending it

Josiah Strong

Congregationalist minister that condemned city as "a menace to society"

Bland-Allison Act of 1873

Congress allows some silver to be coined but doesn't appease those in support of silver

Harassment of Homosexuals

Congress begins trying to root out gays in gov't jobs, followed by armed forces, city police raided gay bars & clubs

Removal Act

Congress enacts law that expels various tribes voluntarily but state governments bullied tribes off their land

Environment & Lady Bird Johnson

Congress establishes pollution standards for water, sewage, air pollution, LBJ's First Lady campaigns to remove highway billboards, junkyards

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Congress outlaws combination and trusts, gov't did not exercise power, gutted by Supreme Court in U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co.

Amnesty Act of 1872

Congress removes officeholding restrictions on all but 200 to 300 ex-Confederates

18th Amendment (1918)

Constitutional amendment (difficult to repeal) outlawing sale and manufacture of alcohol in entire US

Ralph Nader & "Nader's Raiders"

Consumer advocate and lawyer who founds consumer advocacy group, "Raiders" work with him to fight against corporate abuses

Installment buying as credit

Consumers can pay in installments to purchase goods instead of all at once, increasing consumer debt, becomes booming business

Valley Forge

Continental Army's winter camp, lack of food and supplies kills many, rest are drilled by Baron von Stueben into an effective force

Princeton

Continental troops defeat British outside Princeton in January 1777

"Yellow Dog" contracts

Contracts for new workers forcing them to renounce ties to labor unions

Limits of women's advances

Conventional views of women not altered, vets assumed women would return to being housewives postwar, women didn't supervise

Election of 1928

Coolidge doesn't run again, Repubs and Hoover win landslide against split Demos & sketchy NY gov Al Smith

Courts & Injunctions

Corporations asked courts to issue injunctions banning any disruption of business, including strikes

Corporation and its advantages

Corporations can sell shares, outlive stockholders or owners, limited liability of owners from debt and operations

Inflation due to war

Cost of war soars to $50 bil/yr, adding to cost of domestic programs, LBJ prints money instead of raising taxes, 4% annual inflation rate

Mechanization of Cotton

Cotton no longer needs black laborers, land was consolidated, agribusiness comes to cotton

Panic of 1819

Cotton price drops suddenly, taking down land prices with it and crashing the whole economy as a result

Postwar crops

Cotton prices decline as competition rises in India, Egypt, Brazil, rice plantations unsuited for tenant farming and disappears

Cotton

Cotton production booms after cotton gin is invented, flooding all parts of economy in both north and south

Cotton in New South

Cotton remains dominant Southern crop, acreage doubles in 30 years with fertilizers and other tools.

Death of the Counterculture

Counterculture fades as organized crime pushes into drug dealing, addictions take toll, violence towards urban hippies increases

Maryland

Critical because it was north of DC, Lincoln suspends civil rights and arrests Confederate sympathizers, rigs state elections in order to keep it loyal

Effects of Oil Boycott

Crude oil prices jump, as do costs of gasoline, plastic products, hurts Rust Belt of NE, Mid-Atlantic, upper Midwest, recession

Platt Amendment

Cuban constitution includes clause allowing US to intervene militarily if internal order of the nation was threatened, used in 1906 & 1923

Cuban Revolt (1895)

Cuban rebels fought for independence, facing brutality from Spain

Little Bighorn

Custer and men, vastly outnumbered, attack Cheyenne and Sioux encampment in June 1876 and are all slaughtered, "Custer's Last Stand"

Cyrus McCormick's Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper that could harvest 14 times more wheat with the same labor as before

Water management & environmental cost

Dams and canals (inc. Hoover) created to curb floods, generate power, water to arid Western farms. Hurts river ecosystems

Benedict Arnold

Daring American officer who attacked British at Freeman's Farm near Saratoga, later defects to British

Susette La Fleche

Daughter of Omaha tribal chief who lectured audiences about mistreatment of Indians by gov't

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan, married to English planter John Wolfe

Grimke Sisters

Daughters of planter, left their home state to speak against slavery

Agent Orange

Defoliant used to destroy jungle, expose Vietcong hideouts, creating severe ecological devastation

Napalm & Cluster Bombs

Deadly bombs spraying flaming gasoline, shrapnel to kill many, including numerous civilians in which the Vietcong hid

Kentucky

Declared neutrality at beginning of war, but Confederates invade, giving Lincoln excuse to take control

General "Mad Anthony" Wayne

Defeats Miami at Fallen Timbers in 1794

Section 1 of 14th Amendment

Defines American citizens as anyone born or naturalized in U.S., including blacks, banned restriction of rights of any citizens

Economic Development during war

Demand for supplies increases industrialization, esp. in coal, iron, and machinery industries, national industries emerge

Sources of Labor

Demand for workers outstrips native pool, workers are lured from Europe, Latin America, Asia by advertising

Other causes of Great Depression

Demand sinks for many goods in year prior to crash, businesses fail to boost wages to allow for more consumption, demand

Noble Savage & Yeoman Farmer

Description of rural farmers being independent, very rarely trading with others

Oregon Compromise

Despite "54-40 or Fight", Polk agrees to split Oregon at 49th parallel, Brits get Vancouver, U.S. gets Puget Sound

Economic Realities of Reconstruction

Despite Repub stimulus which doubled manufacturing capacity South slips behind industrial North, unable to catch up after war

Nixon & China

Despite anti-Red record Nixon visits China in early 1972, agrees with Mao to thaw relations, join against USSR

Election of 1944

Despite poor health FDR runs again, with Truman (stuck to party lines) as VP. Beats Repubs and Dewey on tighter margin

George Eastman

Developed Kodak camera in 1888 and allowed consumers to send it back to develop film, democratized photography with its cheap price

Samuel Morse

Developed telegraph in 1844, reducing communication time between cities to near nothing

Alexander Graham Bell

Developed telephone in 1876, replacing cumbersome Morse code and telegraph offices

George Westinghouse

Developed the electric motor in 1886, which was used to power machinery and appliances

British Plans

Did not leave western forts and attempted to coax Vermont into Canada, blocked American trade

Forces of Division

Differences in living standards, religious, ethnic, rich east vs. poor west

Progressive reforms in gov't and welfare

Direct primaries & election of senators (17th amend) give voters more control, commissions and welfare, from Populism, unions

John Wesley Powell

Director of USGS, knew about water's scarcity and supported it being a communal resource, but ignored

"Social Gospel"

Doctrine stating individuals would be saved if conditions of society were improved

Separate Spheres

Domesticity partitioned men's world of work in factories, fields, offices from women's world of the home

Olive Branch Petition

Drawn up by John Dickinson, reaffirmed colonial loyalty to the King

Ramifications of Dred Scott case

Dred Scott ruling removes legal basis of PopSov, slavery can theoretically extend to all of U.S. even if residents oppose

Jesuits

Driven by Counter-Reformation, Catholic missionaries try to assimilate with natives and convert them

Southern Agricultural Output

Due to shorter hours, no slave children or women in fields, total output declines 35%. Black per capita agri income increased 40%

New Jersey

Duke of York grants some land to George Carteret, drawing Puritans, land split east-west and sold to Quakers, causing mixing

CIA Covert Operations

Dulles & Ike use CIA agents to conduct operations against (often popular) gov'ts sympathetic to Moscow, leading to blowback against US

Brinksmanship

Dulles' notion that US should go to the brink, not shrinking from threat of nuclear war, in order to make the Soviets back down

New York

Dutch colony begins to falter, evacuates as James, Duke of York, sends fleet. Religiously and ethnically diverse.

Fort Orange

Dutch trading post established to trade with local Iroquois, which begins to use guns to harass Huron and French

Separation of Powers

Duties of government split between three gov't branches

Jonathan Edwards

Early Awakening preacher from Massachusetts

Whig Ideology

Economic growth benefits everyone, government should help out in economy by regulating and also with a National Bank, banks were necessary for growth

New Nationalism

Economic policies that wanted to bind the nation together in prosperity through use of federal power and money

Depression of 1837-1843

Economy collapses due to sharp fall in land prices and (in 1839) crash in worldwide cotton prices, lack of national bank prevents financial aid from reaching the economy

Stagflation

Economy grinds to halt- prices go up even as unemployment rises- worst of two worlds, due to LBJ's spending on war, domestic pgms

Spread of Electrical Power

Edison lights up Wall Street, getting capital to create electrical grid linking power plants and homes

Henry Grady

Editor of Atlanta Constitution, campaigned for a "New South" of industry and commerce to outcompete Northeast

FDR's History

Edu. & career similar to TR, contracted polio in 1921, paralyzed, gov of NY 1928-1932 & established only state relief program

Black Education

Education valued along with land as best hope for advancement, it would help blacks read Bible, defend civil rights, protect themselves from being cheated

Moderate Republicanism

Eisenhower stays moderate, goes down the middle, favoring civil rights along with semi-conservative fiscal policy, peaceful foreign

House of Burgesses

Elected representative assembly that made laws for Virginia, established 1619

Revolution of 1800

Election of 1800, where power peacefully transferred from Federalists to Republicans

Glorious Revolution

English parliament invites William and Mary to replace James II

Subways

Electricity allows for underground trains w/out smoke and soot, Boston and NYC create subways at turn of century

Elvis Presley & Rock & Roll

Elvis becomes instant start in 1955, rock & roll blends country, blues gospel, adults resent him for looking lower-class & sounding black

Suppression of wages

Employers keep wages so low that workers lack purchasing power to buy increased # of goods and drive economy

The American Plan

Employers, Chamber of Commerce want to open union-only factories and disband unions

Navigation Acts

England & English colonial merchants got monopoly over all colonial goods (1660), restricting trade of sugar, tobacco, indigo, other cash crops to England only, requiring all trade to colonies to go through England (1663) and levying tariffs on imports and exports (1673).

Caribbean

English colonized Caribbean to harass Spanish but also plant sugar on many islands, slavery is rampant as sugar trade grows. Several slave uprisings occur as slaves outnumber white settlers. Caribbean soils are depleted, land already taken, and many move to Carolinas

Consumer Revolution

English economy draws colonies together with England, colonists purchase lots of English manufactured goods

Samuel Slater

English mill worker who snuck machinery designs to America and established its first textile mill

John Rolfe

English planter that introduced tobacco to Jamestown

English vs. American society

English tiny upper class owning most land, ruling families inherit & control power, while most English are poor. Colonists have larger middle class instead of nobility, many farmers with good savings

Jefferson's Philosophy

Enlightenment man, believed in agriculture, rule of the majority, yet was also a slaveholder

Sources of pollution in America

Environment polluted by chemicals, radioactive fallout, pesticides, toxic runoff

Harriet Tubman

Escaped slave and prominent Und. Rail. conductor, saved over 200 slaves over multiple trips

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Established 1941 to help remove discrimination in war industries but didn't act effectively

Mountain Men and Fur Trade

Even mountain men were tied to markets, entered frontier in order to catch and sell furs

Strains on political system

Executive branch remains weak, judges and legislators caved to industrial interests, system strained by 1890s crises

Bob Dylan, Joan Baez & Folk Music

Folk musicians increasingly focus on social or political issues, join march on Washington, show activist side of counterculture

Judiciary Act of 1801

Expands judicial system, adding courts and judgeships

Debt peonage

Exploitative landlords and crop lien system keep farmers in perpetual debt for equipment & supplies. Common in South towards black farmers

Lewis and Clark

Explorers who were deployed in 1804 to explore LA territory, search for NW passage, catalog territory, meet natives.

Panic of 1857

Falling wheat prices and contracting credit hurt railroad investors and Western farmers, South goes unscathed because of cotton

New York City

Falls to the British in summer of 1776, but British occupation created lots of resentment

Plains Existence

Families lived in sod houses, lacked supplies, faced wildlife, bad weather, locusts, religion grows strong as a way to keep up hope

Nat Turner

Fanatical black preacher recruits 70 slaves and kills 57 white men, women, and children in 1831 after a solar eclipse

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in Charleston Harbor is shelled on 4/12/'61, beginning Civil War, Union troops surrender soon after

Morrill Act of 1862

Federal law allowing creation of colleges on land grants, dozens of colleges and universities are created from public, private funds

Supremacy Clause

Federal laws override state laws whenever there is a conflict

Discrimination in federal programming

Federal pgms often discriminate, NRA codes hurt black workers, TVA renovations closed to blacks

Concentration policies (1851)

Federal policy demanding Indians limit their boundaries to reservations in order to clear land for whites, yet whites ignore boundaries anyways

Collapse of Federalists

Federalists humiliated by Hartford Convention, lose almost all public support

Hartford Convention

Federalists meet in winter of 1814-15 to discuss potential secession, grievances against war and trade policy

Abby Kelly

Female abolitionist and women's rights movement leader

Women in Mining Camps

Few women, many make money doing domestic work (high demand) or prostitution (20%)

Philippine Insurrection

Filipino rebels under Emilio Aguinaldo fight against American occupying forces for years after victory over Spanish

Approval of Articles

Finished by 1777, some states didn't ratify until 1781 due to disputes over western land claims

Perfectionism

Finney's belief that everyone had the free will and power to become perfect in the eyes of God

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist Company kills 146 seamstresses, one of the events prompting progressive reform

Oberlin College

First coeducational college beginning in 1833

Income Taxes

First established in WI on rich, used to fund welfare programs in various states, US authorizes with 16th amendment in 1913

John Winthrop

First governor of MA Bay Colony, who established General Court with governor, assistants, and other free men who legislated for colony

George Washington

First president, 1789-1797, knows his actions in office would likely be taken as a precedent

Great White Fleet

Fleet of 16 new white-painted battleships, sent on world tour in 1907 as show of American naval might

Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-19

Flu takes hold in US even among healthy and spreads to war-torn Eurasia via soldiers, pandemic spreads and kills 50 mil in 16 months

Tenure of Office Act

Forbade President Johnson from removing cabinet members w/out Senate's consent, meant to protect Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a Radical

Compromise of 1833

Force Bill passes along with deal to cut tariffs

Chinese Immigrants

Forced to work inferior claims, faced racism and miner's tax, often worked domestic jobs inside San Francisco

SALT II (1975)

Ford and Kissinger extend agreements w/ Brezhnev as USSR also mired in stagnation, 2nd SALT, recognized Cold War boundaries

Ford & "Doctrine of high wages"

Ford believes higher wages allowed workers to buy more and sustain prosperity, $5 day, cut workweek and hours, hired blacks

Influence of Henry Kissinger on Ford

Ford guided by Kissinger's foreign policy expertise, who was a pragmatic realist preferring injustice & order to justice & disorder

Alfred Thayer Mahan & The Influence of Sea Power among History (1890)

Former Navy admiral whose theory of navalism states that imperial nations needed powerful navies to protect their foreign markets

Sam Houston

Former TN governor and commander of Texas forces, protege of Andrew Jackson

Andrew Mellon

Former aluminum magnate & treasury secretary of Harding & Coolidge, favored trickle-down economics to promote investment

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Former preacher turned prominent Transcendentalist based in Concord, MA, who favored becoming connected with nature

Booker T. Washington

Former slave, wanted acceptance of segregation, vocational skills for blacks in order to make money for power, Tuskegee Institute

Reconcentration Camps

Fortified camps with little food, poor sanitation, cramped, killing ~200k Cubans imprisoned there by Spanish general Weyler

Patrons of Husbandry

Founded by gov't clerk Oliver Kelley, creating local "granges" of farmers to get together, pray, sing, learn new techniques

Peace Corps

Founded in 1961, sending young people to 3rd World countries to volunteer in technical, educational, health services

Franciscan Colony in New Mexico

Franciscan monks inherit Oñate's colony

Franciscans in Florida

Franciscans converted many NAs and established missions in villages to ensure their support, converting 26k NAs

Electric Streetcars

Frank Julian Sprague creates electric trolley line, allowing for efficient streetcars, electricity drove virtually all city railways

Ben Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack

Franklin is self-made citizen of commercial America, starts out poor but makes it rich in Philadelphia, Almanack has his advice on rising through the economy

Freemasons

Fraternal order that was criticized for its secret, aristocratic habits. Nicholas Cage stole the Declaration of Independence to find their treasure.

Taylorism

Frederick Taylor's doctrine of efficiency, where standard procedures were created for tasks and quotas were assigned

Denmark Vesey

Free black in SC who recruited slaves to rebel in 1822, betrayed, captured, executed

Denmark Vesey

Free black in SC who wanted to seize Charleston and free slaves, betrayed by slaves and captured

Free Black Communities

Free blacks often gathered and congregated in their own churches, schools

Northwest Territory

Free territory in Ohio River Valley area that was divided methodically and provided with a road to eventual statehood

Freedmen

Freed slaves lived in refugee camps, suffered from starvation and disease, often served army as cooks, laborers for less wages than whites

French & Indian Alliances

French ally with Montagnais, Algonquin, Huron tribes

French-English Rivalry

French and English fight in Europe, colonists fight in various "monarch" wars from 1680 to 1763

New France

French colonies in North America, based on trading with natives, very few population

Moving Frontiers

Frontier was formerly Old Northwest, moved to Mississippi, jumped to California and Oregon, and eastward from there, then the South and Midwest

General Motors

GM copies Ford's production techniques but favors customization, models & brands for all users vs. Ford's standardization

Battle of the Bulge

German forces stage last offensive in Ardennes Forest 12/1944, creating "bulge" in front line, delaying Allied advance into Germany

Legislatures

Gained power, had the potential to become tyrannical, but there was faith in their restraint because they were elected by many

Galveston Flood

Galveston TX suffers tidal wave in 1900, municipal gov't is overturned by business leaders who appointed commissioners

Pendleton Act of 1883

Garfield's assassination prompts law for civil service exams to be administered to federal worker candidates

The Liberator

Garrison's anti-slavery newspaper, who demanded immediate emancipation and racial equality, opposed colonization

Marcus Garvey and United Negro Improvement Asso.

Garvey and UNIA favor separation of races, self-help, returning blacks to Africa, inspired other black nationalist movements

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

General Andrew Jackson defeats Creeks, forces Creeks to cede land in Mississippi

Sherman's March to the Sea

General Sherman marches 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah, pillaging everything in a 50-mile wide path, most of which was not necessary to supply his army

Battle of the Thames (1813)

General William Henry Harrison defeats British, Tecumseh's Indians, killing Tecumseh and ending his alliance

Howe Brothers

General William led the army at Bunker Hill and in Mid-Atlantic, Admiral Richard commanded British fleet

Horatio Gates

General in command of Continental forces at Saratoga

John Burgoyne

General of British forces in Canada, led an attack on Saratoga in September 1777 but forced to surrender that October

Nathaniel Greene

General who got command of southern American forces in 1780, split his force and let British give chase through entire South

Comte de Rochambeau

General who led French army

General John "Black Jack" Pershing

General who pursued Villa for 2 years inside Mexico, got nickname from commanding black troops, commander of US troops in Europe

Andrew Jackson

General who won decisive battles against Creek and British, earning him fame and the presidency in 1828-36

Replacement Commanders of Army of Potomac

Generals John Pope and Ambrose Burnside both replace McClellan but show lack of skill at 2nd Manassas and Fredericksburg

Containment

George Kennan favors counterpressure on any Soviet expansion b/c no chance of reaching diplo. solution w/ them

Marshall Plan

George Marshall proposes massive recovery plan w/ aid for Europe in 1947 to prevent poor conditions that led to Communism

German U-Boats

German submarines used to break British blockade and attack shipping, including ships owned by Americans

WWI Armistice

Germany agrees to ceasefire 11/11/1918

Alliances

Germany aligns with Austria-Hungary & Ottomans, France and Britain ally with Russia to contain

Militarization & Arms Races

Germany and France increase size of armies, Britain navy, all nations modernize military forces

Yalta- Germany's division

Germany was to be divided into 4 zones for UK, US, USSR, France, and 4 powers would jointly administer Berlin

Conservation vs. Preservation

Gifford Pinchot favors conserving resources, using with regulation, while John Muir favors preserving land in pristine state

Railroad Land Grants

Gov't grants 200-400 land for every mile of rail completed, benefiting many companies, people and the economy despite corruption

Union Homefront

Gov't creates IRS, raises taxes, and issues greenbacks, women get more jobs, corrupt business dealings in contracts, civil liberties suspended

Inflation

Government prints money to pay soldiers, too much money and loss of confidence destroys value of American dollar

Progressive views of government

Government was often seen as corrupt or colluding with Big Business

Edmund Andros

Governor of Dominion of New England

William Henry Harrison

Governor of IN and general who defeated Tecumseh's forces at Tippecanoe, future Whig and president

Thomas Gage

Governor of MA in April 1775, ordered redcoats to march to Concord

Rochester, NY

Ground zero of Finney's religious revival, Finney increased church membership and brought rowdy residents under control

Anti-Saloon League

Group advocates temperance to reduce health issues, drunkenness, domestic violence, social rot, corruption caused in bosses' domain

Iroquois Confederation

Group of five tribes, including the Mohawks who lived near the Huron and Fort Orange in New York

Monocultures

Growing the same plant at a large scale, such as VA's plantations

Delgado et al. v. Bastrop et al.

Gus Garcia and American GI Forum brings case against TX school district, schools desegregated, precedent in Brown v. Board of Education

Hernandez Decision

Gus Garcia and GI Forum uses Marshall tactics, proves Latinos are indeed treated unequally, need protection under 14th Amendment

Chesapeake Affair

HMS Leopard stops USS Chesapeake to check sailors, when Chesapeake resists British fire and kill several American crew members

John Tyler

Harrison's VP, Whig who was kicked out by Democrats after voting against Force Bill, believed in state's rights

Henry Ford & Model T

Henry Ford creates Model T in 1908, introduced moving assembly line in 1914 cutting costs, $290, affordable for many

Grady's New South

Henry Grady's vision where South becomes industrialized, uses its natural resources such as coal and lumber to beat out Northeast

Juan Jose Herrara's White Caps

Herrara and masked bandits pillaged American infrastructure in 1889-1890 in response to being expelled by Americans in NM

Be-Ins

Hippie conventions, gathering artists, druggies, acid rock come together, enjoying drugs and spiritual guidance

Co-opting Hippie world into mainstream US

Hippie culture such as rock and roll, yogurt, herbal teas, etc. are brought to American mainstream culture by advertisers

"Share our Wealth" plan

Huey Long's plan to give families $2.5k annual income, estate of $5k, popular nationwide despite infeasibility

Lincoln's character

Humble, shrewd politician, humorous, self-educated, at home mixing with country folk

Cornelius Vanderbilt

IDK

Jay Gould

IDK

Abraham Lincoln

IL Republican rep and president 1860-65, not strictly abolitionist but very pragmatic about issues of unity and civil war

Eisenhower & Korea

Ike already over in Korea before elected, drives talks w/ threat of retaliation, successfully gets armistice after inaugurated 7/27/1953

Domino Theory

Ike and JFK's theory that if pro-Western South Vietnamese gov't. fell to Reds, all other nations in region would collapse as well

Interstate Act of 1956

Ike approves plan to for interstate highway system, massive impact on American's life, more driving

Eisenhower Doctrine

Ike convinces Congress to give him authority to use force against any Communist attack in Mideast. Used in Lebanon 1958 on overhyped threat, failed

Eisenhower & Modern Republicanism

Ike favors "middle of the road", keeps New Deal programs but doesn't expand, tried to balance budget

Eisenhower & Military-Industrial Complex

Ike warns in farewell address that too much military spending would give too much power to military & its industries, threaten democracy

John Foster Dulles

Ike's sec of state, devoted to anti-Red cause, wanted to be more confrontational against Soviets, favors brinkmanship in "New Look"

Migrations of Latinos and Blacks

Immi restriction relaxed, Mexicans enter due to labor shortage, Latinos & blacks migrate to cities in midwest, north, work in factories

Mexican Independence & effect on CA

In 1821 Catholic Church is removed from new Mexican holdings, land is given to large ranchers, Americans begin to move in to trade

Laborers in Agriculture vs. Industry

In 1860 60% of laborers worked on farms, below 50% in north

American Navy

In poor repair after Civil War, modernized in 1880s by Chester Arthur, new steam steel vessels were world class by 1900

Proclamation on Nullification

In reaction to SC nullifying tariffs, Jackson states that Union was perpetual, states had no right to secede

Alliance for Progress

JFK promises $20 bil to Latin America to improve conditions, stop Castro-style revolts. Many Peace Corp volunteers assigned there

Nixon's Southern Strategy

In wake of civil rights movement South deserts Demos, Nixon courts backlash against identity politics in conservatives to create S. bloc

Boss William Tweed

Infamous NYC boss who cheated city of millions in kickbacks, bribes, etc. during 1860s and 1870s, later imprisoned

Social Mobility

Increasingly limited even though income increased

Northwest Ordinance & Farming Efficiency

Independent, large farms form, based on the land plots established by Northwest Ordinance, more uniform and efficient than East

Sensational Stories

Indian threat is greatly exaggerated, only 4% of deaths on trail caused by Indians, who were often helpful as guides

Sioux

Indian tribe benefits immensely from Western guns, horses, and disease, uses them to conquer the Great Plains in 1700s

Cherokee

Indian tribe that lived in Georgia and attempted to adopt white cultural habits

Assimilation & Pressure on Natives

Indian tribes forced to assimilate into American culture or face extermination, forced out or killed by settlers.

In re Debs (1895)

Injunction issued by Supreme Court to stop Pullman strike under pretense it was affecting mail transport

Force Act/KKK Act of 1871

Interfering with the right to vote is declared a felony, authorized military intervention and suspension of habeas corpus. Used in SC, but Klan continues to operate underground

Federalist successes

Introduced Constitution, brought financial stability to the region, kept America neutral in foreign affairs

Horses

Introduced into the Americas by Spanish, run free and are adopted by Plains tribes, transforming them into nomadic, bison-hunting warriors

Joseph Glidden & Barbed Wire

Invented in 1874, useful to keep out rancher's cattle that would trample crops, vastly improving crop yields

Thomas Edison

Invented lightbulb, phonograph, others, created "invention factory" at Menlo Park, NJ

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin

Inventor creates cotton gin which drastically increases cotton production, also made with interchangeable parts of which Whitney was a pioneer

Ben Franklin

Inventor, politician, and diplomat who was stationed in France during the war, charmed his hosts and helped convince them to aid the Americans

Tammany Hall

Irish-dominated Democratic political machine in New York City

Beaver Wars

Iroquois attack Huron in attempt to regain tribe members lost from disease, acquire hunting grounds for furs, and then extend their influence to other places in the East

Backcountry Life

Isolated, tough, no infrastructure and hard to reach (overland travel only). Mostly subsistence farming, no social class (all were new)

Issac Singer's Sewing Machine

Issac Singer mass-produces sewing machines in 1851

JFK's economic policy

JFK raises minimum wage, wavers as experts recommend both tax cuts, increased spending, worked w/ business for wage increases

Assassination of JFK

JFK shot in Dallas, TX 11/22/1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald

JFK's Approach to Vietnam

JFK uses counterinsurgency and US military advisers (16k) to help support Diem, who is still assassinated by own military

1963 Equal Pay Act & 1964 Civil Rights Act

JFK's Commission on the Status of Women help pass Equal Pay Act, add gender discrimination to Civil Rights Acts

Robert McNamara

JFK's Defense Sec and former Ford president, looked for more efficient, flexible ways of conducting cold war

Election of 1960

JFK & Demos narrowly defeat Nixon & Repubs despite being Catholic, Cold War is common theme, JFK wins off ethnicities

Bay of Pigs fiasco

JFK authorizes CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba in 4/1961, exiles fail to inspire revolution and are quickly defeated

US Naval Blockade

JFK backs down from airstrikes fearing retaliation, US navy encircles Cuba and blocks Soviet ships

Dominion of New England

James II consolidates northern colonies into one body without any legislative powers, dismembered by William and Mary

2nd Bank of US

James Madison charters new bank in 1816 to help regulate domestic finances

Japan's 21 Demands

Japan wishes to control China but strongly opposed by Wilson's moral diplomacy, Wilson wishes to retain Chinese sovereignty

Issei

Japanese aliens, ineligible for citizenship, 47k, rights severely curbed during war

"Gentleman's Agreement"

Japanese protest segregation in San Francisco schools in 1907, TR ends segregation, mutual immigration restriction

Internment camps

Japanese residents moved to remote camps in interior, property confiscated and given to other reßidens

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

Lincoln echoes Jackson's Proc. on Nullification, saying that he would not interfere with slavery but that states had no right to secede

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson closes down all trade, crippling American economy but leaving France and Britain unscathed (they have other trade partners)

Strict vs. Loose construction of Constitution

Jefferson takes Constitution word for word, government only gets what is explicitly delegated. Hamilton says government has implied powers

Election of 1800

Jeffersonians perform better than old-school, gradually unpopular Federalists, Jefeferson was President, Aaron Burr V{P

Chauncey Jerome's Clocks

Jerome creates accurate, mass-produced brass clocks, allowing for many ordinary people to purchase one

Midnight Appointments

John Adams appoints Federalist judges to new judicial posts in order to keep control of that part of gov't

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

John Brown and his sons kill 3 men in May 1856 to avenge the sack of pro-free Lawrence, KS

John Deere's Steel Plow

John Deere invents steel plow in 1837 that was able to cut through the dense prairie soil, opening up most of Plains to agriculture

Jay's Treaty

John Jay gets Britain to leave western frontier but nothing else, signed June 1795

Scopes Trial (1925)

John Scopes tried for teaching evolution, Bryan prosecuted, "monkey trial" where media focuses on, derides Fundamentalism

Johnson's Impeachment

Johnson attempts to dismiss Stanton, House impeaches for "conspiring to obstruct Reconst", Senate acquits, 36-19, 1 vote short in 5/'67

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

Johnson requires loyalty oath, compensated for non-slave property, informally asks states to repudiate secession and ratify 13th amendment

Johnson's Vetoes

Johnson vetoes Freedmen's Bureau and civil rights legislation, alienating moderate repubs and prompting overrides

Weakening of presidency

Johnson's impeachment, Grant's scandals, and Haye's contested victory left President weaker and Congress stronger on policymaking

Senator Eugene McCarthy

MN senator entering race, running for peace, garnering support of much of youth, barely loses to LBJ in NH primary

Committee on Public Information & George Creel

Journalist Creel and CPI use propaganda opsters, expos, celebrity endorsements, parades, "4-min men" speakers to keep up war spirit

Henry George

Journalist and economist who blames poverty on speculators in Progress and Poverty (1879), proposes hefty property tax

Lincoln Steffens

Journalist who reported on boss rule and gov't corruption in New York City

Muckrakers

Journalists who investigated wrongdoings of gov't and business, put reports in magazines, educated public

New York City Draft Riot

July 1863 Irish and German workers riot in New York City and attack draft officials, black neighborhoods, and Republican supporters

Detroit Race Riots

June 1943 blacks begin moving into urban Detroit, white mobs attack blacks and vice-versa, leaving 30+ dead

Crittenden Compromise

KY sen John Crittenden proposes extending MO comp to Pacific, prohibited above and protected below forever, ignored, both parties refuse to make concessions

Granger Movement

Kelley's granges do get-togethers to break monotony of farm life, pool money for supplies, begin lobbying collectively for rate regulation

Henry Clay

Kentucky Republican, young leader of the War Hawks

Eastern Europe in 1950s

Khrushchev eases iron grip, nations start rising up for more freedom (Hungary 1956, Poland), Moscow backtracks, crushes, US does nothing

James I

King of England, Catholic-leaning and tried to eliminate all Protestants

Shuttle Diplomacy

Kissinger bounces between Israel & Egypt to defuse conflict, eventually gets Israel to disengage, OPEC lifts boycott

Rebirth of Ku Klux Klan

Klan reborn in 11/1915, only native-born white men, opposed blacks, Mexicans, Asians, in cities, North, and South, reactionary

Women of the Ku Klux Klan

Klanswomen were religious, shunned revolution in women's morals and manners, saw Klan as keeper of traditional values

Economic ignorance

Lack of awareness about tariffs against Europe decreasing their buying power, boosting interest rates at wrong time contributes

Continental Army Mutinies

Lack of food, supplies, pay lead to resentment in army and spark mutinies in several units.

Dardanelles

USSR wants control of Dardanelles Strait to keep Russian Black Sea ports accessible to Meditteranean

Huey Long

LA gov, ruthless political machine head, "Share our Wealth" plan to enrich all (infeasible), assassinated late 1935

Johnson's Approach to Vietnam

LBJ favors increasing pressure on North Vietnam itself with air power and US troops

Operation Rolling Thunder

LBJ orders bombing campaign on N. Viet to boost morale, cut Ho Chi Minh Trail, failed, jungle obscures targets & enemy dispersed

Women and Children as workers

Labor was cheaper than men

Headright System

Land was granted per individual, 50 acres to new settlers or to those who paid for one's passage to the colony

Western land claim disputes

Landed state charters got land extending all the way westward while other states lacked it, landless wanted landed to give up land to nat'l gov't

Theodore Dwight Weld

Lane Seminary student who favored immediate abolition, caused firestorm at the school

Selective Service Act (1917)

Law making men ages 20-30 eligible for draft, opposed by pacifists, supported by progressives seeking to unite young citizens

Jim Crow Laws

Laws in South establishing a "color line" separating races in almost all public places except for streets and stores.

Black Codes

Laws legalized marriages, allowed blacks to hold property, but forbade serving on juries, restricted their work, in order to keep them as propertyless laborers

Louis Brandeis & Sociological Jurisprudence

Lawyer and Supreme Court justice who believed cases should be judged according to environment, not just legal precedent

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

Lee's subordinate, devout Calvinist, brilliant tactician, discipline made troops very effective in battle, killed by friendly fire in May 1863

Elkins Act (1903)

Legislation allows Interstate Commerce Commissions to end railroad rebates

Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906

Legislation allows for inspection of consumer products, banning sale of mislabeled products across state lines

Comstock Law (1873)

Legislation banning all NSFW materials from mail

Vladimir Lenin & Bolsheviks

Lenin leads Russian Communists to power in November 1917 and negotiates separate peace with Russia, freeing up soldiers

Literacy tests

Less tolerant nativists, Immigration Restriction League use tests to prevent poorer, less educated, or not fluent immigrants from voting

Horace Greeley

Liberal Republican and editor of NY Tribune, ran in 1872 on Liberal Repub & Demos, civil service & free trade reform

Termination Policy

Liberals see reservations as rural ghettos (vs. cultural hotspots) and push Bureau of Indian Affairs to push NAs into mainstream life

Henry Cabot Lodge & Senate ratification process

Lodge hates Wilson & takes out Article X, Wilson opposes, orders supporters not to ratify, held off until 1921, US not in League

Montgomery Bus Boycott

MLK leads black community in boycotting buses 12/1955- 11/1956 despite arrests, threats, attacks on black carpoolers

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

MLK leads group advocating for nonviolent protest

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Lyman Beecher's daughter, abolitionist author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Lynchings

Lynching rates peak in 1890s, 100+ a year often in South, where blacks are terrorized

Racial Prejudice & Scottsboro Boys

Lynchings increase in 1930s, Scottsboro, AL boys accused of raping two women on train get Supreme Court retrial in 1932, not executed

Mary Lyon & Mount Holyoke

Lyon founds Mt. Holyoke, first American college for women

Horace Mann

MA education reformer, advocated for common schools, contended that child education would remove poverty

Sears Roebuck Catalog

Mail-order catalogs allow goods to be advertised to and delivered to rural folk, direct shipping eliminated middlemen and cut costs

Starving Time

Malnourished, lazy, starving settlers die by the scores in 1609-10

Professional Management

Managers as a job start to appear as corporation owners hand off complex operations to others

Warsaw Pact

USSR's response to NATO, military alliance of USSR and various other Soviet nations

Geographic Mobility

Many people move around, nearly half of all native-born Americans lived away from their state of birth

Speculative Fever

Many people start buying land, causing prices to skyrocket

Americanization

Many progressives wanted to assimilate, including Jane Addams and Peter Roberts of YMCA, who taught immigrants American habits

Semisubsistence Economy

Many rural farmers grow just enough crops to sustain themselves and barter goods with others

NA disunity

Many tribes were rivals, with epidemics intensifying rivalries, Puritans took advantage of them to gain land

Attitudes about immigration

Many, including urban progressives, fear changing ethnicity of US, some adopt property requirements to disenfranchise immigrants

My Lai Massacre

March 1968 Lt. William Calley and troops kill 200+ civilians in village of My Lai, photographed and released to press

Hessians

Mercenaries from Germany, angered residents under their occupation in New Jersey by pillaging farms and ransacking towns

John Adams

Massachusetts lawyer and politician who advocated for immediate independence

Appeal of McCarthyism

McCarthy's ideology taps fears of various conservatives, Catholics, isolationists suspicious of anything foreign, liberal, remotely red

Joint Stock Co.

Members of company split ownership to investors

Board of Indian Commissioners

Members were chosen by Protestant churches to settle disputes with tribes, spread Christian & White values, ways of living

Mexican Migration

Mexicans often crossed border seasonally, to work in fields in CA, TX, along with migrating to cities

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico agrees to cede TX and other northern territories, U.S. pays $15 mil and withdraws forces

Contested Boundary with Mexico

Mexico insists TX southern boundary is Nueces, Americans push for Rio Grande

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Miami confederacy ceded most land in Ohio River valley south of Lake Erie

Lynn shoemaking industry

Micajah Pratt sets up shoe factory with assembly lines in Lynn, MA to produce large numbers of cheap shoes

Money & Greenbacks

Money backed by gold or silver, Congress issues greenbacks (not backed) during Civil War for more money

Immigration

Mid-1800s experiences spike in immigration, mostly young people from Europe

Dwight Moody

Minister who evangelized in cities beginning in 1870

Single Crop Agriculture

Monoculture (tobacco, cotton, or wheat) rapidly depletes soils, that and clearing of forests leads to erosion, toxins and parasites common in soil

Victorianism

Moral code in the 19th century stressing moral behavior, hard work, self-control, esp. for women

Congress of Racial Equality

More confrontational civil rights group, led by James Farmer, organized Freedom Riders in 1961

Urban Life Pros/Cons

More entertainment and less work, but disasters, epidemics from crowding caused problems

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Most successful anti-slavery novel ever published, criticized the fugitive slave law, increased moral opposition to slavery

New Chesapeake opportunities

Most white men had votes, freed servants got land to start farmers, frontier opened up, population ratio stabilizes, families

Women in New England

Most women raised children, planted gardens, prepared food, wove and sewed, and other housework

Demographics and settlement of New England

Mostly literate, free men with families that settled first in Massachusetts and spread out across Northeast

Teller Amendment

Motion adopted by Congress renouncing any intent to annex Cuba

Decline of Know-Nothings

Movement spread to all states, but dispute over slavery and incompetence of politicians split party and let down voters

South Vietnam & Ngo Dinh Diem

N. Viet Communists & Vietcong fight to overthrow Diem, US sends advisers (#s quickly ramp up), Diem unpopular, shot in 1963 coup

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

NAACP convinces Supreme Court Plessy v. Ferguson is inherently unequal and perpetuates racial superiority

Native Americans

NAs face threat to culture as reservation policy begins to end, some favor assimilation, others hold out, expressing independence

Western territorial to statehood transition

NE becomes state in 1867, CO in 1876, ND, SD, MT, WA in '89, WY in '90, UT in '96, OK in 1907, NM, AZ in 1912

White house "Plumbers"

NIxon's team to plug leaks of sensitive info, kept tabs on Nixon's enemies (e.g. antiwar activists), Ellsberg's therapists, Democrats

Boundary disputes

NY and VT claim same land, NY settlers harassed by YT gangs

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon offers entire LA territory for $15 million in 1803. Not entirely constiutitonal

Immigration Act of 1965

Nat'l Origins Act of 1924 repealed, 170k quota, 20k from every nation, more favorable to Asians, Eastern Europeans

NSC-68

Nat'l Security Council's 1950 proposal to boost spending to militarize against USSR, US framework for next 20 yrs opposed until Korea

State vs. National Powers

Nat'l gov't can't veto state government laws but states cannot print money, handle diplomacy, or levy tariffs

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Nat'l gov't would assume all state debts, pay it off with high taxes and sought to imitate financial system of England. Jefferson agrees if capital is moved to DC in 10 years

American Anti-Slavery Society

National abolition organization founded by Garrison, Tappan, and Weld

Scalawags

Native southerners who voted Republican, often Unionist yeoman farmers (not slaveholders) in isolated hilly areas

Lenni Lenapes

Natives in PA, Penn forbade fighting or stealing land from them, stayed peaceful for early years of colony.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

Naval battle off of Phillipines 10/1944 in which US decisively defeats most of remaining Japanese navy

Oliver Hazard Perry

Naval commander who beat the British in Battle of Lake Erie (1813), giving U.S. control of Great Lakes

Battle of Stalingrad

Nazis and Soviets fight to the death over city from 8/1942 to 2/1943, leading to loss of millions of troops, Germans lose an army, advance stopped

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Network of jungle trails in Laos and Cambodia leading into South Vietnam, used by North & Vietcong to smuggle weapons, supplies

Underground Railroad

Network of safe houses where "conductors" led runaway slaves to as they fled to Canada

Britain's Western Forts

Never left them in 1783, Jay's Treaty gives them two years to leave in 1795

"Normalcy" after WWII

New "normal" has new world order, US & USSR rising above Europe, old allies square off, US takes world stage

Congress after 1948 elections

New Deal coalition barely held together as Demos get Congressional majorities thru Jewish, black, rural, middle-class mixture of votes

Legacies of New Deal

New Deal didn't spend enough, but set precedent for enlarged gov't, responsibility for needy, expanded bureaucracy, stabilized economy

Gov't budget & deficit

New Deal programs send gov't into debt after FDR's election, 1937 cuts help but renewed spending puts gov't even further down

Women and the New Deal

New Deal welfare agencies women to contribute, enter gov't, but women are paid less in work relief programs

1914 midterm elections

New Freedom not received well, voters favor Repubs, Wilson starts moving toward's TR's New Nationalism and active reform

William Paterson

New Jersey politician who proposes New Jersey Plan

Lewis Tappan

New York City silk merchant who bankrolled abolitionist causes

Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion

New York minister labeled Democratic Party as such, backlash involves Irish Catholics switching vote, giving Demos the presidency

Washington DC

New capital city, established in exchange for Hamilton's assumption and funding of state and national debts

New Women

New generation of women are more educated, longer lived, more ambitious, pursued careers including nursing, library, teaching

Professionals

Newly-empowered professional class of doctors, engineers, planners chair agencies, investigate, and regulate

Normal schools & teacher training

Normal schools instruct teachers how to teach, especially in science, practical training. Some get professional degree

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military alliance formed 1949, US, UK, other European nations to defend against Soviet aggression

Police Action in Korea

North Koreans cross 38 6/24/1950, UN ceasefire ignored, resolution passed approving UN (mostly US) forces into Korea against Reds

Northern Advantages

North has more manpower, industrial capacity, transportation networks, financial institutions, navy

Election of 1860

North is between Demos & Douglas, Repubs & Lincoln, South is between S. Demos & Breckinridge, Const. Union & Bell, Lincoln wins despite winning only Northern states and 40% of popular vote

Basis of Democratic Split

Northern Democrats oppose extension of "slave power" through KS-NE even as Southerners favor it

Specialization

Occurs in farming and manufacturing, destroys household manufacturing and drops costs of many products (e.g. textiles)

John Brown's Raid

October 1859 abolitionist John Brown and supporters seize federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA, to incite a slave revolt, fails, Brown captured and executed for treason

Religious/Ethnic Bases of parties

Older church groups (Congregs, Presbytes) and more religious immigrants (English, Scottish) favor Whigs, Democrats are often German and Irish, less-formal Baptists and Methodists

Banning of Robin Hood

One library even bans Robin Hood, "stealing from rich to give to poor" deemed too leftish

Free blacks

Only 7% of all blacks are free, most are poor and eke out livign farming or working on rivers or cities, had few to no civil or political rights

Copperheads

Opponents to the war, labelled by Republicans as deadly venomous snakes that threatened to hurt the Union

The Value of Competing Parties

Opposing parties would watch each other and check on each other's abuses

Executive Order 9066

Order allowing exclusion of any person from military bases, only used on West Coast against Japanese

Salt Lake City

Orderly construction, wide streets, relies on aqueducts and other water infrastructure and treats it like a community resource

Nat'l organization for Women

Organization formed 1964 to demand equal rights, gov't enforce gender equality under Civil Rights Act, "strike for equality" in 1970

Environmental costs of overcutting

Overcutting results in erosion, loss of fertile soil and native species

North Carolina

Overflow from Virginia by Berkeley, relatively barren and unsuited for cultivation, settlers lived poor lifestyle, harvesting lumber and making tar.

Thurgood Marshall & NAACP cases

Postwar NAACP mounts legal challenges to Jim Crow, lawyer Thurgood Marshall sympathizes with blacks, primary NAACP lawyer

Plantation mistress' duties & "gilded cage"

Owner's wives had to give tasks to domestic servants, make clothing, care for the sick, faced stigma if they cheated with male slaves, felt trapped

Acoma Siege

Oñate's nephew Vincente de Zaldivar attacks Acoma Pueblo, killing 800 enslaved many others

English Civil War

Parliament and Puritans overthrow Charles I

Young America movement

Part of Democratic Party that wanted to spread democracy across the globe by annexing more territory

Seminole

Part of tribe led by Osceola held out in Everglades until 1842

Third Parties

Parties organize around issues, e.g. reformers Prohibition Party, inflationists Greenback Party, angry farmers Populist Party

Voter participation and party loyalty

Parties work hard to turn out vote, lots of campaigning and ceremony, 80% of eligible voters cast ballots

Direct Primaries

Party candidates would be voted for by the voters instead of being decided behind closed doors in party caucus

1st and 2nd Confiscation Acts

Passed in 8/'61 and 7/'62, saying that slaves in combat and later any slaves of rebels would be freed

100% Americanism

Patriotism turns into intolerance, distrusting aliens, radicals, pacifists, German culture & language are special targets

Car Culture

Paved roads increase urban sprawl, real estate booms in CA, FA, roadside rest stops and restaurants, travel breaks down isolation

Alcohol Consumption

Peaks at around 5 gallons per year for the average American, temperance drops it to below two in a decade

War w/ Confederacy

Powhatan's successor attacks settlements in March 1622, killing 25% of VA pop. Retaliation wipes out whole generation of NA warriors

Western Settlement

People farmed in OR, mined gold in CA, raised cattle, and (for the Mormons) started anew

Opposition to Hamilton's Plan

People fear a financial aristocracy from the bankers and congressmen who bought U.S. debt, feared Hamilton favored the rich

Anti-Federalists

People who fear Constitution is too powerful, believe that it would allow arbitrary rule by aristocrats outside of the common interest

Benjamin Rush

Philadelphia women's rights activist

Annexation of Hawaii

Philippine campaign sways McKinley to annex Hawaii for a Pacific naval base in July 1898

Plymouth problems

Pilgrims reach Plymouth in November 1620 instead of intended Virginia, too late to grow crops, half die by next spring

Charles Lindbergh

Pilot who made solo flight across Atlantic in May 1927, received hero's welcome in US, his and other's feats spread by radio, papers

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Pinchot opposes sale of AL lands to speculators by Taft Interior Sec Richard Ballinger, is fired in 1910, angers progressive Repubs

1968

Pivotal year in US, Tet Offensive turns many against Vietnam, MLK & RFK assassinated, splintering liberal movement, worldwide protests

Pressures on Plains Indians

Plains Indians trade with Whites but bison herds are slaughtered, pastures overgrazed, no compensation from gov't

Hawaii

Planters and U.S. Marines overthrow nationalist Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani, urge Cleveland to annex

Planter's new values

Planters no longer get respect from blacks, intimate slave-master relationships replaced, planters embrace segregation

Helen Hunt Jackson

Poet who lobbied for Indian rights, published A Century of Dishonor in 1881 illustrating gov't corruption in Indian affairs

Martin Luther King Jr.

Prominent black preacher in Georgia who gains fame for bus boycott, peaceful protest modeled on Gandhi, assassinated 1968

Aimee Semple McPherson

Prominent evangelist pastor who made Christianity appealing with popular media appearance

Whigs

Political party that included Republicans and Anti-Masons, embraced Republican "American System"

Barry Commoner's The Closing Circle (1971)

Politically active biologist, argues in book that humans courted disaster by "improving on nature", polluting, using tons of energy

Martin Van Buren

Politician strong in organization, political campaigning, Andrew Jackson's handpicked successor and future president

Polk's Narrow Victory

Polk squeaks a win, enough of the Whigs join Birney and Liberty Party to let Polk edge over

Northern Discontent

Polk's double-dealing and attempts to get territory from Mexico evokes anger from Northerners (who fear more slavery)

Transportation

Poor road infrastructure, water is the only efficient way to travel

Yeoman Farmers

Poorer, few or no slaves, semisubsistence instead of monoculture, isolated lifestyle

Lyman Beecher

Prominent minister during 2nd Great Awakening who also pushed for moral reform

Emilio Aguinaldo

Popular Filipino rebel leader who fought alongside U.S. against Spanish and later against them to try throw off authority

Hiram Revels

Preacher and educator elected to the Senate from MI in 1870, also was president of Alcorn University

Scott Joplin and ragtime

Precursor to jazz begins to form in black gaming houses and saloons of South and Midwest

African Americans at war

Prejudice against blacks high, at first black troops segregated, non-combatant, later served with distinction in enlisted and officers

Pilgrims/Seperatists

Presbytetarians who were fed up with Anglican church, jumped ship and fled first to Netherlands then to Plymouth in 1620

"Tragedy" of Herbert Hoover

Presidency w/ great promise gets wrecked by Depression, and Hoover faced blame for most of it

John Adams

President 1797-1801, moderate Federalist who didn't support Britain

Cuba

President Pierce seeks to annex Cuba (sugar island) but is rebuffed by Spain

Franklin Pierce

President from 1852-1856, youngest president yet, Democrat and wanted more territory for the U.S.

Alien Act

President has the power to deport suspected aliens during peace or war

Nicholas Biddle

President of BUS starting 1823, skilled and arrogant banker

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

President of Mexico, cracked down on Texan autonomy starting in 1834, prompting a revolt

Millard Filmore

President upon Zachary Taylor's death in 1850

William Henry Harrison

President, dies a month after his inauguration in 1840, first to ever die in office

Mass circulation weeklies & Time Magazine

Print journalism expands with new news style & photographs in weekly magazines, Time comes first in 1923, followed by others

Pinkerton detectives

Private detectives frequently hired to defend corporate properties

Private Charity

Private donations contribute only to 6% of relief funds, seriously strained by Depression

Confederate Homefront

Production shifts cotton to wheat, women get more jobs, gov't had no money and caused inflation, conscription began in 1862, opposition to policies because of loss of state's rights

Interchangeable Parts

Products all used identical parts that helped mass production, pioneered by Eli Whitney

Early manufacturing

Products made by hand, often in the home or by artisans & apprentices

Kinsey Report

Prof. Alfred Kinsey collects info on sexual behavior, publishes, finds people actually enjoy it

Medicare & Medicaid

Programs passed 1965 to provide elderly, poor (vulnerable groups) with health insurance by giving money to participating states

Colonization

Proposed policy of moving free blacks to Africa to help calm southern fears of emancipation

Taylor's Proposal

Proposition puts all territories into two states, NM & CA, with no slavery at all. CA gets in in 1849. Angers many southern states, who threaten secession

Life in Mining Camps

Prospectors often don't strike, non-whites get lots of hate, Indians slaughtered mostly men, many other people make money in other businesses for miners

Prostitution & extent of white slave trade

Prostitution common, women sometimes kidnapped and imprisoned as sex slaves, condemned by reformers, Christians, health officials

Missionary impulse

Protestant Americans wished to convert "heathen" in Pacific, but 1st introduced Western culture thru goods, schools, systems of gov't

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

RFC created 1932, gov't agency could lend $ to banks, insurance co.s, RRs, cutting bank failures drastically

Robert Kennedy's 1968 Campaign

RFK runs anti-war, angering McCarthy supporters, garnering more support from workers, blacks, viable candidate until assassination

Reorientation of Western Trade

Railroads to East are cheaper, less risky for Western farmers than steamboat to New Orleans, west-south shifts to west-east

Unsafe at Any Speed (1965)

Ralph Nader's bestselling report on dangerous behavior of American cars, including GM's Chevy Corsair, GM tries & fails to discredit him

Home on the Range

Ranching families have rudimentary quarters, 30-40 acres for pasture, women also help men tend crops and ranch animals

Depression of 1893

Rapid contraction hurts economy, causing massive unemployment as interdependence between economy hits all with downturn

Inflation

Reduction in the purchasing power in currency, causing prices to rise

Politics and Reform

Reform butts into politics as people abandoned voluntary persuasion, disrupted old party system

Jane Addams

Reformer & founder of Hull House in 1889, 1st settlement house, helped immigrants, wanted laws protecting women, children, poor

Nat'l Municipal League & "model city charter"

Reformers create league to solve urban issues, 1894 convention creates charter w/ more mayoral authority, limited utility contracts

Society of Cincinnati

Reformers disbanded it because it was a social club for veterans with hereditary membership

Prohibition & 18th Amendment

Reformers try to remove alcohol and attached social evils, const amendment 1920, instead promotes illegal smuggling, gangs

Reasons for Reconstruction's Failures

Reformism replaced with cynicism about war, corruption, South was unwilling to let go of 200+ yrs of culture, racism is too pervasive in both sections

Religious dimensions of 1950s

Religion is segregating factor, people marry within own faiths, etc. Religion increases as anti-Red hype grows

Charles Finney

Religious convert who became a famous Revivalist minister in the 1820s and 30s along the Erie Canal

Tallmadge Amendment

Representative James Tallmadge introduces bill to make Missouri free, causing an imbalance in senators

Elections of 1868 and 1872

Repub Ulysses S. Grant narrowly wins in 1868, wins in 1872 despite loss of Radical support, illustrates declining power of Repubs

Richard Nixon

Repub candidate in 1960, experienced Cold Warrior, narrowly loses to JFK

Benjamin Harrison

Repub, 1888-1892, efficient, passed Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Sherman Antitrust Act, McKinley Tariff, productive administration

Theodore Roosevelt

Repub, 1901-1908, progressive, wanted mediation between parties in "Square Deal", created nat'l parks, aggressive foreign policy

William McKinley

Repub, did not compete against Bryan's stump tour, campaign manager Hanna used modern campaign tricks to deliver his victory

John C. Fremont

Republican candidate in 1856, western explorer and Mexican War vet, platform was against "Slave Power" of southern planters

American System

Republican plan to improve economic development through government-funded infrastructure projects, protective tariffs, and a national bank

Warren G. Harding

Republican president 1920-1923, weak and cautious, administration plagued with cronyism & corruption, died in 1923

Republican Party power base

Republican support is purely sectional, Northern voters only. Appealed to anti-slavery and anti-planter aristocracy voters

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

Republican tactic of reviving bitter memories of the Civil War, proclaiming Democrats to be traitors and deserters

McKinley Tariff (1890)

Republicans advocate for high tariffs to protect domestic industry, Sen. McKinley proposes massive tariff with "reciprocity" clause

Francis Townsend

Retired CA physician proposes pensions for retired, infeasible (50% of budget), but popular among millions of elderly & retired

Postwar gender roles

Returning GIs often expected women to return back to wife's role despite having worked, lavish GI spouses with attention

Seaport social hierarchy

Rich merchants with political power, artisans and their apprentices produced stuff according to their trade, free & bound laborers, many black, work seaports

Escalation vs. Withdrawal in 1965

Robert McNamara states that US is near defeat, must escalate its attack in Vietnam (until enemy is overwhelmed) or withdraw

New Harmony, IN

Robert Owen's socialist utopia fails because individualism overrode the willingness to cooperate, infighting occurred

John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil

Rockefeller's Standard Oil controls most of nation's oil, relied on RRs, used both vertical and horizontal integration

South Carolina Crisis

SC residents hate tariff hikes (hurt cotton exports) and increasingly afraid of slave revolts

Square Deal

Roosevelt is ok with Big Business, Farms, etc., had Big Gov't help mediate disputes between them and people, used in various events

Denver, CO

Rowdy city in 1860s, sprawled after railroads connected to it in 1870s, massive pop. growth and development

Gag Rule (1836-1844)

Rule preventing the debate of any petition regarding slavery in Congress

Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco

Run-down San Francisco neighborhood turned into a hippie refuge

Sojourner Truth

Runaway slave and abolitionist author

Frederick Douglass

Runaway slave and abolitionist who published his memoir and ran an anti-slavery newspaper in Rochester

Confederate States of America

SC secedes first (12/'60), it and other states organize Confederate States of America in 2/'61, with Jefferson Davis as president

Munich Analogy

Sec. of Navy James Forrestal fears appeasing USSR leads to repeat of Munich, needed to stop them in their tracks instead

China

Russian occupation forces in Manchuria supply Mao & Chinese Communists with goods, arms

Korea

Russian troops control northern half of Korea along with Korean Communists under Kim Il-Sung

Hayne-Webster Debate

SC Sen. Hayne outlines notification, MA Sen. Webster counters that Constitution is compact between people, not states, and that federal government had sovereign powers over states

Black Hills

Sacred grounds for Sioux, settled by whites to the tribe's anger after rumors of gold were leaked

Roger Williams

Salem, MA minister who wanted separation of church and state and full religious toleration, fled colony and founded Rhode Island

Witchcraft

Salem, MA witchhunt leads to 344 accused around New England and many executed, most of which were independent, middle-aged or old women

Hay's Open Door Notes

Sec. of State Hay asks imperial powers to keep free trade in China in 1899, U.S. leads fight to keep world markets open

Knights of Labor

Secret, ritualized, religious labor group, exploded in 1879 under Powderly, favored cooperative systems, reformist agenda

Telegraph

Samuel Morse invents it in 1837 to communicate across the country near-instantaneously, helping accelerate business info and journalism

Margaret Sanger & Contraception

Sanger promotes contraception to save poor women from burdens of pregnancies, also becomes popular among middle class couples

Black Hawk War

Sauk and Fox tribes led by chief Black Hawk reenter Illinois and are crushed by army and militia

Eugenics

Science involving selective breeding for human improvement, popularized by zoologist Madison Grant, favored ethnic purity

Clarence Darrow

Scopes' defense lawyer during trial and professed athiest

Paxton Boys

Scots-Irish gang in west PA protest lack of protection from NAs by killing NAs

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish immigrant whose steel company became world's leading producer

"New Look"

Sec of State Dulles' foreign policy, aggressively containing USSR with threat of nuclear war

Australian Ballot

Secret ballot, meant to prevent voter fraud, introduced in the 1880s

Know-Nothing Party

Secret nativist society and political party (members sworn to say they "knew nothing"), anti-immigrant, grew in popularity from 1853-55

Panic of 1873

Severe depression from 1873-'77, diverting attention towards economy, 3 million unemployed

Power Press

Sharply lowers cost and increases speed of printing newspapers, allowing them to become mainstream

Tecumseh & The Prophet

Shawnee brothers, one an accomplished warrior and the other a former alcoholic who preached to natives to abandon white habits

Anti-Masons

Short-lived political party that opposed the Freemasons

Abraham Lincoln's Leadership

Shrewd politician, ignored criticism, communicated well with civilians for morale, had clear sight of goal, kept hands off Army

New France in 1700

Small population, mostly in Canada but had many missions, had strategic and economic alliances with tons of native tribes

Motion pictures & nickelodeons

Small theaters showed soundless motion pictures, but movies later evolve into medium for spreading cultural trends

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Signed 1817, limits naval forces for Britain and U.S. on Great Lakes

Transcontinental Treaty

Signed February 1819, establishes Spanish-American border all the way to Pacific, gives U.S. Florida in exchange for U.S. claims on Texas

Couer D'Alene Strike (1892)

Silver miners strike, battle company guards and U.S. military

Richard Nixon as President

Small-town, middle-class conservative, but also vengeful towards enemies, secretive- would hurt him in Watergate scandal

Pet Banks

Smaller state banks where government deposits were relocated to, many were controlled by Democrats

South Carolina

Sir Anthony Cooper wanted it to be utopia, but it doesn't work out, settled by people into the NA slave trade, after devastating slave wars becomes a plantation colony that grows rice

Fundamental Constitutions

Sir Anthony Cooper's governing system for Carolinas, created by John Locke, with hereditary nobility and elected assembly

Romanticism

Social movement that emphasized emotion and intuition, glorified the individual and was against oppressive institutions

Social Work

Social work as a field is created, data is studied, cases are created to help clients solve problems

Harry Hopkins

Social worker in charge of FDR's relief programs, Works Progress Administration

Chile & Salvador Allende

Socialist Salvador Allende elected in Chile, Kissinger & CIA fund military coup, killing Allende and replacing with brutal dictatorship

Eugene Debs

Socialist party leader, convicted of sedition (criticizing draft) in 1918 and sentenced to 10 years in jail

Moral Suasion vs. Political Abolition

Some abolitionists try to persuade the South that slavery is evil while others push for political action

Immigrant education

Some educators Americanized immigrants, some immigrants made own schools (e.g. catholic), english language classes appear

Catholicism

Some fear JFK, as Catholic, might put US under Pope's control, JFK states he supports complete separation of church and state

Militant suffragists

Some who disliked slow progress used more aggressive, disruptive tactics, began in UK, adopted by Alice Paul & others in 1910s

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina politician and Andrew Jackson's president, big proponent for state's rights

Syngman Rhee

South Korean dictator in 1950s

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnamese dictator installed by US after 1954 Geneva Accords, assassinated in military coup in 1963

Nixon & Brezhnev

Soviet PM Leonid Brezhnev invites Nixon to visit, strikes wheat deal and Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Iran

Soviet military assists Iranian rebels seeking to break away from gov't

Nuclear Deterrence

Soviets hold conventional military superiority, US relies on threat of nukes on Soviet cities, plans draw together beginning 1946

New Mexico

Spanish colony attempt in Upper Rio Grande region

California

Spanish colony on West Coast, sparsely populated with Catholic missions and Indians who worked the land

Juan de Oñate

Spanish explorer that attempted to colonize New Mexico in search of treasure, fought w/ Pueblos

De Lome Letter

Spanish minister's letter is exposed in 2/'98, stating that Spain would not back down on Cuban rebels, insulting McKinley

Sedition Act

Speaking, writing, publishing seditious works against the government would lead to imprisonment

Land Speculation

Speculators buy up land and sell it at higher prices, many people speculate in land markets as prices skyrocket in 1820s-30s

Discrepancies in Southern education

Spending on white education far outstrips black education, which decreases after disfranchisement

Mercantilism

State regulates and protects industry and commerce

Disestablishment

State-sponsored churches are dismantled for unfair taxation of other believers

Declaration of Sentiments

Statement modeled after Dec. of Independence that called for reform of women's rights

State commissions

States establish these to investigate industries, esp. RRs, gathering and publicizing information on rates, practices, advised legislators

Southern Defiance of Reconstruction

States reject 13th amendment, state gov'ts don't give blacks any political rights and pass "black codes", reworked "slave codes"

Ratification Process

States sign Constitution between 1788 and 1790, after ensuring that Bill of Rights is added

Role of technology in consumer economy

Steam and electric machines begin to replace workers, but demand continues to increase, machinery matches that

Robert Fulton's Clermont

Steamboat demonstrating feasibility of steam power by going upstream from NYC to Albany in 1807

Homestead Strike (1892)

Steel workers' union strikes, standing off against Pinkerton detectives, eventually crushed by PA state militia

"Buying on margin"

Stocks could be bought with only 50% of cash up front for most of 1920s, brokers' loans covered rest

Great Crash & role in Depression

Stocks lose $10 bil as bubble bursts 10/29/1929, few people actually traded but investments needed to maintain prosperity, savings lost

comptoir

Storehouse for animal pelts, term used to dismiss Champlain's endeavor.

Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850)

Story of a woman with an illegitimate child, about the power of the past to shape people, and human flaws such as pride, envy

Sit-down strikes

Strikers occupy plants while going on strikes, preventing companies from hiring strikebreakers

Automobile industry strikes

Strikes occur at GM plants in 1936-37, plants taken over, MI Nat'l Guard called to protect strikers, GM agrees to union demands

Brigham Young

Successor of Mormon founder Joseph Smith, leads the Mormons to Utah

Memphis & New Orleans Race Riots

Summer of 1866 white mobs attack black sections of Memphis, New Orleans, killing ~46 blacks each time

Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford

Supporter of war but dissatisfied w/ Joint Chiefs of Staff needing even more troops, no sign of win, builds case for deescalation

Free Soilers

Supports Wilmot Proviso, made of Conscience Whigs and northern Demos, Van Buren steals more votes than Liberty in '44

Judicial Review

Supreme Court can interpret the meaning and constitutionality of all laws

Upper South's Transformation

Switch from tobacco to wheat and corn leads to some decline in slavery after 1790, slaves often sold to Deep South

Scientific Management

System of management analyzing workflows (Taylorism), taught in schools of business, managers used it to boost firm's earnings

Welfare Capitalism

System where companies pledge to care for employees, provide benefits & amenities, touched very few skilled workers, no others

Macune's subtreasury system

System where feds furnish warehouses for crops, low interest loans for farmers until prices rose, farmers don't have to sell

Sharecropping

System where one farms a plot of the landowner's and splits the crop as rent, more free than wage labor, but exploitable towards blacks

Trusts

Systems where shareholders of many corps. give up shares to central board, linking the actions of various companies into one

Advertising

Taking from WWI's CPI, advertising uses emotional appeals, stressing consumer's desires, eye-catching but dumbed-down ads

Technology in WWI

Tanks, machine guns, gas, zeppelins and aircraft transform warfare and make it more deadly, battles kill tens to hundreds of thousands

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff hike of 1828, leads to vehement objections by South Carolina residents

Increase in productivity

Technology leads to efficiency, more goods which had to be bought

Defense in War

Technology leads to stronger defense, which causes massive casualties for any onrushing force

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Tecumseh's base Prophetstown is destroyed after Indian forces are defeated by Americans

Pan-Indian Movement

Tecumseh's effort to unite all tribes in one anti-American movement, last Native confederacy

TR & Rough Riders

Teddy Roosevelt organizes volunteer cavalry troop which helped to conquer San Juan

Bill of Rights

Ten amendments to Constitution that safeguards individual rights

Levittown

Term for the widespread adoption of William Levitt's standardized, mass-produced Cape Cod house in nation's suburbs

Credibility Gap

Tet Offensive shows that administration's promises are very different from war's realities, public loses trust in gov't on Vietnam

Texas Republic

Texas declares independence in March 1836, constitution allows slavery, not recognized by Mexican gov't

Water Power

Textile mills and other factories are dependent on power from running water and set up at rivers

Horizontal Growth

The act of joining forces with competitors, whether through cooperation or formal mergers

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's theories to society, stated that those who were poor were unable to compete, survival of the fittest

Vertical Integration

The control of many stages of a business operation, including production, distribution, and marketing/sales

Ideal of Domesticity

The home was a haven from the competitive working world and was the domain of the mother

Writ of Habeas Corpus

The requirement that an arrested person be charged with a crime promptly or be released

Aristocracy of Merit

Those who moved up the scale demanded recognition and political influence

Federalist Ideology

Thought it kept class and order against the republican "mob", favored lots of commerce and military to make country powerful. Support with urban dwelling bankers, merchants, esp. in NE

Republican Ideology

Thought that gov't threatened liberty, wanted people to do their own thing, favored agriculture and virtuous republican spirit. Support with poorer, Western subsistence farmers

Republican Governments

Thought that they were best suited for small republics, U.S. was too big for one

Strom Thurmond & Dixiecrats

Thurmond & Dixiecrats (mostly Southern Demos) oppose Truman's civil rights actions

Tidewater vs. Frontier

Tidewater Atlantic is the old-school, styled gentry whereas frontier south cotton planters had less luxury, more hard work and aggressive business tactics

Planter Elite

Tidewater gentry were respected community members, ministers, justices, cotton gentry were less gentry-like and worked their way up. All owned lots of land, slaves

Era of Good Feelings

Time period where Republicans were the only party, trying to keep unity in nation

Fort Laramie Conference (1851)

U.S. gov't agrees to compensate Plains tribes but orders them to stay away from trail, few tribes comply

Industrial transformation

U.S. industrializes after 1850 with interlocking industrial systems

Battle for rail connections

Towns and cities desire rail links in order to stay connected to trade

Overland Trail

Trail to Oregon explodes in popularity in 1843, lots of wagon trains of people travelling it to reach the West

Location of Railroads in Cities

Trains are loud, dirty, tracks are placed away from high-income neighborhoods

Amos Bronson Alcott

Transcendentalist and controversial education reformer

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist, friend of Emerson who favored individualism, living alone in a rudimentary cabin on Walden Pond in 1845-46

War bonds

Treasury sells bonds to raise money voluntarily

Slaves

Treatment varies depending on master, often worked in fields, sang spirituals, practiced Christianity, treated well compared to other slave countries

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Treaty allowing U.K. equal rights to any Central American canal, Secretary of State Blaine campaigned to cancel it in 1880s

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

Treaty between America and Spain where America surrendered rights to Mississippi in exchange for trading rights

Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti

Two Italian anarchists wrongly sentenced to death for robbery and murder in Braintree, MA, likely due to being foreign-born radicals

New York and Ohio

Two swing states among the few that actually varied enough to decide an election

Tyler and Texas

Tyler alienates fellow Whigs by vetoing party bills, loses party support, wants to win back White House through Texas issue (its annexation)

Texas Annexation

Tyler's proposal in 1844 dies, tries again in 1845 as a joint reso, annexes Texas on last day in office

Tom Hayden & Students for Democratic Society

U Michigan student who joined SNCC in voting drive, organized SDS calling for participatory democracy, condemned bureaucracy

Gadsden Purchase

U.S buys strip of land in Southwest from Mexico for a transcontinental railroad

Trail of Tears

U.S. army forcefully marches 15,000 Cherokee west to Oklahoma in 1836, a quarter die

America's Natural Resources

U.S. rich with commodities including iron ore, coal, lumber, which are exploited at rapid rates & high scale during industrialization

Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine

U.S.S. Maine suffers a boiler explosion in Havana Harbor on 2/15/'98, fanatical nationalists and public convinced it was Spanish sabotage

Yalta- Poland

UK & US want self-deterimination for Poland while USSR wants Red gov't @ Lublin, FDR proposes Lublin leading until elections later

George McClellan

Union Army of Potomac chief '61-'63, arrogant yet also insecure, cautious, unable to secure victories. Ran against Lincoln in 1864

David Farragut

Union admiral who captured New Orleans and other cities along the ocean

Post-war state of unions

Union membership sinks from 5 mil in 1921 to 3.5 mil in 1929, strikes do occur but far less frequently

Unions & Strikes

Union membership spikes after compromise w/ employers, coal & RR workers still strike in 1943, gov't forced to take control, settle strikes

Organized Labor in Depression

Union movement rises with New Deal, strikes proliferate and membership increases again

Cannery & Agricultural Workers Industrial Union

Union of mostly Mexican migrant workers in CA, strikers in San Joaquin cotton fields expelled to Mexico

American Federation of Labor

Union was more accommodating, favored negotiating, accepted wage system, horizontally organized across many locations

Women, children and blacks in labor

Unmarried women and children forced to take jobs to make money for family, paid less, blacks faced discrimination, mainly service

Industrial Accidents

Unsafe conditions kill 33k and injure 500k+ workers annually, most had no compensation from either employers or gov't

Upper South & Border States

Upper South and border states seek solution but Upper South states secede after Lincoln declares war

Independent Treasury

Van Buren's keeper of government funds, not allowed to issue any banknotes or accept paper currency, protected gov't money but could not help the failing economy

Atomic research & Manhattan Project

Various European physicists fleeing Germans begin working on A-bomb under secrecy in US in 1939

1949

Various foreign policy issues, news that Soviets have nukes, loss of China to Reds, news of Soviet spies in gov't, Manhattan Proj.

Complexity of Western Landscapes

Various parts of Great Plains, west is more arid than East, past Rockies is dry Great Basin and Sierra Nevada, all different climates

National Trades Union

Various trade unions become one in 1834

Black ghetto riots

Various violent riots plague cities such as NYC, Chicago, Newark, etc. from 1964-1968, 34 deaths, $200 mil property dmg, troops called in

Sioux Wars

Various wars from 1866 to ~1876 fought as Plains Indians tried to drive settlers and U.S. forces from their lands. Tribes ultimately forced onto reservations

San Francisco

Very small CA city explodes to 50k in 8 years, chaotic growth and unsafe or poor infrastructure, immigrants

Articles of Confederation

Very weak central government prevents power grabs but also is unable to raise revenue to fund army, handle foreign policy, pass financial regulation, and keep states together

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Voters can introduce legislation, can enact or repeal laws, can remove elected officials

Collapse of 2nd American Party System

Voters split more on sectional lines as Northern Democrats join Whigs in opposing KS-NB, while Southern Whigs support

Tet Offensive

Vietcong attacks during Tet holiday 1/30/1968, targeting Saigon, US Embassy, TV show to public military on its knees even as Vietcong pushed back

Stalemate

Vietcong continue fighting even while suffering terrible losses, CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite states US is "mired in stalemate"

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese Communist who negotiated for self-determination @ Versailles after WWI, led North Vietnam

Senator Joseph McCarthy

WI sen. and crazy nobody, uses Red Scare to boost political clout, whirlwind (but overblown) accusations of Reds in gov't 1950-1953

Gov't support for the Arts

WPA art program allows artists of all types to create and display public projects, music, writing, watercolors, murals, art classes, etc.

Works Progress Administration

WPA created 1935, work relief gave jobs that didn't compete w/ industry, inc. teaching, building schools, employed 8.5 mil by 1943

Trench Warfare

WWI settles into immobile fronts as machine guns, poison gas, artillery prevent armies from advancing

Bonus Army

WWI vets seeking promised bonus march on DC in 6/1932, Congress blocks payments, Army disperses, wounding 300 vets

Worker's Wages

Wage buying power increases but most workers not paid enough to support themselves, native > immigrant, skilled > unskilled

Henry Wallace & Progressives

Wallace & Progressives want more rigorous New Deal reforms

Native Epidemics

Wampanoag tribe devastated by epidemic a few years prior to Pilgrim arrival, unable to kick them out and instead ally with them

Spanish Plans

Wanted to close Missisippi to Americans (Jay-Gardoqui), prompting some southwestern territories to discuss joining Spain

Cost of War

War cost roughly $20 billion, 620k men died (as much as all other wars fought through Vietnam), Southern wealth declined 43%

Sources of Postwar Prosperity

War wages boost savings, gov't spending increases at all levels, military-industrial spending increases

Total War

War where massive armies fought each other and where belligerents threw all of their production & resources into war effort

John B. Watson & Behaviorism

Watson pioneers behaviorism, stating that human behavior was easily shaped, psychologist who began working in advertising

"New" immigration

Wave of immigration beginning in 1880s from Southern & Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution, disease, hardship

Wealth Distribution

Wealth becomes increasingly concentrated at top in 1800s even though many become enriched

Liberty League

Wealthy, conservatives contend FDR is enemy of private property, rising dictator, runs anti-New Deal ads, unsuccessful & unpopular

GI Bill of 1944

Welfare program for veterans gives low-interest loans for farms, homes, businesses, helped pay for college.

West coast war industries

West coast aircraft factories & shipyards expand for war production, giving job opportunities to many residents

Virginia Debate of 1832

Western VA counties propose gradual statewide emancipation, intense debate follows, measure is torpedoed.

Immigration Act's effect on Mexicans

Western hemisphere immigrants capped at 120k, hurting Mexican workers

The West and the world economy

Western raw materials exchanged for capital from East, Europe, Westerners consume manufactured goods, cattle and wheat prices are more and more determined by outside competition

New Crops

Wheat, fruits, vegetables are introduced into prairie region, replacing native grasses and changing ecosystem

Other factors that crippled tribal culture

White settlements spread disease to natives, liquor causes alcoholism, farms, pastures, railroads disrupted land, bison pelt industry removes the hunt

New Racial Triad

White-black relationship ==> White-black-mexican in South (TX), new system had blacks low, Hispanics sometimes swung between the two

Nat'l War Labor Board

Wilson creates board to arbitrate disputes between unions and corps, establish equal pay for women, overtime pay

Millard Filmore

Whig vice-president of Taylor and president 1850-1852, American Party candidate in 1856

Whig opposition to war

Whigs accuse Polk of trying to steal territory to extend slavery, but are careful not to cut off funding (like Feds in 1812)

Basis of Whig Split

Whigs alienate Protestants by seeking Catholic votes and split over temperance reform, along with KS-NE

Whigs on Gov't Power

Whigs believe gov't should be active in promoting general welfare by protecting liberties, regulating economy, and passing legislature to aid moral welfare (temprance, anti-slavery)

Social Bases of Parties

Whigs draw from business class and commercial farmers and citydwellers, Democrats draw from subsistence farmers, lower-class workers, small entrepreneurs often in frontier

Election of 1840

Whigs portray Harrison as man of the people, Van Buren as distant aristocrat, Harrison is victorious

William Whyte's The Organization Man (1956)

Whyte critiques suburbs, finding the "organization man" has no ambition, merely materialistic

Election of 1912

Wilson & Demos target TR & Progressives over Repubs & Taft, labeling his consolidation as dangerous, wins

Frances Willard & Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Willard becomes president of WCTU in 1879, which focused on temperance to protect the home from abusive men, reform society

Taft & election of 1908

William Howard Taft is handpicked successor of TR, wins under Republican ticket, but wavers compared to TR

William Howard Taft & Philippine colonial rule

William Howard Taft, as 1st gov of Philippines, was loose, creates infrastructure, schools, factories, gave Filipinos more autonomy

Wilson's uncompromising stance & stroke

Wilson considered Article X removal "knife thrust at the heart" of treaty, stress over treaty causes stroke 10/2/1919

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Wilson creates 12 regional banks (not 1 BUS), and central Fed board in DC, appointed by President. Shades of TR's Big Gov't

Anne Hutchinson

Woman who explained sermons to her neighbors, adding her own views led to her being expelled for sedition

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity & Infancy Act (1921)

Women activists succeed in passing legislation to fight infant mortality with rural prenatal and baby-care centers

Political Participation

Women are encouraged to join in political festivals, blacks begin flexing their rights to demostrate

Women at war

Women can join auxiliary army corps, later upgraded to give equal pay, rank, status as male soldiers, non-combatants as nurses, clerks, mechanics, etc.

Women's Rights Movement

Women demand equal civil & political rights and education, some equated the movement to anti-slavery

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Women's rights convention, called for reforms and issued Declaration of Sentiments on women's rights

Women's Household Labor

Women's traditional jobs making cloth, candles are replaced by mass production in factories

Transportation of the nature of work

Work becomes more about output, time, demanded workers who were reliable and efficient instead of skilled artisans

Railroad Workers

Workers are often immigrants, european but especially Chinese, cut their way through Sierra Nevada under grueling discipline

Unions

Workers group together to collectively bargain and strike for better pay and working conditions

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Written by MLK in jail, defended civil disobedience as opposed to violent confrontation and streets "flowing with blood"

1831

Year Garrison's Liberator begins printing and year of Nat Turner's Rebellion, increases fear in southern slaveholders

Dust Bowl

Years of overgrazing, intense farming and drought turn area in Great Plains into near-desert, dust storms force many farmers to leave

Boom-Bust cycles

Years of prosperity and growth followed by depression, three occur between 1815 and Civil War

Absence of class conflict

Yeoman and poor whites do not resent rich planters, all unite in their racism against blacks

Red Stick Creeks

Young Creeks launch attacks on U.S. in Mississippi Territory, defeated by U.S. and allied tribes

Thomas Jefferson

Young Virginian planter and lawyer, author of the Declaration of Independence

La Raza Unida & Brown Berets

Younger Latinos flock to more militant groups seeking concessions from political parties, using paramilitary tactics of Black Panthers

War Hawks

Younger republicans who came to power in 1810, more nationalist, wanted economic development, expansion, war against Britain

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Slave Trade

from 1700-1850, 21m Africans captured but 7m stayed in Africa, 9m entered America, 19k/year in 1600s and 60k/year in 1700s. Most go to Brazil

Women in the workforce

~1 mil women join workforce as men fight abroad, working jobs usually held by men, gov't recommends equal working conditions

Manifestations of 1893 depression

~20% unemployment, more women and children enter labor force, city bosses, churches, civilians forced to create relief organizations

East St. Louis riots

~50 civilians die in race riots in St. Louis in mid-1917 as blacks sometimes fought back against racial injustices

Eldridge Cleaver's Soul on Ice

Leader of Panthers whose autobiography attacts attention of whites

Popular Sovereignty

Stephen Douglas' doctrine of letting the inhabitants of an area determine if they wanted slavery

Manassas/Bull Run

7/21/'61, Union army humiliated by Confederate reinforcements and "Rebel Yell", destroyed illusions of a quick war

Beat generation

"Hipster" counterculture of artists, intellectuals, students experiment with drugs, religions, renounce mainstream's consumerism & spiritual bankruptcy

Tonkin Incident & Resolution

8/1964 US naval ships secretly in Gulf of Tonkin attacked, LBJ uses it as excuse to ask Congress for authority to "repel armed attack"

Jane Addams & Hull House

Addams opens settlement house in Chicago in an old mansion in 1889, growing to a city block and serving thousands

Farm Credit Administration

Admin helps impoverished farmers, refinanced ~ 20% of farm mortgages

Public Works Administration

Admin hires for public works, boosts industrial activity & consumer spending as workers spend, industrial orders drive market

George Dewey's fleet at Manila

Admiral Dewey and newly modernized Pacific Fleet steam to Manila from Philippines, destroy entire Spanish fleet on 5/1/'98

Comte de Grasse

Admiral who led French navy

Worker's compensation

Adopted first in MD 1902, laws requiring insurance, employer liability, compensation for family spread to various states by 1916

Repatriation

1931 gov't begins shipping Latinos (and US-born children) back to Mexico, despite being citizens, dropping Latino pop. in SW

Agricultural Adjustment Act

1933 act allows gov't to pay farmers for producing less (lowering surplus, raising prices), taxed farm processors

Chisholm Trail

Cattle herding trail from San Antonio to Kansas, it and other trails soon connect to Western rails

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 act reversing assimilation, encouraged tribal culture, gave reservations more autonomy, tribes regained control of land

Nat'l Labor Relations Act / Wagner Act

1935 act creates Nat'l Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections, enforce union right to bargain, union membership goes up

Social Security Act

1935 act passed to help elderly, infirm, children w/ pensions, jobless benefits, funded by payroll tax, shows switch to gov't helping out

Iranian Crisis

1946 Stalin doesn't w/draw Soviet troops from oil-rich Iran, US goes to UN to kick them out, USSR backs down

Committee on Civil Rights

1946 Truman's committee investigates, publishes "To Secure These Rights", exposing caste system unfairly treating blacks in all of life

Greece & Turkey

1947 Truman approves $400 mil military & eco. aid to fund fight against Greek & Turkish communists, creates "Truman Doctrine"

Taft-Hartley Act

1947 act gives 90-day cooloff between strikes, let states do right-to-work laws, banning closed shop, overrode Truman's veto

Thomas Dewey

1948 Republican candidate, more moderate than Taft but was aloof, unpopular, loses race to Truman at last minute

Alger Hiss & Klaus Fuchs

1949 & 1950 news arises that FDR adviser was close to Communists & British physicist spied for USSR respectively

McCarran Act

1950 act requires Communists to register w/ gov't, forbade entry of anyone in totalitarian org., indefinite detention of suspect aliens

Khrushchev vs. Stalin

1953 Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev replaces, shares the shrewd, humorous, short-tempered nature of Harry Truman, volatile towards US

Egypt, Gamal Nasser, & Suez Canal

1956 US pulls aid after Egypt threatens Israel, Col. Nasser seizes Suez, UK, French, Israeli forces take canal but US, USSR force withdrawal

Little Rock Crisis

1957 Central High School enrolls 9 black students but AR gov Farbus calls in nat'l guard to block. Ike calls in federal marshals to enforce

Sputnik

1957 USSR successfully launches 1st satellite into space, US space program fails, raises fear of ICBMs, US edu. system is revamped

Lunch counter sit-ins

1960 Black students spontaneously stage sit-ins at segregated diners & stores beginning w/ Greensboro, NC, no organization

JFK vs. Steel Industry

1962 steel corps boost steel prices, breaking agreement w/ unions and gov't, JFK says pricefixing, pulls Pentagon contracts

Free Speech Movement @ UC Berkeley

1964 Freedom Summer vet Mario Savio calls for free speech in uni, students take over administration buildings and strike to stop classes

Increase in Asian immigration

1965 Immi Act removes barriers to Asian immigrants, often middle-class pros, model hardworking minority, but still discrimination

Stokely Carmichael and Black Power

1966 SNCC militant leader gives younger blacks a slogan- "Black Power" and emblem of a gloved fist

Stonewall Riot

1969 NYC police raid Stonewall Inn, a gay bar, patrons successfully beat back police, symbol of gay movement's power

Temporary Emergency Relief Administration

1st state relief admin, established 1931 in NY by FDR to deal with unemployment

US contribution to WWI

2 million Americans serve, 116,500 die, American material aid and convoys also crucial, bolstering American economic strength

Background of black political leaders

2/5 professionals (mostly clergy), 1/3 farmers (mostly land-owning), all but 3 had secondary education, 4 had college

Slavery

20% pop is slaves, 90% are in South, Southerners say that slaves are their property, which is needed for liberty. Northerners gradually abolish slavery

Relief, Recovery, Reform

3 Rs: Provide immediate help to stop slide, restart economy & consumer demand, prevent economic calamity from reoccurring

Russian Revolution

3/15/1917 Czar Nicholas II overthrown, Russia sinks into civil war between Reds & Whites

Extent of Prohibition

3/4 of pop. in "dry" counties by 1917, 2/3 states adopt laws banning manufacture and sale of alcohol

Earth Day

4/22/1970, Americans demonstrate commitment to healthy environment, celebrate unity of living things

"Sick" sectors

Industries such as lumber, coal mining, RRs suffer from too much expansion, reduced demand, lay off jobs and wilt even before crash

MLK's March on Washington & "I Have A Dream" speech

4/28/1963 250k march on Washington in support of civil rights bill, MLK speaks, hoping people of all race & religion will be "free at last"

Kent State shootings

5/4/1970 nat'l guardsmen fire on student protesters at Kent State Uni, killing 4, inc. innocent bystanders

Nat'l Industrial Recovery Act

6/1933 law passed beginning gov't planning in industry, creating Public Works Admin and Nat'l Recovery Admin

Pooling

Informal agreements between companies to set prices and act together

Watergate break-in

6/1972 "Plumbers" raid Watergate, HQ of Demo Nat'l Committee, caught, linked to White House, Nixon fends off press as staff resigns

Profitability of Slavery

60% profit on average, despite costs of food, shelter, clothing for a slave

John Quincy Adams

6th president, 1824-1828, and son of former president John Adams

Battle of Gettysburg

7/1-7/4/'64, Lee invades PA, meets Union under Meade at Gettysburg, Lee loses a third of men and is unable to assume offensive again

Executive order on military desegregation

7/1948 Truman bans segregation in armed forces, units begin integrating and work well despite doubts of segregationists

Hollywood Ten & "Friendly" witnesses

10 Hollywood figures refuse to say if they were Reds, imprisoned, other "friendly" witnesses tell on colleagues, no evidence ever arises

Cuban Missile Crisis

10/14/1962 U-2s discover missile sites on Cuba, JFK & Khrushchev conduct tense negotiations to have them removed

"Saturday Night Massacre"

10/20/1973 Nixon fires Watergate special investigator Archibald Cox, onslaught of angry telegrams, Congress files impeachment

Split in Women's Movement

15th Amend doesn't grant women's vote, splitting movement, Stanton & Anthony and Nat'l WSA oppose while Stone & American WSA support

Pequot War

1637 colonists ally with Wampanoags and Narragansetts to attack Pequot tribe in Connecticut

Reforms of New Freedom

16th Amendment has graduated income tax on rich, corporations, cut tariff, banking & trade reform

Great Awakening

1730's religious revival preaching for new rebirth through conversion

Maine Law

1851 temperance law which allowed for search, seizure of liquor and stiff penalties against its sale

Years of Depressions

1873-1879, 1882-1885, 1893-1897

Rutherford B. Hayes

1876-1880, Repub, ended Reconstruction, pursued civil service reform but split his party, did not seek reelection

James Garfield

1880-1881, Repub, besieged by officehunters, assassinated 100 days in White House

Chester A. Arthur

1881-1884, Repub, honest dealing, broke with political machines, civil service reform, lowered tariff, angered party and not nominated

Grover Cleveland

1884-1888, 1892-1896, Demo active, expanded civil service, backed gold standard, Interstate Commerce Act

World's Columbian Exposition

1893 World expo held in Chicago, showcased goods and inventions of American industry

McKinley as President

1896-1901, good with the press, aggressive agenda, prodded Congress into action, revised tariff, mediated strikes

Mexican Revolution

1910 Porfirio Diaz overthrown, civil war breaks out between General Victoriano Huerta & his rivals, Wilson attempts to intervene

Nat'l Origins Act of 1921 & 1924

1921 law caps immigration and only admits percentage of races in US in 1910, favoring NW Europe. 1924 cuts quotas further

A&P Chain Stores

A&P Tea creates branches of stores, cater to working class, cheaper to operate than large department stores

Cattle Kingdom

Cattle industry booms on Plains, cattle run in combined pastures, with herds being driven annually to railroads for shipment to market

Food Administration & Herbert Hoover

Chair of admin Hoover promotes self-sacrifice, planting victory gardens, eating less wheat & meat to send food to refugees, troops

J. Pierpont Morgan

Investment banker who used his banking power to combine numerous companies, including Carnegie Steel in 1901

Sources of Capital

Investment capital comes mostly from savings of firms, but birth of financial institutions switches it to investors

Chinese as special cases

Chinese Exclusion Act freezes men:women ratio, laborers unable to bring families in, communities have far more prostitution, gangs

Chinese intervention

Chinese launch attack on UN forces near their border, driving UN back to 38th parallel, inflicting massive losses @ Battle of Chosan

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese nationalists rebel, attack missionaries and diplomats, besiege embassies in Beijing, brutally crushed by Europeans in 1900

Methodists

Church denomination that preached in the frontier

Centrality of Religion

Churches serve as a social gathering place for rural Southerners as well as place of worship, stabilized society

Travelling circuses

Circuses haul animals, crew, equipment to perform stunts across the world in giant tents, spreading American culture to viewers

Weaknesses of City Gov't

Cities lacked power from state's charters, city gov't fragmented into numerous branches, overstretched while providing services

Commissioner & City Manager Plans

Cities let commissioners handle departments, more powerful than mayor & council, some hire expert city manager with more power

Pattern of Settlement

Cities settled in rings, center is industrial "core" with poorest workers, conditions improve in outer rings, rich suburbs farthest out

Boss Rule

City bosses were heads of political machines, using their connections to exert authority, more effective power than mayors

City serices

City funds depleted by loss of taxpayers, unable to effectively provide relief, seek help from equally bankrupt state funding

Urban social stratification

City life is heavily stratified, every city has both slums, middle class neighborhoods, mansions

Social Geography of Cities

City size expands greatly from influx of people, center is populated by factories, poor as middle class flees outwards

Lowell, MA

City which was created in early 1800s around textile mills on Merimmack River

Omnibus Bill

Clay's massive proposal torpedoed by combination of both side's radicals, Clay himself too old to fight for it

Henry Clay's Compromises

Clay, 73 yrs old great negotiator, proposes in 1/'50 CA goes free, PopSov for UT, NM, slave trade gone in DC, better fugitive slave law

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

Clement Vallandigham is imprisoned, tried by military court, banished to Confederacy, after war Supreme Court rules civilians could not be tried in military courts

Debate on Cuba

Cleveland opposes McKinley prefers negotiations, many Republican expansionists such as TR favor recognizing Cuban independence

Charles Cornwallis

Clinton's subordinate, commanded British southern offensive

Anthracite Coal Strke (1902)

Coal miners strike in 1902, TR demands mediation and threatens takeover of mines, union and company reach equal deal

Industries stimulated by RRs

Coal, steel, lumber are needed for RRs, they help transport goods in other industries

Steamboats

Coal-powered boats cut travel time and cost on rivers and open up less accessible ones, became dominant in 1820s-1850s

Guatemala & Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán

Col. Arbenz & popular gov't seize US Fruit Co.'s land in 1954, CIA overthrows, military dictatorship replaces

Effects of the Cold War

Cold War has US take greater global military & political role to counter USSR, causes widespread suspicion at home

Anti-war protests

College students, faculty begin protesting against war in 1967, draft cards burned & offices stormed, marches on Pentagon

Professional schools

Colleges adopt German style professional training & research, many law & medical & other students get degrees, swell middle class

Jacob Coxey's Army

Coxey and hundreds of Populists march on Washington in 1894 demanding gov't relief and public works program

National Labor Union

Craft unions & reformers band together, workers demanded 8-hr workday, attacked wage system, popular until Panic of 1873

Urban Artisans

Craftworkers unite and demand representation

Steerage

Cramped, low-class compartments on ships that frequently housed immigrants during trans-Atlantic voyages

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Created by Douglas, passed in 1854, created KS and NB territories, PopSov in both, Douglas intended one for slave, one for free

Gustavus Swift

Created meatpacking company Swift & Co., used vertical integration, bought fridge railcars, warehouses, meatpacking plants

Pennsylvania

Dispersed farmsteads due to commercial agriculture and lack of wars against local natives.

Native Americans after Revolution

Displaced by settlers entering frontier, often forced to leave

Operation Ajax

Iran PM Mossadeq seizes UK oil company, US boycotts, fears he will turn to USSR, CIA ousts Mossadeq in coup and reinstates shah in 1953

Dr. Charles W. Macune

Leader of Southern Alliance from 1886, Dr. and lawyer, aimed to expand suballiances into nat'l network of alliance exchanges

John Lewis

Leader of UMW, begins calling for more unions such for steel & auto workers, joined them together under Congress of Industrial Org.s

Asa Philip Randolph & March on Washington

Leader of black worker's union threatens march in 1941 to fight discrimination in skilled jobs in defense industries, gov't

Toussant L'Ouverture

Leader of slave revolt in Haiti, news of his success prompts blacks to demonstrate in American cities

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Legislation banning entry of Chinese laborers

Mann Act (1910)

Legislation banning interstate transport of women for immoral purposes

Keating-Owens Act (1916)

Legislation discourages child labor, preventing goods made by children from crossing state lines, struck down in 1918

Margaret Sanger

NYC nurse who begins fighting for widespread adoption of birth control in 1912 to help poor evade financial burdens of many kids

Election of 1864

Lincoln and Demo Andrew Johnson run under Repubs against Demos and McClellan, Lincoln's victory allows Repubs to push through 13th amendment, keep at the war

Lincoln's assassination

Lincoln assassinated at Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth on 4/14/'65, dies the next day

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln challenges Douglas to several debates during IL Senate race, gaining him nationwide fame despite losing the election

Log Cabin Campaign

Name for Harrison's presidential campaign, which portrayed him as a down-to-earth guy who lived a frontier life

Port Huron Statement

Hayden & SDS meet at Port Huron in 1962, condemn bureaucratic society, call for face-to-face participatory democracy

Shifts in attitude about slavery during war

Lincoln is cautious for fear of alienating border states, Congress pushes him, Eman Proc released in 9/'62 to weaken Confederate military

Lincoln's Priority to Union

Lincoln is pragmatic, focused on keeping Union alive whether by freeing all slaves or none

Role of Pardons

Lincoln was willing to be generous pardoning Confederate officials and compensating for slaves, to the chagrin of Radical Repubs

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Lincoln's "10% plan", allowed states to establish a gov't free of slavery, with black education, once 10% of pop takes loyalty oath

Terence V. Powderly

Head of KoL from 1879, opened group to all races, religions, genders, wanted peaceful actions, unable to control extremists

3 largest growth industries

Healthcare, education, gov't programs, growth for all three spurred by gov't spending

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay offers to admit Missouri as slave, but prohibited slavery in any states north of Missouri's southern border

"Corrupt Bargain"

Henry Clay uses influence as Speaker of the House to give Adams the vote, Jackson and supporters allege corruption

Protective Tariffs

High tariffs that discourage foreign imports and protect industries instead of generating revenue

Colleges

Higher education appears in colonies with Harvard and Yale, first taught ministers, then lawyers, merchants, doctors, scientists

Highway's effects on cities

Highways direct drivers around cities, intercity rail and mass transit declines, jobs leave city and poor have to commute out of cities to work

West Virginia

Hilly western counties of VA oppose secession (little slavery), secede and join the Union in 6/'63

Minorities

Hispanic, black, other minority veterans disappointed returning to segregated society, begin protesting more vocally for equality

1954 Geneva Conference

Ho Chi Minh agrees to divide Vietnam on 17th parallel until elections held, but Dulles & US ignore it, support S. Viet dictator Ngo Dinh Diem

Women of the Army

Home front women had to manage farms and businesses while raising children, also supported troops by supplying food, bandages, bullets

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Homer Adolph Plessy is arrested after sitting in all-white train car, challenges segregation, Supreme Court rules it is legal if "equal"

Gay Liberation Movement

Homosexuals begin raising consciousness, establishing gay culture, calling to "come out of the closet" in 1960s & 1970s for equal rights

Hoover's approach & history

Hoover's associationalism rallied businesses to help out, ignored, raised taxes, tariffs cause more hurt, no "dole", no relief = more pain

Associationalism

Hoover's economic plan, business & gov't cooperate work in trade assos., to promote cooperation, act in public interest

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee created 1947, looked into Red influence in many places e.g. Hollywood studios

Organization of Slave Labor

House servants often "higher" than field hands, gang system had groups of slaves, task system gave each slave a specific task

"House Divided" Speech

Lincoln's Senate Nomination acceptance speech, stating that Union would not survive half-slave and free- it would go all the way to one

Naturalization Act

Immigrants have to live in U.S. for 14 years instead of 5 in order to become a citizen

Loss of ethnic associations in suburbia

Immigrants in suburbs don't live near others, ethnic lifestyles less pronounced

Immigrant family life

Immigrants marry later, have more children, children have to work, boys go to school while girls work, decisions are for collective good

Migration Chains

Immigrants often rely on networks of family and friends to find work, labor contractors help to link immigrants with work

Ethnic neighborhoods

Immigrants often settle in cities near others from the same home country, despite dynamic nature of neighborhoods

Ellis & Angel Islands

Immigration facilities of New York and San Francisco respectively

Wounded Knee (1973)

AIM under Russel Means, Dennis Banks seize Wounded Knee, but are forced to leave, many Indians don't support their cause

Censoring of Abolitionist mail

Abolitionist pamphlets are burned in South, Jackson allows southern states to censor abolitionist mail

Demographies in 1790

Blacks are 20% of population, very little immigration but high birthrate and 22-year doubling time, population is 95% rural

Camp Meetings

Massive gatherings of worshippers who listen to preachers at camps, Cane Ridge is notable example

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Act that suspended literacy tests, poll taxes for voting, allowed gov't to supervise voting in some Southern districts

Elementary and Secondary School Act (1965)

Act to fund lower-income school districts, giving equipment, money for books, Project Head Start for preschoolers

Marlon Brando & "The Wild One" (1954)

Actor who starred as a biker gang leader in a movie; teenagers imitated his style, clothing, and his challenge of authority

John Quincy Adam's presidency

Adams is not a good politician, could not build public support for his various ambitious projects

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Act barring discrimination in public facilities, authorizing gov't to sue to desegregate, banning discrimination in workplace by race, sex, religion, etc

Economic Opportunity Act (1964)

Act creating Job Corps training pgms, loans to rural families & urban small businesses, domestic Peace Corps (VISTA), Office of Economic Opportunity

Revenue Act of 1935 ("Soak the Rich")

Act hikes taxes on high incomes and inheritances, sharpens attack against well-off

Public Utilities Holding Company Act (1935)

Act limiting size of utility empires in order to limit utility prices

Glass-Stegall Banking Act (1932)

Act prints $2 bil new currency for banks, backed by Federal Reserve bonds

Home Owners' Loan Act

Act provides relief from mortgages in 1934

War Powers Act of 1973

Act requiring that President contract Congress before committing troops, and withdraw them in 60 days unless Congress OK's it

Black Soldiers

After Eman Proc Lincoln allows blacks to serve, 200k do, most were former slaves. Paid less, eventually fought in battle, 40% higher casualty rate than whites

Plantation Colony similarities

All planted one cash crop, needed black slaves whom the owners were dependent on but also feared.

Ostend Manifesto

American diplomats in Ostend, Belgium state in 1854 that should Spain not sell Cuba it should be acquired by force

U.S. Exports & Imports

American exports and imports rise sharply after 1893 depression, suggesting that imperialism was hand in hand with global economy

Migration & Immigration

American farmers and foreign immigrants begin streaming into cities in late 19th century

Winfield Scott

American general who captured Mexico City

Debt

American government and people are in debt from purchasing, borrowing during war, government can't tax to pay it back

Hispanic-Anglo Conflict

American immigrants overwhelm Hispanics, suppressing their culture, lacked skills or resources, reduced to poverty, racism

William Graham Spencer

American in favor of social Darwinism, advocated for hands-off gov't to allow for competition

Attitudes towards Race

Americans attribute differences in culture to innate differences (Indians are born worse) instead of environmental differences

Anxiety

Americans believed that good times would not last, optimism tinged with anxiety, insecurity

High-speed society

Americans move quickly in every part of life

Battle of Camden

Americans under General Gates lose to British, Gates replaced by Greene

Roots of Manifest Destiny

Americans wanted to extend democracy, social and economic systems over the "uncivilized" Indians and Hispanics

Progressive Diplomacy

An attempt to mold international environment under guidance of moralism and order, uplifting & "civilizing" less well-off

Colored Farmers' Nat'l Alliance

Blacks create own alliance in 1886 but remain secret, fearing white reprisals, strike organized in 1891 results in lynching

Haymarket Square Riot of 1886

Anarchists protesting outside McCormick are attacked by police after a bomb goes off, many injured or killed, some begin to fear labor

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's philosophy that rich should use their wealth for philanthropy

Florida

Andrew Jackson captures Spanish forts in Florida, forcing Spain to cede Florida to U.S. in 1819

Cuba & Fidel Castro

Angry Cubans & Fidel Castro overthrow dictator Batista in 1/1959, but Castro turns Red and begins seizing US properties, US embargoes

Populist Party (1892)

Angry farmers demanding inflation and "loose money" to ease their financial struggles are real force at 1892, '96 elections

Spontaneous Protests

Angry workers occasionally rioted in many cities

Subsistence Incomes

Annual income needed for barest necessities, family of four needed $2k in 1929, but 60% earned under that during Depression

Sylvester Graham

Antebellum dietary reformer who advocated remaining celibate, invented graham crackers

Retreat of the New Deal

Anti-New Dealers end CCC, NYA, FSA, block increase in Social Security, voters support and elect more Repubs in 1942 midterms

Ku Klux Klan

Anti-black paramilitary organization that terrorized blacks and Republicans, founded in TN in 1866, worked with Democratic Party

Nativism

Anti-immigrant and nationalist sentiment

Know-Nothing Platform

Anti-immigrant, anti-catholic, favored increasing naturalization time for immigrants, appealing to native-born workers who faced competition

Incidents @ Columbia, Cornell, U Wisconsin

Antiwar radicals shut down Columbia for a week, seize student union @ Cornell, set off bomb in U WI, alienates public from their cause

Thoreau's Walden (1854)

Argues that true independence is found in nature by living simply, denounced American competition and materialism

White Republicans in South

Around ~25% of southern whites at one point, attracted by Republican policies of rebuilding and infrastructure

Sharecropping

Arrangement where tenant farms on landlord's land, gets share of profit after harvest.

Tenantry

Arrangement where tenant rented landlord's land, owned his own tools and animals, and gave part of crop to landlord after hargest

New working conditions for blacks

Blacks demand freedom and time off, built their own cabins instead of living in slave houses, worked at their own pace, paid wages

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot by Serbian nationalist in 1914, sparking WWI as Russians join Serbs against Austrians

Edward Bellamy

Author whose book Looking Backward (1888) advocates for cooperation and guiding gov't through a futuristic utopian story

Upton Sinclair & The Jungle

Author writes about the horrors and ffenses of meatpacking industry in 1906, including disease, accidents, prompting Congress to act

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Authored in 1828 by vice president John C. Calhoun, outlined theory of nullification, that Constitution was agreement between states and states could nullify what they didn't like

Critics of mass culture & conformity

Authors e.g. David Riesman, William Whyte criticize conformity, materialism, concern of self-image, unambitious organization men

George Whitefield

Awakening preacher from England that electrified crowds with dramatic sermons

Frontier Evangelism

Awakening spreads to frontier through Baptist and Presbyterian congregations

Rock Music & Beatles

Beatles take US by storm in 1964, reintroducing rock and roll to Americans

Black Migration

Blacks leave southern fields for cities, using family migration chains, faced discrimination from employers

1943 Tehran Conference

Big 3 meet in Iran for first time, FDR & Churchill commit to opening 2nd front, Soviets promise attacks on Eastern front, later Japan

1945 Yalta Conference

Big Three meet in Russia in 2/1945, FDR visibly weak, differences begin to show as power vaccums appear in Europe

Bicycling

Biking was leisure activity for middle class men and women alike, before it was used as form of transportation

Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914

Bipartisan committee created to oversee business activity- appointed by executive, shades of TR's Big Gov't

Independent black churches

Black congregations quickly established, important because they are only major organization in South controlled by blacks, provide refuge in a hostile world

Exodusters

Black families who migrated west to Kansas after Reconstruction

John Coltrane

Black jazz musician and role model of beat generation

African Americans in the Depression

Black jobless # 2x that of whites @ 50% 1932, many face harder situations than whites, often stuck in rural areas

Black Nationalism

Black leaders in North become more confrontational, strongly condemning racist society and slavery

Richard Allen

Black preacher in Philly who founded Bethel Church, open to blacks, in 1794

W.E.B. Du Bois

Black professor at Atlanta Uni, advocated for blacks learning more broadly, wanted equal civil rights

Marian Anderson

Black singer refused from performing for Daughters of American Revolution in 1939.

Racial tensions

Black soldiers disliked segregation at base in Tampa, FL, drunk white soldiers shoot black child, setting off race riots

Houston Riot

Black soldiers harassed by whites and Jim Crow laws riot and kill 17 in Houston in summer 1917, battalion discharged, 13 troops hung

Buffalo Soldiers

Black soldiers in the 9th & 10th Cavalry regiments, Indian opponents compared their hair to bison's, fought Indians, bandits, and also helped homesteaders throughout West

James Meredith

Black student is enrolled in school w/ federal marshal support in 9/1962, mob gathers, attacks marshals, JFK sends in federal troops

Civil rights and veteran rights

Black veterans drive civil rights movements such as NACCP & CORE, pressing for more voting, improved education

Urban Migrations

Blacks and Latinos move into cities, facing low income, dwindling city budgets

Puritan and NA similarity

Both fish, farm, and hunt, and share a local/decentralized authority, with village sachem equivalent to town fathers

Two-faced & sectional campaign

Both parties say different things to North and South, Whigs win because of better support in South (Taylor held slaves)

Muller v. Oregon (1908) & Brandeis Brief

Brandeis defends 10 hr laundress workday, 102 pgs of legal brief discussed harms of overwork on women, only 15 pgs on precedent

War of 1812

British beat U.S. in Canadian (1812-3), Chesapeake (1814) theaters, U.S. beats Indians in South (1813-4) and British in Great Lakes (1813)

Benign Neglect

British did not mind colonies much, trade authority is weak, smuggling rampant, arrangement works out well for both Americans and British merchants

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who proposed "countercyclical" gov't spending in downturns, taxing in good times

Bessemer Process

British-designed process used to cheaply turn iron into steel using blast furnaces, led to widespread adoption of steel

Radio

Broadcasts begin in PA 1920, reporting baseball scores, later used for news, music, comedy, advertising as it entered mainstream life

Grant as Chief of Army of Potomac

Brought east in 3/'64, Grant coordinates armies in East and West to split Confederacy and destroy interior

Corporations

Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock, allowing the owners to raise capital and minimize risk

Role of Race in Imperialism

Imperialists believe whites are superior, could govern Philippines, and would be taught Western values and religion

New Orleans & Memphis

Important port cities for Confederacy on Mississippi River, both captured by Union by June 1862

Bulls, Bears & Speculation

Buying "bulls" win out over selling "bears" in late 1920s prosperity, speculating to send share prices up

Boom & Bust years of cattle kingdom

Cattle boom peaks in early 1880s, investment, bust afterwards due to overgrazing, drought, disease. Open range gone by 1890s, replaced by corporations

General William Westmoreland

Commander of US forces in Vietnam, requests troops to protect US airbases, prompting influx of US combat troops, 500k by war's end

Tenantry & Effects of Commercial FArming

Commercial farms force independent farmers off land or to become tenants, during hard times corporations cut their tenants

Commercial vs. Subsistence on the Constitution

Commercial prefers Constitution, more wide view and were confident in government power while semisubsistence fears concentrated government might step on them

Regulatory commissions

Commissions to examine companies, employing experts often from industries, not always reliable "defenders of the people"

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Committee led by Sen William Fessenden to look into how to implement Reconstruction, legislation is vetoed by Johnson

Great Britain and Cotton Diplomacy

Confederacy uses cotton to try get recognition (and aid) from England and France, but both do not, cotton from India & Egypt

Robert E. Lee

Confederate army chief '62-'65, aristocratic, audacious in battle, took chances

Espionage & Sedition Acts (1917-18)

Congress passes act delivering harsh penalties for actions hindering war effort or even seen as unpatriotic (e.g. criticism)

Taxation

Congress passes flat tax rate on incomes over $624 (scaled income tax fails in Congress), 4x civilians pay taxes

Effects of energy crisis

Congress prompts electric companies to switch to coal (domestic), orders auto industry to improve efficiency of cars

Readmission as an issue

Congress puts states under military govs, shoves reforms down state's throats in order to accelerate readmission- all states in by 1870

Repeal of Embargo Act

Congress repeals Embargo Act in early 1809

Crime of '73

Congress stops silver coinage, supply of money contracts and economy crashes, bankers accused of conspiring to crash silver

Smith

Connolly Act of 1943-Act gives president authority to seize striking plants, requiring unions to observe "cool-off" period before striking

Fundamentalism

Conservative Protestants favor return to old beliefs and literal interpretation of Bible, opposed adapting religion with "modernism"

Election of 1946

Conservative backlash on economy, shortages & strikes, Repubs gain control of both houses

China

Conservatives push harder for US help in China, "China Lobby" campaigns for aid against Reds, charge Demos w/ letting Reds win

Ethel & Julius Rosenberg

Couple accused of spying for USSR in 1950s, no conclusive evidence, still sentenced to death (harsh!) in June 1953

Griswold v. CT (1964)

Court overturns 1800s law banning sale of contraceptives or providing medical advise about their use

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Court rules districts must be drawn by population, not land area, giving urban areas proportional voice to rural areas

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Court rules that individuals detained for crimes must be informed of charges, their right to remain silent, and their right to an attorney

Vice-Admiralty Courts

Courts without juries and royal judges, prosecuted smugglers

2nd Continental Congress

Delegates from all states meet again in summer of 1775 to discuss independence

Philadelphia Convention

Delegates from states gather to revise the Constitution in May 1787

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Demands that Europeans cease interference in Americas while America will not interfere in affairs of Europeans or their colonies

Andrew Johnson

Demo TN military governor and president 1865-68, opposed planter class but was a racist, supported state's rights, lenient on Confeds

Wilson's New Freedom

Demo's counter to TR, stating bigness was a sin, freedom could only come from limiting size of gov't, business

Democrats and Republicans after war

Democratic Party & South lose political influence to North and Repubs

James Buchanan

Democratic President 1856-60, neutral on KS-NE, experienced politician but uninspiring, cautious

Stephen Douglas

Democratic senator from IL, "Little Giant", skilled negotiator and creator of popular sovereignty

Roosevelt Coalition

Democratic voter base grows to include city immigrants, blacks, poor, labor, and "Solid South"

Mississippi Plan

Democrats decide to win 1875 MI gubernatorial election through terror & force, MI gov requests troops but denied by Grant, preventing 60k repub votes.

Democratic Party and Slavery

Democrats most strongly favor slavery, as many are southerners. Also opposed to granting rights to free blacks.

Election of 1848

Demos & Cass vs. Whigs & Taylor, both parties avoid slavery issue, northern Demos and Conscience Whigs break, join Free Soil & Van Buren, Taylor wins

Election of 1972

Demos & George McGovern run in support of minorities, women, young, anti-war, but silent majority goes to Nixon

Election of 1968

Demos & Hubert Humphrey & George Wallace lose to Repubs & Richard Nixon, who sought support from "silent majority"

Election of 1856

Demos and Buchanan win over American and Filmore and Republicans and Fremont, but Fremont did well off only Northern votes

Election of 1932

Demos and FDR are charismatic, appeal to wide bloc of voters in all classes, Hoover unpopular, landslide victory to Demos coalition

Election of 1916

Demos and Wilson use "He Kept Us Out of War" against Repubs & Hughes, peace sentiment still high and Wilson wins

Compromise of 1877

Demos threaten filibuster over election dispute, on 2/26/'77 Hayes agrees to withdraw troops, not oppose Demo state gov'ts in return for presidency, states fall to Demo Redeemers by '77

Seaports

Dense and clustered, merchants trade rum, fish, grain, etc. to other destinations. Pop. of 8-22k

Psychological Effects

Depression sends Americans to tradition, individualism turns feelings into shame, self-doubt, humiliation, notion that you were responsible

Marriage and Family during Depression

Depression stresses marriages, couples postpone having children, split up, fathers no longer breadwinners, mothers cut costs in home

Human Impact of Depression

Depression was leveller, many from all walks of life lose jobs or get wage cuts, living under subsistence, families fall apart, depression

Attitudes about poverty

Depression's randomness changes poverty attitude from personal responsibility to a public obligation to help

"Hoovervilles"

Depression-era shantytowns filled with homeless, named after President Hoover as people voiced their frustration w/ gov't

Social Mobility

Despite unemployment, wage cuts, some manual laborers enter lower middle class, more workers experience small improvement

Election of 1884

Dirty election, Repub Blaine accused of corruption, Demo Cleveland fathered illegitimate child, Demos labored "rum, romanism, rebellion", gain Irish vote and win

Iron and Steel

Disappointing Southern performance, AL iron is poor-quality, TN begins making iron pipe but is sold to North-controlled company in 1907

Causes of WWI

Discontent in European society, divisions in ethnicity turn nations against each other with nationalism & imperialist racing

Judiciary Act of 1789

Establishes system for judicial branch, 6 supreme court justices, 13 federal district courts and 3 appeals courts

Social conflicts in seaports

Ethnic & religious tensions, class struggle as rich targeted by mobs during hard times, everyone hated tax collectors & impressment officials

Imperialist expansion

European imperial powers and U.S. take and partition Africa, Southeast Asia, and Pacific

Post-war Trade

European imports outcompete American products, buying elt many people in debt, Britain closes its colonial ports to Americans

The Postal System

Extensive and efficient postal system helps in communication for business deals as well as friends and family

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI director who illegally gave McCarthy bits of information to base his outrageous claims off of

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FDIC created in 1933, insured bank deposits up to $2500, cut bank failures

FDR's court-packing schemes

FDR "modernizes" courts in 1937 by adding justice for every 10-yr serving justice over 70 yrs old, wanting to pass more New Deal laws

FDR's public relations & fireside chats

FDR & wife Eleanor good @ PR, FDR's "fireside chats" over radio increase confidence, Eleanor speaks nearly as much as husband

Civil Works Administration

FDR creates gov't work program 1933-34 to repair schools, lay sewer pipes, other socially useful tasks, costly but sets precedent

2nd 100 Days

FDR moves gov't to "little left of center", legislative barrage 4-7/1935 to have gov't buffer industrial excesses, protect needy

FDR's 1st 100 Days

FDR signs quick burst of legislation establishing early New Deal pgms, saving bank, balancing budget, increased gov't regulation

The fall of the Big 3

FDR succumbs to cerebral hemorrhage 4/12/1945, Churchill loses election in late 1945, neither would be present for future negotiations

"Roosevelt Recession"

FDR thought too much spending, cuts in 1937, economy quickly tanks, Congress forces him to reinstate stimulus & relief in 1938

New Deal

FDR's widespread collection of relief programs and gov't expansion to help ease Depression, 1933-1938

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

FERA created 5/1933, distributing grants to states, cities, local charities to alleviate starvation and other pressing issues

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

FL prisoner appeals his sentence after not being appointed counsel, court rules all citizens are entitled to legal counsel in criminal cases

Resignation of President Nixon

Facing impeachment, Nixon resigns 8/8/1974, replaced by Gerald Ford

Popés Revolt

Famine and smallpox decimates NA tribes, Tewa chief Popé urges a revolt against Spanish in 1680, kicking them out of New Mexico

Spectator sports

Fans of all classes flock to see baseball, boxing, football, idolize sports stars such as Babe Ruth, sports commercialized

Commercial Agriculture

Farmers begin squeezing more of the same crop out of their lands with maximum efficiency, trading yields in a world market

Targets of farmer anger

Farmers suffer from low prices from depressions, tariff, high mortgages & RR rates, blamed bankers, middlemen, manufacturers

Agricultural sector

Farmers valued higher than manufacturing in 1920, supported 1/3 pop, but demand drops and gov't relief removed, farmers suffer

Gold vs. Silver

Farmers want more silver minted, causing more inflation, higher crop prices. Creditors, bankers want gold only, deflation, to maintain debts

Political Nativism

Fear of immigrants and xenophobia leads to movement demanding better treatment of native-born people than immigrants

Political issues in late 19th century

Fear of losing voters on controversial positions kept Congress on lame issues- veteran's benefits, appointments, tariffs, financial policy

Emma Hunt Willard

Female education reformer who established private girl's schools (because they often weren't allowed in public ones)

Feminization of work

Female professionals faced discrimination in many fields, switched to nursing, teaching, library work

Women's Liberation Movement

Feminism takes hold in '60s & '70s as women (veteran protesters) become more vocal, call for equal rights (both political & cultural)

Skyscrapers

Improved strength of steel allows for taller, larger buildings, common in Chicago after destruction of 1871 fire

1975 NYC Bailout request

Ford refuses to grant bailout to near-bankrupt NYC, NY papers print "Ford to City: Drop Dead", political damage to Ford

Georgia

Formed in 1730 to serve as buffer state and a place for "worthy poor" to start a new life. For Protestants only, no slavery or liquor.

Crevecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer

French author who spent time in rural America, wrote about rural life, aversion to aristocratic privilege, land was abundant and population was mostly equal wealth

Dien Bien Phu

French colonial forces in Vietnam are decisively beaten by Communists and Ho Chi Minh in 1954, Ike pulls back from the brink, refusing to intervene

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who established Quebec, traded and allied with local natives

Charles Gravier de Vergennes

French foreign minister

Exploration of the Mississippi

French know strategic value of river, send La Salle down the river and begin to ally with local tribes

Louis XIV and French Focus

French launch many wars during Louis XIV's reign, desiring empire, prompting English to pursue their own through colonies

pays d'en haut

French name for Great Lakes region

French Revolution

French overthrow and behead their king, Repubs lean toward neutrality but Feds horrified by French "mob" state

XYZ Affair

French raid American ships, French negotiators demand a bribe before even talking in 1797, lead to anti-French sentiment

Fur Trade

French trade European beads, tools, textiles, for otter and beaver furs to send back to Europe

Slavery in Chesapeake & Lower South

Massive slave plantations and task system in Carolinas, "nation within nation", Chesapeake plantations were smaller and more actively managed

"Black Cabinet"

Gov't integration begins under FDR, black experts enter administration

Implied Powers

Government has power to create all laws "necessary and proper"

Lord Dunmore

Governor of VA, declared in November 1775 that all slaves who joined the British would get freedom

Income Tax & 16th Amendment

Graduated income tax adopted on richest Americans & corporations, represents shift in funding from tariffs to taxes

Billy Graham and Televangelism

Graham and other preachers use 1800s revivalist tactics on TV, getting nat'l fame and spreading traditional values

Rivers

Grant focuses attack on rivers in order to gain control of Confederate interior, capturing river forts, gaining control of KY, TN

Grant Administration

Grant is not forceful, lacked moral commitment to Reconstruction, too loyal to friends, which led to corruption blossoming.

Appomattox Courthouse

Grant meets Lee on 4/9/'65, who surrenders there, ending war

Siege of Vicksburg

Grant pillages farmland surrounding MI river stronghold, starving city into submission, capturing it 7/4/'64

Evaluating the Great Society

Great Society programs may not have done as much as general prosperity, but was high-water mark of interventionist gov't

League of Women Voters

Group of women voters encouraged informed voting with nonpartisan publicity

Counterculture

Groups of young who felt culture too materialistic, shallow, moved towards drugs, music, spiritual rebirth

Urban Transportation

Growing cities needed better transportation systems such as subways, streetcars

Consequences of Prohibition

Hard liquor becomes popular, bootlegging & gang violence, but does successfully reduce consumption in poor

Corruption & Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding administration officials often bribed, corrupt, Interior Sec Fall convicted of accepting bribes for leasing oil rights

Calvin Coolidge

Harding's VP, president 1923-1928, quiet, believed in minimalist gov't and pro-business policy, worshipping wealth

Normalism

Harding's policies of normal procedure, little disruptive action by presidents, cautious pro-business policy

Congressional Reconstruction

Hardline reconstruction programs passed by Congressional Repubs over Johnson's veto, time extended from 1867 to 1877

Jefferson Davis' Leadership

Hardworking but poor-tempered, interfered with military matters but couldn't formulate an actual strategy

Timothy Leary, drugs, & LSD

Harvard prof. Leary advocates use of drugs to reach higher state of consciousness & freedom, inc. psychedelic LSD

William James & Pragmatism

Harvard psychologist popularizes result- & consequence-based thinking

Brooklyn Bridge

Massive steel suspension bridge crossing East River in NYC, costing $15 million, 13 years to build, opened 1885

Transcontinental Railroad's Terminus

IL Senator Stephen Douglas wants Chicago to be railroad's eastern terminus, requiring lands of LA Purchase to be organized

Chicago

IL city, becomes western railroad trade hub, linking Midwest farms to New York and rest of East

Idealism

Idealism (and reform movements, perfectionism, etc.) destroyed by war's carnage, replaced by cynicism, practicality, order

James Oglethorpe

Idealistic British general who wanted to create a place for the "worthy poor" to settle.

"Clean for Gene"

Idealistic college students shave, cut hair in support of Eugene McCarthy and canvass NH for supporters

Roots of the Cold War

Ideological gap between US & USSR, fear of Reds, reaction to quick expansion after WWII

Assimilation of immigrants

Immigrant adults clung to tradition, acculturated slowly, children more likely to adjust but face isolation from their communities

Conditions in Europe

Immigrants fled Irish potato famine in 1845 and failed liberal revolutions in continental Europe, some lost jobs in Europe or were persecuted

Eastern Theater

McClellan "has the slows", fights poorly against Confederates and Lee, replacements fare even worse

Ida Tarbell

McClure investigative reporter, published History of the Standard Oil Company in 1902, accusing Standard Oil

Variety of Indian Cultures

Indian tribes vary depending on setting, some farm, some hunt in forests, others fish on coast

Annual Fires

Indians set fires to keep prairie free of trees, farmers stop that, trees reappear on uncultivated land

Economic situation of Indians

Indians severely impoverished, 3x nat'l unemployment, alcoholics, low life expectancy on reservations

Church Membership

Individuals convinced churches that they had undergone conversion in order to join

Reasons for Industry's Rise

Industries process commercial agri. goods (textiles, flour milling), use of steam power, factory system spreads to other areas

Space Program

JFK believes space is final frontier, challenges US to get man to moon by 1970, John Glenn circles earth in 2/1962

JFK's Military Buildup

JFK builds, distributes more missiles against Soviet 1st strike, in bunkers & subs, 1961 military budget jumps 15% (usually 2%)

JFK's pragmatic realism

JFK is pragmatic, working w/ business to grow econ, draws help from skilled experts, counteracted USSR while not provoking war

Lyndon Baines Johnson

JFK's VP, from TX, but passes Civil Rights & Voting Rights Acts, Great Society programs

Jackson & The Presidency

Jackson enlarges power of presidency in various ways including using the veto to kill bills he didn't like

Paternalism

Jackson promises in 1837 farewell address that the "paternal care" of the government would keep them safe. Indians still abused.

Removal of BUS deposits

Jackson removes all federal deposits in BUS and moves them to smaller state banks, unconstitutional move

Election of 1824

Jackson wins most popular vote but no electoral majority, House of Reps votes for John Quincy Adams

Specie Circular

Jackson's decree that the government would only accept specie (gold & silver, not paper money) for purchases of gov't land

Lincoln Steffens

McClure reporter investigating bribery, kickbacks between political machines and business in various cities starting starting in

Europe

Mechanization, civil unrest, poverty drive peasants from especially Southern, Eastern Europe across Atlantic in search of work

Van Buren's Presidency

Jackson's handpicked successor, elected 1836 but bad financial policy exacerbates Depression of 1837

Roger Taney

Jackson's new Treasury Secretary and future chief justice, willing to break law to carry out Jackson's orders

Second Party System

Jacksonian Democrats square off against Clay and Adam's National Republicans

Tobacco and cigarettes

James Bonsack's cigarette-rolling machine allows for mass-produced cigarettes, tobacco industry booms, consumption quadruples

Northern Securities & J.P. Morgan

Justice Department sues Northern Securities for monopolizing RRs in 1902, TR refuses to let Morgan "fix it up" privately

LBJ's "Great Society" & "War on Poverty"

LBJ seeks to create society to eliminate racism & poverty, protect the people, inc. anti-poverty, education, civil rights

LBJ's withdrawal from 1968 election

LBJ unsuccessfully tries to begin negotiations but stuns public, announcing on 3/31/1968 that he would not seek reelection

Gay & Lesbian communities

LGBT communities flourish in anonymity of cities, often disguised as clubs, medical community condemns homosexuality as a condition

League of United Latin American Citizens

LULAC consists of native-born or naturalized Latinos (middle-class), opposed repats but also wanted immi. restriction (help Latinos in US)

Robert La Follete & Wisconsin

La Follete gov of WI in 1900, laws on RRs, cleaned up civil service, held direct primaries, state income tax, state labor commission

Frances Perkins

Labor secretary in FDR admin, helped more women enter gov't in NRA, Social Security, other relief programs

Women workers

Labor shortage leads factories to call on women to join workforce, more than third by 1945, various ages, overturned stereotypes

Free Blacks in the North

Lacked civil & political rights, most lived in poverty. Segregation common, many blacks were unskilled laborers or servants

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Large Black congregation formed in 1816, grew to 20k members in 1856

Diversification

Large corporations begin going into many areas and international markets, becoming conglomerates

New Political Culture

Large number of Americans begin to pay attention to politics and express their views and opinions in elections

Department stores

Large outlets market various goods in departments, "democratized luxuries" with payment plans, taught families how to live "proper"

Environmental Damage

Large scale mining leaves lots of holes, debris, destabilizes hillsides (loss of vegetation) leading to landslides

Commercial Agriculture

Large, monoculture farms alter the prairie environment, removing the tall grassland

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Last Reconst legislation, banning discrimination in public areas, transportation, juries. Desegregation not enforced, struck down in 1883

Sources of Southern Poverty

Later industrialization, lack of engineers and experienced workers, lack of education, isolated labor market shuts South away from everyone else, poor b/c of little outside investment

Mexican-Americans & New Deal

Latinos culturally discouraged from seeking aid or unfamiliar with claim procedure, some fear deportation, most are farm workers (excluded)

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Law allowing land to be distributed to Indians who left their tribes, crippling tribal culture and exposing Indian land to white purchase

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

Law bars price discrimination, holding companies, other anti-competitive business practices

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Law creates regulatory commission on railroads, requiring companies to publicly list rates, prohibits price discrimination

Mergers

Lax regulation allows massive mergers and oligopolies to form in steel, meatpacking, etc., nat'l chains replace mom & pop stores

Captain John Smith

Leader of Jamestown until 1609, was able to establish order among the starving, squabbling settlers.

Senator William Fessenden

Leader of Moderate Repub bloc in Congress and chairman of Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Malcolm X

Leader of Nation of Islam, former gambler & prisoner, militant who advocated separation of blacks from white society

Blacklists

Lists of names filled with labor agitators, companies refused to hire those workers

Removal of Oñate

Loses position of 1606 and accused of mismanaging colony and abusing the natives

Immigration & Birthrate

Lots of Africans (5 times), Scots-Irish, Germans, others fleeing persecution bolstered by a birthrate 3 times of today

Slums & Tenements

Low income residents lived in filthy, overcrowded, poorly built apartment buildings in poorest part of city

Stability in New England

Lower mortality rates keep adult generations alive, each family owned land and used it to establish authority over children

MA Education

MA leads in # of schools, requiring all towns with 500+ pop to have one. 1/3 of all high schools in 1860 were in MA

Shays' Rebellion

MA veteran Daniel Shays leads local farmers and militia and marches on Springfield in protest over farmers' crushing debt

Assassinations of MLK & RFK

MLK shot in Memphis 4/4, triggering mass riots, RFK shot in CA 6/5, splintering liberal movement and causing lots of cynicism

Dred Scott

MO slave who was taken to free land in IL and WI Territory, after his return he claimed he should be free, case reached Supreme Court

Mann's Education Reforms

Mann persuades MA to create state board of edu., get minimum-length school year, train teachers, required subjects

Lockouts

Manufacturers locked out protesting workers from plants

Acceleration of suburban trend

Many GIs are richer after education, gov't help, accelerates shift to primarily middle-class nation

Pattern of Reform

Many Progressive movements begin with uplifting needy, entrance of middle-class women, then expanding reach of movement

Great Migration

Many Puritan families leave from 1630-42, fearing persecution. Immigrants share common past, common religion

Politics of paralysis

Margin of power is razor thin, Repubs & Demos share presidency and Congress roughly equally

Middle Class

Market economy allows non-manual workers (clerks, shopkeepers, etc.) to be paid more, allowing them better housing, education

Stock Market

Markets such as NYSE help link investors to firms needing capital

Women's Rights in New England

Married women had no control of property, unable to sue, sign contracts, own property, almost no divorcing, no vote. Did have a vote in many churches

Promotion of Enterprise

Marshall's Supreme Court was aggressive in protecting enterprise to help the growing economy

King Phillip's War

Masasoit's son Metacom leads NAs against Puritans, raiding settlements and even attacking Plymouth

Impact of Mass Society

Mass media causes rapid loss of regional/immigrant culture. instead modern national trends, free love, independent women, impersonality

Consumer society

Mass-produced cheap goods let city become a marketplace, higher consumption, habits radiate out of cities, level society

Bonanza Farms

Massive (1k+ acre) wheat farms in more arid Northern plains, quickly outcompeted smaller farmers, used hired labor and tenantry like South

Gore of War

Massive casualties in war hardens outlook of soldiers, 10s of thousands of casualties in battle

Birthrate & Marriage Rate

Men married later and family size declined (cost more to have more children), urban people especially began using abortions

Slave reproduction

Men to women balances out, more slaves can have families and children, less tensions between slaves

Commercial Economy

Merchants, commercial farmers, and artisans traded goods by water, trade centered in ports

Tasmanian Dodge

Method of stealing and premarking ballots to rig elections

Holocaust & US response

Methodical, brutal extremination of Jews by Nazis, US doesn't take refugees b/c anti-Semitic Asst. Sec. of State Breckinridge Long

Contraceptives and abortion

Methods of contraception appear in spite of reformers against it, abortion is outlawed in many states in 1880s but continues illegally

LULAC & GI Forum

Mexican groups challenging civil rights system in 1950s by proving that they were unequal, despite being white

Mexican Americans

Mexican immigration expands in years prior to 1920, some are illegal, from fleeing Mexican revolution, flock to US during labor shortage

Rancheros

Mexican ranchers who had large holdings in CA and NM, used Indians as laborers

Tenant Wars

Mid-Atlantic settlers revolt against proprietor control in 1740s, 1757

Middle-class life

Middle class families continued to have women working in the home, home served as status symbol

Women's Organizations

Middle class women form groups to push for schools, temperance, child labor laws, and begin to extend to politics, woman suffrage

League for the Protection of the Family

Middle class women form league to keep children out of work, advocating for compulsory education and others

Managerial Elite

Middle managers favored efficiency, stability, scientific management over risk-taking, working up ladders vs. making it rich e.g. Carnegie

National Farmers' Alliance

Midwest and Plains join with Southern alliances in 1890, making a national movement, parallel People's Party formed

Industrial Workers of the World

Militant labor union that struck and threatened attacks on companies, raided by federal agents, union destroyed

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Militant, younger activist group founded out of sit-in activists

Blacklisting

Mill owners kept lists of rebellious workers who instigated strikes

Western Federation of Miners

Miner's union attracting 50k members after 1893, known for militancy, but helped work mining into industry

Coeur d'Alene Strike (1892)

Miners sought better wages, strike in Coeur d'Alene, ID in 1892, 7 miners killed as troops crush strike

Environmental costs of Industrialization

Mining, logging, factories led to deforestation, contaminated waterways and pollution, altered topography

Identity Politics

Minorities forge identities independent of US mainstream, e.g. black nationalists, Latinos, Native Americans, gays

Minorities and Suburbs

Minorities often can't afford suburban living and many suburbs closed to them, black "suburbs" from prewar, run-down shantytowns

John Eliot

Minsiter who began preaching in Algonquian and established "praying towns" for converted NAs

Great Flood of 1927 and gov't response

Mississippi overflows in 1927, flooding KS & MO to LA, Herbert Hoover links private agencies to provide relief for disaster

Missouri Crisis of 1819

Missouri would balance north-south Senator count if it became a slave state but it was going to become free

John Ross

Mixed-blood Cherokee chief who advocated for assimilation into white society

Red Scare

Mobs & federal officials attack Socialist, Communist parties in 1919 after post-war unemployment raises tensions, stokes fear of attack

Progressive system of beliefs

Moderate, wanted to tweak, not overthrow system, blamed wrongdoing on products of society, environment, result-based

Credit & Interest Rates

Money plentiful, high corporate interest rates lead to more lending than reinvesting in factories. Lending drives stocks, margin reqs low

Capital

Money that can be used to invest

Role of Government

More people believe that the government was responsible for relieving distress and maintaining prosperity

Reconstruction State Constitutions

More state officials could be elected, abolished property requirements for officeholding, established schools, gave black males the vote

Nauvoo, IL

Mormon community that rapidly grows to 10,000 pop., 2nd largest city in IL, angry neighbors force out Mormons in 1846

Mormons in Utah

Mormons settle Salt Lake City in 1847 under Brigham Young, establish State of Deseret (theocracy), allow polygamy

Crop Lien System

Mortgage put on crops, where tenants can borrow with first pick on the crops as credit.

Paternalism

Most Progressives (often middle class) wished to impose their solutions of what the "un-enlightened poor" thought

Composition of Legislatures

Most colonial legislatures had rich, connected Easterners in control and disliked Western, less civilized representatives

Occupations of Slaves

Most commonly fieldhands, only 10% urban, some were servants or artisans

Jazz

Music becomes popular in clubs across nation, blending various traditional African American music styles

Success of NRA

NRA codes voluntary, hard to enforce, often included discrimination, businesses don't grow, Supreme Court rules NRA oversteps power

National Recovery Administration

NRA controls corporations, establishing codes of fair practices, min wages, max hours, union rights. Voluntary, poor enforcement

Engele v. Vitale (1962)

NY public school students required to recite prayer, school prayer struck down by Court as violating separation of church & state

National Youth Administration

NYA gives jobs to young people, created in 1935 Emergency Relief Appropriation ACt along with WPA

American Railway Union

National group of railway workers that struck along with Pullman workers in 1894, leader Eugene Debs was imprisoned

Greenwich Village

Neighborhood of New York City home to various artists and writers, especially in 1920s

New Jersey & Women's Vote

New Jersey mistakenly allows women to vote in state constitution until 1807

Native Captives in NM

New Mexico's 2500 pop. included NAs from slave raids

Financing WWI

New income taxes passed, "Liberty" & "Victory" war bonds sold, with heavy advertising from celebrities, politicians

U.S.S. Monitor & C.S.S. Virginia

New iron-clad warships tested in battle in March 1862

Middle Management

New managers required to handle operations of track, adopted "tree" of management and other systems

National Republicans

New party formed by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay after the 1824 election

Vaudeville shows

New shows with acrobat acts, comedy, etc. drawing from circuses and minstrel shows, catering to working-class

Sewers & Water

New techniques for sewage and water purification, including flush toilet, help improve hygiene in cities

"New Woman"

New woman of 1920s wears less clothing, smoked & drank & socialized freely, unbuckled galoshes = "flappers"

Dumbbell Tenements

New, efficient tenements invented by James E. Ware in 1879, have ventilation shafts in "handle", but get filled with trash, fire hazard

SALT I (1972)

Nixon & Brezhnev sign in May 1972, agree to limit deployment of ICBMs and development of anti-ICBMs

Detente & Linkages

Nixon & Kissinger ease tensions w/ USSR thru negotiations, linking arms race (less nukes) to Vietnam (end to prevent nuke usage)

Resignation of Spiro Agnew

Nixon VP Spiro Agnew accused of accepting bribes, resigns office, replaced by Gerald Ford under 25th Amendment

Nixon's Supreme Court appointees

Nixon appoints justices more in favor of conservative agenda, Southern strategy, hostile towards civil rights, reverses Warren court

Nixon's New Federalism

Nixon believes gov't is too big, New Federalism gives block grants to states, localities for them to handle their own issues

Senator Robert A. Taft

OH sen., son of William Howard Taft, favored conservatism, wanting to dismantle New Deal and rest of liberal agenda

"Okies"

OK residents migrating to CA, faced discrimination from CA's white residents, few migrants find work, set up poor camps

Francis Scott Key

Observed bombardment of Fort McHenry and wrote Star Spangled Banner

Gibbons v. Odgen (1824)

Odgen's NY-wide steamboat monopoly is struck down, letting government regulate interstate commerce

Office of War Mobilization

Office established 1943 which controlled raw materials and production allowing for quick conversion of industries both large & small

Structure of State Gov'ts

Often had seriously weakened or no executive, served as test of viability of republics

Niagara Movement

Organization founded in 1905 by WEB Du Bois and other black elite who protested civil rights abuses, opposed conciliation

NAACP

Organization of white & black reformers est. 1909 who fought for equal opportunity & rights in South, challenging Jim Crow laws

Immigration Restriction League

Organization that attacked Catholics, other immigrants for subverting democracy, taking jobs, polarizing society

YMCA & Salvation Army

Organizations to help immigrants and poor, American branches founded often by evangelists

Samuel Gompers

Organized AFL from skilled craft unions, horizontally organized workers in the nation

David Wilmot's Proviso

PA rep proposes in 8/'46 to bar slavery from ANY and ALL territory acquired from Mexico (to keep slavery and blacks out)

Economic competition from Asia

Pacific Rim economies of Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, etc. challenge US manufacturing with lower wages, jobs flow out

American Indian Movement

Pan-Indian group created in 1968, angered at problems of urban Indians, seized Wounded Knee & Alcatraz to raise awareness

Democrats

Party formed by Andrew Jackson and his supporters after the 1824 election

Communist Party

Party has 20k members in 1932, not powerful political force, Marxist collectivism turns off Americans

Federalist Failures

Party of the well-born, old-school, quasi-British, is increasingly unpopular

Socialist Labor Party

Party stressing class conflict, workers controlling production, popular among some intellectuals and immigrants, seen as radical

Jeffersonian Republicans

Party supporting Jefferson's belief in a small republican government and a country centered on agriculture

Twelth Amendment

Passed 1804, electors vote seperately for president and vice president

Federalists

People who support the Constitution

Middle Passage

Perilous Atlantic crossing where slave ships loaded hundreds into inhumanely crowded quarters, 15% mortality rate

Personal debt

Personal debt rises 2.5x faster than personal income during 20's, attitude was "good times here to stay"

Minstrelsy

Popular minstrel shows of the 1830s-40s portrayed free blacks as idiots who couldn't cope with freedom, assured viewers that whites were superior to blacks

Darker side of Populism

Populist rhetoric was violent, spoke of conspiracies, in favor of heavy immigration restriction

James Weaver & Election of 1892

Populists & Weaver gain a million votes, got govs, senators, reps, Democrats use intimidation to hurt Southern populists (anti-black)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

President 1933-1945, launched New Deal relief programs to ease Depression, brought sense of hope into nation even during war

John F. Kennedy

President 1960-1963, charismatic & young yet pragmatic, Catholic, created Peace Corps, handled Cuba

Ford's pardon of Nixon

President Ford pardons Nixon to "move on" from Watergate, but nation is cynical b/c Nixon will never face charges

Booker T. Washington

Presses accommodation of prejudice, instead blacks should improve through labor and education, establishes Tuskegee Institute

Senator William Fulbright

Previously a supporter of war & proponent of Tonkin Resolution, later becomes vocal opponent of US policy in Congress

Limits of Progressive Reform

Progressive reformers often saddled by overregulation or corporate infiltration, nativism or racism

Modern means of Progressivism

Progressive tactics involve using new industrial techniques of organization, management, science to push their changes

Diffuse aims of Progressives

Progressives advocate for civil service reform, trustbusting, social welfare, temperance, nativism, consumer protection

Progressives & Executive Branch

Progressives don't trust easily-bribed legislators, prefer to strengthen executive branch and elect progressive mayors, governors

Voluntary organizations

Progressives found groups advocating general causes (protection of consumers, women) or more focused (anti-drinking, diseasE)

Aims of Progressives

Progressives sought to improve various parts of society through government, using modern-day organization, science, management

Wendell Phillips

Prominent Bostonian abolitionist

John L. O'Sullivan

Prominent Democratic editor in New York who coined the term "manifest destiny"

John Dewey

Prominent Progressive & Educator, believed environment shaped thought, classes were more freeform and relaxed

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott

Prominent abolitionists who jumpstart women's rights movement, organize Seneca Falls convention

Washington Gladden & Applied Christianity (1886)

Prominent minister that stated that church must be responsible for correcting social injustices

Anti-Imperialists

Prominent people and others oppose imperialism, fearing need of expensive fleet, Asian politics, introduction of Filipinos into labor force

Negative response to widening of war

Protests erupt against Cambodia invasion, Kent State tragedy, march on Washington, Congress repeals Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Freedmen's Bureau

Provided food and supplies for war refugees and settled freedmen on abandoned lands, courts could resolve disputes between freedmen and others, could establish schools

Baron Fredrich von Stueben

Prussian military officer who joins Americans at Valley Forge and trains them into an effective fighting force

Public's response to court-packing

Public dislikes tampering with symbol, few believe 70 yrs = infirm & poor efficiency, more conservative Demos revolt

Spoils System

Public office was awarded to political supporters which would prevent bureaucrats feeling entitled to their posts

Domestic Labor Sources

Rural Americans begin moving from farms after bad harvests and mechanization, did better because they could speak English

Robert Owen

Scottish industrialist that wanted a socialist society that balanced agriculture and manufacturing to balance character

Washington Naval Conference (1921)

Sea powers of world agree to stop battleship construction for 10 years, limit naval tonnage, 5-Power Agreement is 1st-ever disarming

George C. Marshall

Secretary of State in 1947, proposes Marshall Plan for economic recovery in Europe

William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, resigns in 1915

Missouri

Secured by the Union after Battle of Pea Ridge in 3/'62 but plagued by guerilla warfare

Caning of Charles Sumner

Senator Sumner makes "Crime against Kansas" speech in May '56, insulting SC sen Andrew Butler, nephew rep. Preston Brooks attacks him with cane

Popular Sovereignty

Sens. Lewis Cass (MI) and Stephen Douglas (IL) say states and territories get to choose, ambiguous about when

Federalist Papers

Series of essays written in 1787-88 by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay promoting Constitution's checks and balances

Executive power

Seriously reduced, belief was that an elected legislature was less likely to abuse power than one individual

Indentured servants

Servants bound to an owner for a certain length term

Maroon colonies

Settlements of escaped slaves, often were discovered, returned to slavery

Bear Flag Revolt

Settlers around Sacramento, CA declare independence in 6/'46, quickly put down

White Frontier Society

Settlers faced sparse, spartan conditions, families built log cabins and moved westward regularly. Young subsistence farmers took their place.

Challenges of the West

Settlers flow westward but face poor infastructure, British, natives

Berlin Airlift

Spring 1948-1949 Stalin blockades Berlin after W. Germany plans, Truman doesn't fight, approves cargo plane shipments into sectors

Poor Whites

Squatted and farmed on undesirable lands, poor, malnourished, lower 5%, not respected, "crackers"

Gabriel Prosser

Slave blacksmith recruited hundreds of slaves to march on Richmond in 1800, betrayed, captured, executed

Lecompton Constitution

Slave delegates in Lecompton, KS draft a constitution making slavery legal in June '57, voters could not oppose slavery provision

Slave Codes

Slave system was more rigid, outlawing marriage w/ whites, slaves did not receive protection from abuse and got more punishment for hurting whites, promoted racism

Border States

Slaveholding states that didn't secede, necessary for their men, industrial output, transportation networks, and strategic location

Expansion of Slavery

Slavery follows cotton planters as they settle on western lands, MI, AL, and into TX

Slavery as a Peculiar Institution

Slavery is abolished everywhere else in the world but the southern U.S.

Mexico and Slavery

Slavery is abolished in Mexico in 1829, causing tensions with slaveholding Americans in TX

Distribution of Slavery

Slavery is confined to states south of PA and OH river by 1820, most common in Deep South (40%+ slaves)

Abolition Efforts

Slaves are freed in North, some Upper South states free them before the cotton boom

Transition to Slavery

Slaves became more profitable as life expectancy increased, children were also slaves, indent. immigration was falling as slave trade grew

Slavery in Caribbean

Slaves densely populated on sugar islands, white masters fear revolt

Labor, health, housing for the enslaved

Slaves often housed in poor condition, with little clothing or amenities. Masters don't pay much for healthcare, life expectancy low

Slavery in Occupied South

Slaves themselves challenge white authority and claim more freedom long before federal troops enter area

South Carolina Slavery

Slaves used to have relative independence but lost it due to rice cultivation and fear of slave revolt

Resistance to Slavery

Slaves were lazy, faked illness, left and escaped to seaports. Rare uprising

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves would count for 3/5 of a person in population calculations

John Slidell diplomacy

Slidell dispatched, Polk offers $2 mil for land up to Rio Grande, $25 mil for CA, Slidell is rejected

Conglomeration

Small corporations become big as they branch into numerous different businesses

Molly Maguires

Small group of Irish terrorists who disrupted corporations with arson & murder, vanished after some members were tried & executed

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist presidential candidate, former union organizer, won a million votes in 1912, peak of power

Upton Sinclair

Socialist runs for CA gov, favored confiscating idle land & factories, opposing Republicans paint him as a Bolshevik

Democratic Ideology

Society is conflict between people (farmers, workers) and merchants (bankers & investors), keep the market but less competition and inequality caused by banks

War in Cuba

Soldiers ill-equipped, face poor logistics, race riots, beat Spanish after navy is destroyed, war finishes up in 4 months

Camp Life

Soldiers spend little time in battle, mostly in camp with disease, poor supplies, very little medical knowledge, drinking, gambling, prostitution common

Economic issues as sectional issues

Some southerners believe cotton will support their economy if they secede, Northerners desire federal aid but are opposed by Demos, flock to Repubs

Methods of disenfranchisement

Some states require literacy tests or poll taxes, ruling out both blacks and opposition-leaning poor whites, spreads across all of South

Cesar Chavez

Son of Mexican farmer, forced to move from place to place in CA, later forms United Farm Workers union for migrant farm workers

Relations between NE, S, and W

South and West become suppliers of raw materials to industrialized Northeast

Regional crops

South grows cotton, West grows wheat, East switches to grazing, fruit, vegetables, or dairy

Southern Advantages

South has "home field advantage" in tough terrain, the need to only hold out until the Union gives up, cultural/emotional desire to fight

Environmental Realities of the South

South is heavily forested, wetlands common, not much of land was cultivated, and stagnant water lets disease spread fast

Southern Economic Dependence

South needs North for shipping, banking, etc. and Northern merchants profit off charging fees through that process

Compromise of 1850

Stephen Douglas rams each of Clay's proposals thru Congress individually, garnering enough votes to secure all by 9/'50

Split in Democratic Party

Southern Demos enraged when PopSov is adopted as 1860 platform, walk out and adopt federal slave code platform

Segregation

Southern Demos use laws separating blacks as an inferior caste in public gathering places in order to maintain social superiority of whites

Backcountry Warfare

Southern backcountry is divided between rebel and loyalist militias, who pillage, torture

Savannah

Southern city falls to British with Loyalist support in 1779

Britain's Southern Strategy

Southern colonies are more strategically important, profitable, with backcountry Loyalists

Textiles

Southern cotton mills boom, employing whole families, including children. At first, not competitive with Northern, European mills

Timber

Southern forests overchopped, often exported to North instead of being processed into more valuable goods, leaving South poorer. Common black employment

Corruption

Southern officials get bribes for contracts, grants end up increasing tax rate. Corruption prominent in all gov'ts but exaggerated in Radicals

Fire-Eaters

Southern radical secessionists

Southern Rural Life

Southerners enjoy hunting, cockfighting, group work and socializing, going to town, etc.

Southern Isolation

Southerners fear "Black Republicans", faced loss of profitability, needed more slave states to preserve political power

Mexican immigration

Southwest economy based on Mexican labor, immigrants settle in cities on rail lines and served as laborers on large farms, railroads

Appointments & Spoils System

Spoils system "on steroids", faithful party supporters got jobs regardless of qualification, leading to scandals

Evangelical Protestantism

Spreading of Protestantism to bring everyone to his or her salvation, in line with American individualism

Juvenile delinquency

Teen culture begins to form, middle class teens exposed to style of lower classes, begin smoking, dressing, etc. like them to anger of adults

African Americans in South

Tenants kicked out b/c mechanization, black move to inner city as low-paying jobs disappear, filled by whites

Wounded Knee (1890)

U.S. army stops revival for fear of uprisings, attacking Sioux at Wounded Knee in 12/1890, killing 146 men, women, and children

Commercial factors for imperialism

U.S. businesses such as fruit and sugar corporations had plantations in other territories, corporations selling goods overseas

"Open Door" policy in China

U.S. doesn't want China partitioned, wishes to keep trade open throughout various European spheres in China

Inventions

U.S. experiences rapid rate of creation after Civil War, 500k patents awarded 40 years after war

Agricultural ladder

The notion that a laborer could, through hard work and penny pinching, work his way up until he owned land. False due to debt peonage

Paternalism

The notion that slavery is necessary because slaves needed care from a benevolent white master

Zimmermann Telegram

UK intercepts msg from German foreign minister to ambassador in Mexico, promising money & arms in war against US

Science and war

UK, US scientists develop tools e.g. sonar & radar, weapons e.g. proximity fuses, blood plasma & medicines to combat diseases, nuclear fission

Bracero program

US & Mexican gov'ts collaborate to allow Mexican laborers to work in US for improved conditions to offset wartime labor shortages

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

Treaty ends 1st Sioux War, moving tribes into reservations in OK and SD Black Hills

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

Treaty outlawing war among major nations, named after Sec of State Frank Kellogg, ineffective, no method of enforcement

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty signed in Ghent, Belgium in December 1814, achieved almost nothing in impressment and trade issues

Core Indian Values

Tribes are small, classless, communal decisionmaking, all shared a reverence for nature and its preservation

Virginia Plan

Tripartite government with bicameral legislature, proportional representation, congressionally appointed executive

Loyalty Review Board

Truman appoints board 3/1947, couldn't examine all gov't workers, supervisors had to examine workers, frequently abused

Truman's political differences

Truman can't implement agenda after 1948, blocked by conservative Demos & Repubs, could only preserve FDR's reforms

Election of 1952

Truman doesn't run, Demos & Adlai Stevenson loses to Repubs & former General Dwight D. Eisenhower

Election of 1948

Truman faces defeat, New Deal crumbles, progressives & Wallace, Dixiecrats & Thurmond split, barely beats Repubs & Dewey

1945 Potsdam Summit

Truman meets with Churchill, Stalin, Germany to be demilitarized, USSR's zone would pay reparations

Soviets & Nukes

Truman responds to Red nukes by accelerating development of deadlier Hydrogen bomb, heavily funding NATO

Harry Truman- "Give 'em hell, Harry"

Truman retaliates w/ popular opinion, going on speech marathon condemning Congress as reactionaries who "do nothing" for people

"Get tough" with Soviets

Truman turns on USSR after Stalin declares it's preparing itself for wars against capitalism, policy switches away from "babying"

Truman Doctrine

Truman's notion that US must protect all "free people" threatened by Communism in order to preserve American way of life

Trunk Lines

Trunk lines link up small railroad lines into large networks

Distress signals for depression

Unions destroyed, farmer's purchasing power slides as demand falls and 1927 flood wrecks MI river region economy, Europe in debt

Union desires

Unions wanted better pay, hours, and working conditions

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Upholds constitutionality of BUS, boosts federal power to help regulate the economy through BUS

U.S. investments in Latin America under Taft

Upon Taft leaving office in 1913 half of US investments abroad were in Latin America

Urban & Labor Tensions

Urban resources strained, poor housing, slums are crime- and alcohol-ridden, native-born Americans blame immigrants for driving down wages

Graft

Use of political power for personal gain, cheating the public considered "honest graft" by city bosses

Mass Electioneering

Use of various political campaigning tactics to increase one's popularity and harm the image of opponents

Telegraphs

Used for communications in Grant's forces, to quickly relay information including trroop movements

Stephen Austin

Uses grant from Mexican gov't to establish American town on Brazos River in TX in early 1820s

Gas & water socialism

Utilities fell under control of municipalities by progressive mayors to prevent runaway costs, first in Cleveland 1901, then others

Fate of Utopian Designs

Utopias are scrapped as settlers ignore proprietor's wishes and colonies revert to royal control.

Vietnam

Vietnamese Communists fight bloody guerrilla war against French colonial forces

Bleeding Kansas

Violence between pro-free and pro-slave factions in the 1850s who each sought to vote Kansas into their side

James Madison

Virginia politician who shaped the majority of the Constitution

Failure of Neutrality

Warring France and Britain both ignore American neutrality, raiding ships and impressing sailors.

Trenton

Washington attacks on day after Christmas, 1776, and defeats Hessians

Cabinet

Washington chooses 4 heads of War, State, Treasury, and Justice departments to advise him

Federal railroad aid

Washington gives $65 million and millions of acres of land to stimulate railroad development

Neutrality

Washington keeps America neutral, but French and British refuse to respect that, intercept merchant ships

Election of 1796

Washington steps down, warns against parties but Adams and Jefferson are chosen to run for Feds and Repubs

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

Washington's Atlanta speech satisfies whites who like the humility, blacks who made the best, earning him fame, audience from famous

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's Secretary of State, republican

Alexander Hamilton

Washington's Treasury Secretary, federalist

William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion

Well-connected Bacon runs into opposition against attacking natives from William Berkeley, gov. of VA. Bacon, angry at Berkeley's cronyism, launches a revolt w/ poorer planters, torching Jamestown in 1676.

West Coast scene

West Coast becomes center of American pop culture, center of TV production, rock groups, and hippie counterculture

Daniel De Leon

West Indian immigrant who founded Socialist Labor Party

Boom-bust cycle

Western speculative fever occurs with mining rushes, forming new communities, busts leave ghost towns behind

East vs. West

Westerners angry about lack of rights or institutions from eastern planter-controlled legislation

Supporters of the War

Westerners supported it, wanted expansion, coastal people didn't like it, hurt trade

Herman Melville's Moby Dick (1851)

Whaling captain hunts down white whale, illustrates American individualism's darker side as self-reliance destroys the captain

War guilt & reparations clause

Wilson loses out and clause blaming Germany for war and demanding billions in reparations becomes part of peace treaty

Veracruz

Wilson orders Marines to take city to prevent shipload of German weapons, face heavy resistance while storming, arousing hate of US

Woodrow Wilson & Asia

Wilson pulls bankers from China RR, recognized new Republic of China in 1913, blocks Japan's 21 demands, Philippines limited gov't

Missionary iplomacy

Wilson wishes to spread American values of democratic gov't, capitalism, and religion to uncivilized world

League of Nations & Article X

Wilson's diplomatic body of nations, with court, executive council, Art. X binds members together against attack, respect independence

Confederacy's difficulty with State's Rights

While founded on the basis of state's rights, nation had to consolidate and centralize in order to fight a total war

White House Tapes

White House counsel John Dean says Nixon helped cover-up, tapes would tell truth, Nixon fires investigator, still forced to hand them over

Servants & Slaves

White and black were mostly equal, harsh living conditions, both occasionally tried to escape, steal, blacks had not come directly from Africa and have learned English, sometimes were Christian

Segregation

White planters sought to distance themselves psychologically from blacks by separating social institutions and gathering places

Regional migrations

White populations leave cities, filled by blacks, Hispanics, poor, whites head west or to Sun Belt in South

Slavery Proposals in Congress

Wilmot Proviso and Calhoun (all legal) are radical, 36-30 line and Cass & Douglas' PopSov are moderate

Pancho Villa

Wilson funds rebel group under Villa to attack Carranza but later recognizes Carranza, Villa turns and raids and kidnaps inside US

American neutrality

Wilson immediately declares neutrality, hoping to instead help mediate belligerents and create new world order of peace & coop

Oliver Cromwell

de facto military dictator of England, 1649-1660