APUSH All
Kansas' Election and Status
MO residents flood KS and force it to go slave, tarnishing PopSov, free-state members expelled. Both factions seek admission as slave/free
Inchon
MacArthur launches daring attack on Inchon in north, pushing back invaders to 38th parallel
MacArthur vs. Truman
MacArthur unilaterally demands Chinese surrender, wants attack, Truman angry at insubordination & threat of WWIII, fires 4/11/1951
Lowell Offering
Magazine published by female workers at Lowell Mills
Ms. Magazine & Gloria Steinem
Magazine published first in 1972 in support of feminist movement
Decrease in consumer spending
Many consumers bought in installments, debt rises, unsustainable. Wealthy too rich, didn't spend enough (saved) to boost economy
Credit issues
Many farmers need credit to buy seed & tools, when crop prices fall they have no savings and borrow more, debt peonage
Colleges for Blacks and Women
Many land grant colleges accept women from start, but have less rigorous courses, colleges funding by northern groups accept blacks
Realities of Mining
Many miners pile onto claims but few make it rich, more money is found selling goods to miners, large-scale mining leads to widespread erosion
Devaluation, exports & slacking demands
Many nations devalue, raise tariffs to prevent competition at same time, failing to reduce trade barriers, demand falls internationally
Amendment Process
Needed 2/3 majority in both houses of Congress or 2/3 of states requesting, 3/4 of states had to ratify
James Monroe
Negotiator for LA president and 5th president of U.S.
French slavery
New Orleans planters import slaves, some of which join Natchez NAs and rebel, killing many. French stop importing
Republican coalition
Republicans garner support from industrialists in Northeast, Midwest, with farmers, business, and Union army veterans
Republican National Convention
Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln, moderate on slavery
Republican Party Ideology
Republicans opposed slavery because it drove out free labor, immoral, and opposed unrepublican, destructive Slave Power
Battle of the Standards
Republicans support gold as stable base for building confidence, Demos support silver as way out for farmers (loose v. sound $)
Elections of 1866
Repubs "wave bloody shirt", brand Johnson and Demos as traitors and cowards, win 2/3 control of Congress and all northern states
Election of 1964
Repubs & Goldwater oppose gov't programs, allowing LBJ to play a moderate, gets landslide
Election of 1936
Repubs and Alfred Landon can't differentiate from FDR, FDR stirs class conflict, wins landslide
Republican constituencies and positions
Repubs supported by Northern industrialists and wealthy, protestants, reformists, Civil War vets, waved bloody shirt
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
Resolutions for VA and Y declaring that states had the right to supercede national government when it exceeded its limits
Chesapeake Gentry
Richer individuals had large plantations, lots of slaves, and helped lesser planters. Admired, served as politicians, militia leaders and clergy
David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd (1950)
Riesman condemns conformity, argues '50s Americans are "other-directed", by opinions of their peers
Technology in War
Rifles, artillery, other advances increase engagement range and make warfare more deadly
Young Americans for Freedom
Right-leaning group who opposes liberal college movements as Red, wanted to limit power of Feds, supported Goldwater
Transportation Revolution
Roads, canals and railroads spring up cutting costs of transportation drastically in early-mid 1800s
Regulators
SC vigilante group that filled in for courts, exacted grisly justice on criminals. NC protests against corrupt officials who exploited frontier settlers
Mississippi Freedom Summer
SNCC recruits college students to campaign for voter registration in MI, beaten by police, several murdered
William Henry Seward
Secretary of State 1861-1869, wanted U.S. to gain supremacy thru trade, acquired Alaska and Midway Island to serve as bases, cheap
Elections in the South
Southerners defiantly elect prominent Confederates to Congress, Johnson doesn't call new elections, Repubs vote to exclude them
Southern Fears of Lincoln
Southerners fear Lincoln could coerce border states out of slavery with federal aid, then shut down slavery with const. amendment
Polarized Democratic Party
Demos lose hold of South but win 12 largest cities in 1928, schism between Southern, urban sides of party
Silverites vs. Gold Bugs
Demos split between gold standards & Cleveland, silver standards & William Jennings Bryan, Bryan wins nomination
Democrats on Gov't Power
Demos support limited gov't that would prevent monopolies, special privileges, keep equal playing field while religion and morals should be kept outside of politics
Democratic constituencies and positions
Demos supported by Southern whites, urban poor and immigrants, hands free economic, saved South from Reconstruction
Resettlement Administration
Formed 1935, helped farmers move off of poor lands and into better ones with financial support
Schism of 1840
Dispute over whether women could hold office in AASS splits organization, Garrison supports while Tappan opposes
Land Ordinance of 1785
Divides land into townships with plots sold to buyers
Results of Awakening
Division on radical/moderate lines, some embrace and some shun, radical Baptists dislike old-school Anglicans, Presbytes & Congregs split
Emancipation Proclamation
Effective 1863, freed all slaves in rebelling territories (not border states), excluding about a fifth of slaves in border states
1973 Yom Kippur War
Egypt & Syria launch attack on Israel, Arab nations in OPEC support attack by embargoing Israel's allies (western nations & Japan)
Southern Alliance
Formed in 1875 in TX, Southern chapters of farmers expand, link together, pooled resources, cooperatives garner a million members
Civilian Conservation Corps
Gov't program 1933 employing young men to plant trees, build parks, other conservation activities, employing 2.5 million men in 10 yrs
15th Amendment
Gov't prohibited from denying any citizen from voting, moderates leave loopholes (b/c immigrants) allowing South to disenfranchise blacks. Ratified 1870
New Jersey Plan
Government is kept to a unicameral legislature with each state receiving one vote
Whiskey Ring
Grant's secretary was caught in a ring stealing federal whiskey taxes, and he intervened on his behalf
William Tecumseh Sherman
Grant's subordinate in West, later gained leadership of western armies, led "March to the Sea" in 1864
Force Bill
Grants president power to use military to enforce collection of tariffs in states
Harlem Renaissance
Harlem neighborhood of NYC center of black cultural explosion of arts, music, literature, including Claude McKay, Langston Hughes
Repeal of MO Compromise
Southerners oppose any organization with slavery being prohibited, forcing Douglas to repeal MO compromise as part of KS-NB Act
Role of Movies
Hollywood studios churn out new feature films, mostly adhered to traditional values, mass media affirms faith in popular gov't
Shift in Supreme Court decisions
In 4/1937 court upholds Wagner Act, Social Security despite lots of executive power, FDR makes appointment in late 1937
Robert Kennedy
JFK's attorney general, orders in federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders, becomes more liberal on civil rights during administration
Flexible Response Doctrine
JFK, McNamara favor moving away from MAD's 1st strike, be able to deter, respond to smaller aggression, negotiate
Electoral College
Voters would choose electors to vote for a presidential candidate because the electors would likely be familiar with the candidate
"Peace without victory"
Wilson's proposal to Europe to put down arms with no victor or vanquished or division of spoils of wars, "a peace among equals"
Wilson's 14 points
Wilson's vision of peace includes open diplomacy, free trade, asso. of nations to guarantee peace, sought to end selfish nationalism, war
Penn's compromises
With new settlers, Penn forced to revise charter limiting his own power and giving an elected unicameral assembly full legislative powers
Vietnamization
Nixon's strategy to shift fighting to S. Vietnamese army, offer peace talks, bombing halts to North while also threatening nukes
Extent of black officeholding in South
No black governors, only controlled 1 house of legis in SC, ~20% of state officers and~6% of congressmen were black, underrepresented
Colonial regulations
No coherent trade policy until Nav. Acts of 1660, but many colonists ignored duties and defied royal officials
Unregulated banking system
No gov't agency covered the stock exchanges and banks, allowing for insider trading, stock fraud
Election of 1852
No one wishes to tamper with compromise, Demos & Franklin Pierce beat Whigs & Winfield Scott
Political culture of the 1790s
No publicly acknowledged party system, instead each faction viewed other side as the "wrong side"
New Mexico
Northern Mexico has lot of rancheros and some mining, more densely populated than CA, trades with US
"Conscience Whigs"
Northern Whigs who dislike slavery, do not support Whig candidates such as Taylor b/c they are slaveholders
John Brown
Northern abolitionist who killed three men in Kansas in 1856 and led an attack on Harper's Ferry in 1859
New England Emigrant Aid Society
Northern association that recruited settlers in an effort to keep Kansas free
"Slave Power"
Northerners fear that slaveholders sought to extend their reach over new land and the rest of the country
John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
Novel about a family of "Okies" who leave dry homeland, drive west, seeking opportunity in California
Jack Kerouac's On the Road (1957)
Novel based on Kerouac's travels across country, doing drugs, etc. in search of "IT"
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Novel that showcased the brutalities of slavery, drew voters to Republican cause
Panamanian Revolution
Panamanians revolt against Colombian rulers in 1903, US prevents Colombian intervention, agreed on canal with new republic
Panic of 1837 effect on Labor Movement
Panic causes financial crisis, few workers willing to collectively bargain during hard times
Corporate Mergers
Panic of 1893 leads to businesses being bought out by larger competitors, spawning corporate giants in many industries
Omaha Platform
Populists meet in Omaha, NE, in 1892 favor subtreasury plan & loose $, income tax, gov't ownership of comms & RRs, 8 hr workday
Nativism
Post-WWI nativism blooms to counter high rates of immigration from S, E Europe & Mexico, supported by conservative Protestants, AFL
Consumer culture & Advertising
Post-war boost in consumer goods leads to more consumption, leading to more production, lower costs, people began to purchase
Neo-isolationists
Post-war isolationists in Congress, bloc loses support as Red expansion continues, esp. in Czech
Construction Industry
Post-war, construction booms as many cities create skyscrapers, residential construction booms as many move to suburbs
South's Post-war economic transition
Postwar South grows from New Deal, TVA, AC allows business, pros, retirees to move south
Birthrate
Postwar birthrate peaks in 1957, esp. among middle class, despite rising standards of living
Victoria Woodhull
Publisher and presidential candidate for Equal Rights party, publicly advocated for women to be more free lovers
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico becomes U.S. colony with elections, non-voting House rep under Foraker Act, some opposed 2nd-class citizenship
Pullman Strike (1894)
Pullman RR workers strike, convincing ARU to stop servicing cars nationwide, Pres. Cleveland crushes with federal troops
Job growth and rising incomes
Purchasing power increases 20% from 1914-1929, consumer demand for goods continues to drive up demand for labor
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Puritans found Boston, aiming to set an example to the rest of the world, "city on a hill". Regrouping to assault corruption in church.
Presbyterians
Puritans whose churches were governed by higher ministers
Congregationalists
Puritans whose congregations did their own thing
William Penn
Quaker leader, granted land from Charles II to establish colony and advertised throughout Europe. Administered Pennsylvania from 1681 onwards
Benjamin Lundy
Quaker who owned a Baltimore antislavery paper, Garrison's former boss, supported colonization
Ulysses S. Grant and Western Theater
Quiet, but clearheaded, relentless in battle, coordinated well in West, capturing Confederate river forts, became army chief in East
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
RR workers across nation walk out, riot, destroying $10 mil of property, crushed by militia & troops, 100 dead
Jim Crow politics
Racialism disenfranchises blacks, white supremacy is platform to prevent poor blacks and whites from overthrowing Demos
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Radical Repub's plan, putting Confederate states under military governors, requiring 50% loyalty, kept power to Unionists. Vetoed by Lincoln
William Lloyd Garrison
Radical abolitionist based in Boston who published his own paper, the Liberator
Utopian Communities
Radical groups tried to withdraw from world and form their own noncompetitive communities
Radical & union unrest
Radical laborers strike many times and bombs sent to or thrown at prominent politicians & businessmen in spring 1919
Track Gauges
Rail networks use different gauges of track, which impedes trade.
Railroads
Rail travel is more reliable, direct, and year-round vs. canals and steamboats, become popular in 1850s
Rebates
Railroad companies secretly give discounts to preferred customers to drop rates below competitiors
Time Zones
Railroad companies unilaterally split country into four time zones in 1883, cities and towns later adopt
Railroads
Railroads are backbone of industrialization, stimulating various industries, lower transportation costs, new management techniques
Government Aid
Railroads are dependent on it in low-capital West, Whigs favor railroads as internal improvements
Railroads
Railroads expand in 1840s and 50s, provide big trade boost and integrate isolated communities into nat'l market. West favors railroads to East over Mississippi to South
Railroad Problems
Railroads faced operating costs & debt, too many rails built, faced competition with other lines, many go bankrupt
Railroad Effects on Local Economies
Railroads link remote communities, allowing them to buy manufactured goods and market their own far away
Lack of political loyalty
Reforms disrupted political machines and static party loyalties, media weakens consistent voter support for parties
Empowerment of "other" Americans
Reforms open doors for minorities, "others" but pluralism fragments the nation's various blocs, reform had reached high water mark
Continental Regulars vs. Militia
Regulars are full-time, disciplined but lack supplies and pay, militiamen preferred not to enlist and to defend their own homes
Quakers
Religious group big on egalitarian treatment, did not swear oaths, go to war, believed that all shared the "Light Within". Faced persecution.
Revivalism
Religious revival driven by converts from middle class, who used it to cope with tensions, uncertainties of life in market economy
Second Great Awakening
Religious revival in 1790s-1830s, massive efforts by Protestant churches to send missionaries into frontier and preach
Jacob Riis & How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Reporter photographs lives of impoverished Americans, creating awareness about the poor and attacking excesses of industrialism
CIA spying & assassinations
Reports of CIA abuses, spying on Americans, killing foreign leaders, Senate establishes committees to watch intelligence operations
Carpetbaggers
Repub-voting Northerners who moved to the South "with belongings stuffed into carpetbags", South alleges they were plundering lands
Elections of 1874
Republicans battered by economy, corruption issues, lose 77 seats in Congress and control of House, begin cutting Reconst loose
Republican Motherhood
Republicans believed that women should be educated and resourceful, and able to raise ideal republican citizens
Slave Power
Republicans contended that the rich planter class was influencing politics (e.g. KS) and sought to destroy liberties of northern whites
Election of 1876
Repubs and Hayes vs. Demos & Tilden, Tilden clearly wins pop vote but SC, FL, LA are disputed, ruled towards Hayes giving him electoral advantage
Election of 1896
Repubs and McKinley defeat Bryan and Demos & Populists, through massive modern campaign tactics, signalled end of political logjam
Midterm Elections of 1938
Repubs catch FDR off balance & conserv. Demos revolt, New Deal lacked power in Congress to continue
Ethnic and religious factors in politics
Repubs sought to reform, evangelize, restrict immigration, attracting white Protestants, Demos didn't care as much, immigrants support
Radical Republicans
Strongly anti-slavery Repubs who wanted to reform the South completely, thought Lincoln's 10% plan was too lenient
Oneida Community
Strove for human perfection, allowed polyamorous relationships and "scientifically" selected couples to have children
James II
Stuart, more Catholic than Charles II and was disliked in England, replaced by William and Mary
English consittution
Supposedly gave every man a vote and strapped power of monarch and ministers, but bribery was rampant in Parliament. Colonists feel like they executed it better
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Supreme Court case that deemed the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thereby establishing judicial review.
Warren Court
Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren turns most conservative branch of gov't into liberal powerhouse with several key decisions
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
Supreme Court justice from 1902, believed that law had to be interpreted according to a dynamic, evolving society
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Supreme Court rules "all-white" primaries unconstitutional (primary victor ran unopposed), giving blacks shot at the vote
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Supreme Court rules Dred Scott is still a slave, African Americans had no rights as non-citizens, Congress was not allowed to ban slavery from anywhere
Granger Cases & Munn v. Illinois (1877)
Supreme Court rules IL can regulate private property (if devoted to public use), and railroads within state lines, establishes oversight
U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)
Supreme Court rules Sherman Act only applicable to corporations in "trade or commerce", excluding all but transportation companies
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Supreme Court rules that President must turn over tapes (no nat'l security tricks), giving "smoking gun" of Nixon's involvement
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Edu (1971)
Supreme Court rules that busing, balancing ratios, redrawing school district lines are legal means of achieving integration
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Supreme Court rules that theaters, hotels, railroads, etc. are private institutions, and the 14th amendment doesn't apply to them (only public)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Supreme Court says free speech can be restricted during times of war, upholding conviction of Socialist leader opposing draft
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Supreme Court strikes Georgia state legislature's law passed to break a contract
Butler vs. United States (1936)
Supreme Court strikes down AAA, US gov't can't regulate agriculture, instead law passed to pay farmers for "practicing conservation"
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
Supreme Court strikes down MA toll bridge's implied monopoly, stating free bridge was in public's interest, helped support equality of opportunity
Abortion & Roe v. Wade (1973)
Supreme Court strikes down state laws against abortion, maternal deaths decline, but conservatives & religious oppose
Schecter Poultry Co. v. United State (1935)
Supreme Court unanimously rules NRA's attempt to regulate corp. exclusively inside NY is overstepping "interstate commerce" power
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Supreme Court upholds gov't relocation program as wartime necessity
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme court upholds segregation in Southern schools, condemning blacks to poorer education in neglected black schools
Blacklisting
Suspected Communists were banned from working @ many Hollywood studios, even if falsely accused, no clearing name
Tennessee Valley Authority
TN river valley public works project to provide employment while building dams to prevent flooding, generate power in poor region
RR regulation
TR & Congress strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission, favoring their regulation rather than their breakup
TR's New Nationalism
TR adopts hardcore progressive reform, wanting consolidation in economy, gov't to protect public interest, welfare, social justice laws
Progressive "Bull Moose" Party
TR defects from Repubs after Taft manipulates nomination, effective third party, beats Taft, looses to Wilson
"Walk softly and carry a big stick"
TR invoked this proverb in diplomacy with many nations, but not with Caribbean and Latin American neighbors
TR and race
TR is pragmatic, seeking racial tolerance to build political coalition with Southern blacks, reputation tarnished with Brownsville incident
Treaty of Portsmouth
TR mediates Russians and Japanese in Portsmouth, NH, settling conflict, ceding Russian land to Japan, TR wins 1906 Nobel Prize
Roosevelt Corollary
TR's addition to Monroe Doctrine, claims right to intervene directly in Latin American nations with poor finances, used on several nations
McCarthy & Army
TV channels show McCarthy acting crazy & badgering Army in hearings, popularity slides along w/ Red Scare, censured 1954
Television
TV viewership booms, 46 mil sets by 1960, new way to advertise, entertain, spread political awareness
Taft's Accomplishments
Taft does protect land, adopt safety standards, create federal Children's Bureau, finally throws weight behind income tax
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft favors private investment to promote economic stability and force nations to stay close to US, tied to unpopular regimes, corps
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
Tariff hike protects US from foreign goods but retaliatory tariffs choke off European markets, reduce US sales
"Big Four" and attitudes towards peace
US & Wilson find UK & George, FR & Clemenceau, IT & Orlando are eager to see Germany crushed, disarmed, spoils divided
Israel's statehood
US 1st to recognize State of Israel, winning him bilateral applause in Congress and Jewish votes in 1948 election
Rise of bureaucracy/gov't control
US becomes a modern bureaucratic state with hundreds of federal agencies and many employees to coordinate w/ business during war
Battle of Midway
US carriers decisively defeat Japanese fleet 6/1942, knocking out 4 carriers, turning point of Pacific war
U.S. entry into WWI
US declares war on 4/6/1917 after repeated U-boat attacks add to tensions, resolution opposed by several members of Congress
George Kennan
US diplomat in Moscow, familiar with Soviet conduct, favored containment to resist Red expansion
Nixon Doctrine
US foreign policy stating it would not fight every battle for world peace, offloading to regional allies e.g. Japan, S. Africa
1944 Bretton Woods summit
US heads up creation of IMF & World Bank in 1944, to promote worldwide trade, stimulate growth w/ regulation & investment.
Khrushchev's letter on Turkey
US must remove missiles from Turkey to end Cuba crisis, JFK ignores, later agrees privately, looks good for "standing up" to Reds
Battle of Coral Sea
US navy stops Japanese approaching Port Moresby, New Guinea, 5/1942, forcing them to turn back
Treaty of Paris (1973)
US recognizes N. Vietnam's gov't, withdraws all forces, N. Vietnam releases PoWs, US agrees to give aid to rebuild N. Vietnam
U.S. economic ties
US trades with primarily Britain and France, war increases those ties as they buy supplies. Ties with Central Powers weak, blockaded
Futility of guerilla war
US troops find themselves razing towns in order to remove Vietcong, some question purpose of saving people by burning their homes
"Body Counts"
US uses # of enemy killed to measure success in guerilla war, but count often included civilians massacred by angry US troops
The bomb & Soviet diplomacy
US uses A-bomb to end Japanese war quickly but also potentially to frighten USSR in post-war negotiations
Diplomacy and Conferences
US, UK, USSR begin meeting to discuss postwar arrangements at various venuse beginning 1943
Fall of Eastern Europe
USSR moves into Hungary 1947, topples Czech gov't 1948, both moderate & democratically elected, consolidates power in E. Europe
Greece
USSR supports local Communists in bloody civil war against Greek monarch
Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan
Union plan to "strangle" the Confederacy by surrounding it with land and sea blockades and deprive it of resoruces
Women and labor
Women enter workforce en masse 1900-30, attitudes change postwar after women have done many of men's jobs
Women's Political Status
Women had no vote, impairing their ability to affect reform as it wet political, begin to push for suffrage
Frontier women
Women had to endure loneliness and hard work
Sisterhood
Women have common sense of identity and shared experience that leads to tight bonds and helps sustain reform movements
Women on the Overland Trail
Women have to care for children, cook, wash, but now have to stand guard and drive cattle
Expansion of women's sphere
Women increasingly find that protection of their sphere- children, housekeeping, education, increasingly requires moving beyond it
Media images of women
Women often portrayed as domesticated housewives or sex objects, media promotes women relying on husbands
Women and Democratic Party
Women play more integral role in 1936 Democratic convention, women use "mouth-to-mouth" campaign for FDR
Equal Rights Amendment
Women push for constitutional amendment, support is strong but fails as some oppose loss of exemption for women (maternity leave)
Women in the 1950s
Women return back to housewife status, drive family around, run errands thru car, women get jobs, middle-class women begin getting education
Success & Failures of Unions
Workers divided among race lines, fear retaliation, unions unable to get much of wage increase or other improvement
Working conditions
Workers faced dangerous conditions, long hours, menial tasks, low wages, long hours, rarely compensation
Ways workers sought to retain control
Workers observe holidays, took time off, slowed down, walked off the job in search of better conditions
Strikes
Workers walk off jobs, often organized by both unionized and non-unionized workers
Leisure
Working and middle class begin to gain free time as job hours reduced, form of leisure also is separated by class
Saloons
Working-class men got drinks, chatted, etc. at "workingmen's clubs"
Midcentury foreign policy
World is in a stalemate, divided by Iron Curtain in Europe and in Asia between US & "free world" and USSR & "communist bloc", US tries to contain USSR
Global economic realities
World tied to each other economically (esp. Europe & debts to US), crash hurts trade, protective measures worsen world's condition
United Nations
Worldwide peacekeeping org with General Assembly, 11-member Security Council, 1st meeting held @ San Francisco 4/1945
The Almighty Dollar
Writer Washington Irving coins term in 1836 to describe American obsession with materialism
Expatriates
Writers rebelling against American life flee to London & Paris, e.g. T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald
Nixon's Silent Majority
Nixon believes he is representative for "silent majority" of average citizens, as opposed to vocal minority of student protesters
August 1971 wage & price freezes
Nixon breaks from conservatives, adopts deficit budget for growth, froze wages & prices to stop inflation, good for silent majority
1972 Renewed bombing campaign
Nixon fails to negotiate settlement with North, orders more bombing instead of US troops, sustained bombing fails
1970 invasion of Cambodia
Nixon orders raids into Cambodia to destroy N. Viet supply depots, widening of war prompts massive protests in 5/1970
Richard Nixon & "Checkers" Speech
Nixon revealed to have "slush fund" from donors, on TV portrays himself as ordinary, he'd be keeping dog "Checkers"
Environmental Protection Agency
Nixon sense environment is big issue, creates EPA in 1970 to unify multiple gov't agencies handling pollution & environmental policy
Philadelphia Plan & Affirmative Action
Nixon uses LBJ rule giving gov't funding only if contractors used affirmative action, causing anger among white unions
Impoundment
Nixon uses tactic against Congressional bills to refuse spending money on bills he opposed, Congress says it's unconstitutional
Henry Kissinger
Nixon's Nat'l Security Adviser, Sec. of State, pursued ends secretly, helped with detente w/ USSR, opening diplo. channels w/ China
1969 Woodstock Music Festival
400k people attend 3-day rock festival in Bethel, NY with music, drugs, celebrating promise of peace, love, freedom
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
"Buffalo Bill" Cody, well-known army scout, creates Western show with cowboys, Indians, etc., creating American Western stereotype for outside world
Ben Franklin
"Enlightenment man" of America, invented franklin stove, lightning rod, etc.
General Zachary Taylor
"Old Rough and Ready", was deployed to Rio Grande to provoke Mexicans, fought in the war. Future president.
Charles Coughlin
"Radio Priest" blames bankers (and Jewish) for manipulating money and crashing, proposes inflation, nat'lizing banks
Pledge of Allegiance
"Under God" added to Pledge b/c cold war fervor
James Madison
4th president, 1808-1820, brilliant but not a strong leader
couriers de bois
"runners in the woods", French frontiersmen who lived and traded with natives
Defense Budget
$7 billion in 1947, jumps to $50 billion by 1950
Committee of 15
5 members from House, Senate, and Supreme Court form electoral commission, vote 8-7 along party lines in favor of Hayes
TV Debates
10/1960 debates between Nixon, JFK televised, JFK looked better, more confident while Nixon sweated, had 5 o'clock shadow
Benjamin Montgomery
A black former slave who took control of the Davis plantations in 1866, renting land out to other black farmers
Chivington Massacre at Sand Creek
11/1864 700 Colorado militia under Col. John Chivington massacre over 150 friendly Cheyenne, drawing anger from many tribes
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
13 countries, including 7 Arab nations & Iran form oil union, which supplies US' booming energy appetite
School desegregation
15 yrs after Brown v. Board of Edu districts still segregated, court orders immediate deseg, supports school busing
Movement of US pop. during war
15+ mil move during war, many blacks leave South for city jobs, Mexican farm workers return to Southwest, rural Appalachians travel to Detroit
Unrest in Chesapeake
1660s and 70s experience decline in conditions as tobacco prices drop and tariffs crush small planters. Assembly curbs political rights of landless men, trying to keep power out of the dissatisfied.
Bank Holiday
3/5/1933 (day after inauguration) FDR closes all banks for 4 days, waiting for Congress to pass banking legislation
Rural Electrification Admin
1935 REA begins spreading electricity to rural areas, 90% of farms have electricity by 1950
U-2 incident
1960 USSR shoots down U-2 and captures pilot Gary Powers, Ike forced to admit US was spying
Berlin Crisis
1961 Khrushchev wishes to stop East Germans escaping thru Berlin, JFK can't stop him, 8/1961 concrete wall splits Berlin into 2
Vatican II and American Catholics
1962 Pope John XXIII calls ecumenical council, turn Church focus to current events, cut down on traditions, US priests become more active for reform
Pentagon Papers
1971 Daniel Ellsberg, a White House aid, leaks document about escalation in Vietnam, lies to public from LBJ years
Battle of Shiloh
4/6/'62, fierce battle at TN river where Union wins at heavy cost of over 23k casualties
Jamestown
1st English colony, suffers from disease (settling in a swamp) and lack of motivation or skill to work or plant crops. 60/500 original settlers survive thru Starving Time of 1609-1610
Louis Brandeis in Supreme Court
1st Jewish justice, appointed 1916, also aggressive reformer in contrast to Wilson's more hands-off agenda
Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913
1st downward revision of tariff in 19 years, represented Wilson's attack on protection of big business
James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales
5-novel series describes the clash between nature's nobility and innocence and civilization's speed and destructive nature
D-day
6/6/1944 Allied forces land on Normandy, France, open up 2nd front and push towards Germany
Role of Radio
9/10 families own radio, commercialized w/ advertising, shows, music, pop culture spreads further over airwaves
Battle of Antietam
9/17/'62, Lee's invading army is intercepted by McClellan, who fails to defeat him despite outnumbering, bloodiest day in war, 23k casualties in 7 hrs
"Consensus"
A general agreement in American cultures based on the values of the broad middle class
Ghost Dance
A pan-Indian religious revival in 1890 with a strange dance promising the revival of fallen Indians and a return to pre-White times
Miscegnation
A plantation mistress bears an illegitimate child with a male slave, and faced lots of social stigma
Land Ordinance of 1787
A territory has an appointed governor and can apply for statehood with Congress at 60k people
Foreign investment in railroads
A third of all RR stocks owned by Europeans in 1898, due to creation of worldwide financial networks
Treaty of Paris (1783)
British cut colonies lose, give Americans land up to Mississippi, signed September 1783
Jefferson's Economic Policy
Abolished whiskey tax, downsized military, kept funding and assumption, levied tariffs, kept Bank of US
Geography of Abolition
Abolition was strong in areas with New Englanders and among young or rural people, some of whom were converted
David Walker
Abolitionist and activist who urged slaves to rebel against bondage in Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)
Elijah Lovejoy
Abolitionist in IL lynched by a pro-slavery mob
Position of Sec. of State Dean Acheson
Acheson favors focus on Europe vs. Asia, Europe was larger part of "collective security"
Emergency Banking Act of 1933
Act allows sound banks to reopen w/ gov't support while troubled banks were put under federal control, increases confidence in banks
Emergency Relief & Construction Act (1932)
Act authorizes RFC to lend money for public works projects, but not nearly enough money
Catherine Beecher
Advocate of domesticity, stated that women were moral guardians of the future and that they had to care for their household
New careers for women in 1920s
Aesthetic jobs at beauty parlors as well as librarians, education, social work employ many women
United Mine Workers
Affiliate coal miners' union of AFL headed by John Lewis, increased in membership after FDR's election
Internal African slave trade
African tribes raid enemies and sell captives to Europeans, build up wealth from trading w/ Europe
Seasoning
Africans, not used to American disease, suffered in their first year and died often in the first year, 25% mortality rate
Urbanization
After 1820s cities explode especially in Northeast due to improved transportation and less efficient farms
Sussex Pledge
After French steamer Sussex sunk in March 1916, Germany pledges to drop submarine warfare, faced with consequences from Wilson
French Participation
After Saratoga, Ben Franklin convinces French to enter an alliance in February 1778
Nuclear arms race
After USSR detonates their nuke in 1946, race is on with US to produce more potent weapons
19th Amendment (1920)
After WWI amendment is finally ratified allowing women to vote in nat'l elections
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty & Hotline
After crisis JFK negotiates w/ USSR to ban all aboveground nuclear testing, establish direct hotline to Kremlin for crises
Ida B. Wells
After friends were lynched she began educating Americans on lynching, formed Nat'l Asso. of Colored Women in 1896
Age of the Common Man
Age when politics began to enter the common man's life, with political rallies and parties becoming common
Successes and Failuers of Freedman's Bureau
Agents encouraged written contracts between planters and laborers, sometimes protecting laborers from unfair treatment, but also arrested deserting laborers, agents are mixed in their treatment
Mayflower Compact
Agreement that established democratic government for Plymouth, with a governor and assistants
Southern lack of urbanization
Agricultural profits keep many out of cities, 10% urban pop., New Orleans is only significant city
Agrarian Values
Agricultural society kept people honest, virtuous while cities encouraged speculation, greed, luxury
Demon Rum
Alcohol consumption peaks in early 20th century, avg 2+ gallons per person, saloons controlled by political bosses
Jackson's Bank Veto
Biddle applies for BUS recharter in 1832, Congress passes recharter bill but Jackson vetoes
Equal Rights Amendment
Alice Paul & Nat'l Women's Party propose amendment guaranteeing equal conditions for both genders, but would lose women's benefits
Factors unifying the South
All of South has agricultural economy based on slave labor, which affects their culture and livelihoods profoundly
Ocala Demands
Alliance at Ocala, FL demand gov't correct abuses of industry and banking, abolish nat'l bank, lower tariffs, regulate RRs, loose $
1944 Dumbarton Oaks summit
Allies meet to set up United Nations as worldwide peacekeeping & diplomatic organization
Mandatory education laws
Almost all states outside of South have education laws by 1900, education reform occurs as cities blossom post-Civil War
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
Andrew Jackson leads American regulars, militia, various other forces and soundly defeats much larger British army
War Labor Board
Established 1942 to arbitrate any labor disputes to prevent strikes that would cripple war effort
Jacksonian Democracy- how democratic?
Although politics were a part of many men's lives, women, free blacks, Indians, and slaves still could not vote
American visions of Empire
America has more and more commercial ties abroad, which leads to desire to control events, spread Manifest Destiny overseas
Shifting international scene
America needs more raw materials to fuel its industry, bringing it into increasing competition with European imperial powers
Transcendentalism
American Romantic movement that emphasized connection with nature in order to rise above the material world and its institutions
Equality of opportunity
American belief that there should be equal opportunity for success instead of equal condition and wealth
American population growth
American birthrate is massive until about 1830 when immigration takes over
Nisei
American citizens of Japanese descent, still faced deportation despite no evidence of spying
Life of GIs
American soldiers do less fighting than marching, suffered from disease, lived in foxholes
Alice Paul & Nat'l Women's Party
American suffragist who adopted British protest tactics, protests and picketing during Wilson's tenure got her imprisoned, but effective
African- vs. American-born slaves
American-born slaves knew English, interacted with masters better, got married easier, often Christian. Africans unfamiliar and sometimes didn't like their American counterparts
Mexican
Americans & Asian-Americans at war-Latinos & Asians seek to fight for country and also for their own citizenship, improving their own status post-war
Oregon Territory
Americans and British jointly control OR since 1818, which extends up to 54 40 latitude.
Free Market
Americans are tied to more and more people in different places by the free market
Mexican-American War
Americans attacked on 5/9/'46, Mexico is unable to handle American forces and Indian enemies, surrenders by 1848
"Fragging"
Angry GIs in Vietnam attack overzealous commanding officers with fragmentation grenades
Fall of Saigon
April 1975 Saigon falls to N. Viet, Ford failed to get aid to SE Asia as public not onboard, Americans evacuated
Suburbs
Area outside of cities that is populated quickly by postwar middle class
Stono Rebellion of 1739
Around 100 slaves steal arms and kill several whites before suppressed
Florence Kelley & Nat'l Consumer's League
As chairman of league she organized boycotts of companies treating workers inhumanely, pushed for 8-hr workdays for women
Speed ups/stretch outs
As competition increased mills sped up machinery and assigned more machines to a single worker
Colonial governments
Assemblies often kept tabs on royal governors and defended their powers, esp. taxation. Hard to bribe as most members were watchful
Powers of Colonial Assemblies
Assemblies protected their rights from royal governors such as that of taxation (reserved for elected assembly)
Freeport Doctrine
At Freeport, IL debate Douglas states that slavery can only exist under protection of law, and that if people refused to pass a slave code owners would not bring slaves there
Laundresses Strike
Atlanta laundresses (mostly black) walk off in 1881, demanding better wages in, creating Washing Society
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Attempt to alter Dartmouth's charter is struck down, indirectly protecting many corporations which also use charters
Temperance Movement
Attempt to bring down alcohol consumption, at first led by clergy but is appealing to all who wanted to advance themselves, highly effective
A. Mitchell Palmer's Raids
Attorney General is bombed, uses federal troops to round up, jail, deport suspected Commun/Social/Anarchists in 1919-1920
National Bank & Panic of 1819
BUS fuels panic when it U-turns on financial policy, cutting loans quickly and causing state banks to start foreclosing
Bank of the United States
Bank holds government deposits, issues banknotes on American debt
Dawes Plan (1924)
Banker Charles G. Dawes lowers German reparations, loans to Germany, who pays Europe, who repays US for reduced war debts
Boom and Bust Cycles
Banking system often unable to distribute capital, supply sometimes outstripped demand, leading to regular depression years
Investment banks and railroads
Banks funded and advised RR companies, often taking control during bad times, helping to absorb smaller lines, cut competition
Economic independence for African Americans
Blacks need land and tools to support themselves economically in order to truly be "free" as opposed to slave-like sharecroppers
Land reform and its fate
Blacks need land for eco. independence, Radicals advocate confiscating land from Confeds, but Congress rejects, against American values of property rights
Barbary Pirates
Barbary corsairs initially bribed by Adams to not raid shipping, Jefferson declares war on them in 1801
Spectator sports
Baseball, football, boxing grow in popularity, leagues and clubs form as viewership increases in cities from people of many classes
Bunker Hill
Battle fought in June 1775, rebels holding a hill in Charlestown are dislodged only after 3 British attacks and hundreds of casualties
Black Migrations
Blacks often remain in rural areas during Depression, face equally poor conditions in both cities and fields
African Americans in the War
Blacks were not allowed to serve, in case they sided with British. Many slaves join British while others use war to flee
Pan-American Conference (1889)
Blaine persuades Latin American countries to join trade union and lower tariffs, threatening embargo on nations that didn't
Native Americans during Revolution
Caught in crossfire, most natives often changed sides or were forced to flee their homelands to escape warfare
Unions
Before Civil War were primarily local craftworker's groups, began to organize after war
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
Blamed for shaking confidence by shrinking gold reserves to buy silver, repealed in 1894 by Cleveland, deflation makes things worse
Coolidge & Business
Believed business was service to society, respect for businessmen increases and business seen as responsible for bringing prosperity
Shakers
Believed in hard work, celibacy, gave women equal rights, communally owned property, very ordered daily life
Mormons
Believed that Jesus had come to the U.S., and that they had to restore an ancient church. Supported hard work and self control, but was also theocratic and support polygamy
Great Compromise
Ben Franklin proposes compromise, Senate has equal representation while House has proportional representation, has sole right to draft budgets
Albany Plan of Union
Ben Franklin proposes that all colonies united to help defend each other, but no delegate accepts proposal
Baruch Plan
Bernard Baruch proposes UN atomic agency that far favors US, not willing to bargain with USSR for disposing, fuelling arms race
Improvements in Stability
Better production = better health, more women = families beginning to form. 15k colonists by 1650
Pro-slavery Arguments
Bible doesn't condemn slavery, Greeks and Romans used slavery, slave's standard of living "better" than northern worker's
Eugene "Bull" Connor
Birmingham AL police chief, unleashed riot police, attack dogs, and fire hoses on civil rights demonstrators
Bison and Railroads
Bison's annual migratory patterns disrupted by railroad lines
Black Panthers & Huey Newton
Black Panther party in Oakland, CA arms against police harassment, leader Huey Newton is jailed after gunfight with police in 1967
Mary McLeod Bethune
Black administrator of NYA, formerly sharecropper's daughter & founder of Bethune-Cookman College
Freedom Summer
Black and white activists continued voting drive in summer 1965, prompting LBJ to pass Voting Rights Act
Rosa Parks
Black civil rights activist who was arrested in December 1955 after refusing to give up seat for white rider on bus, triggering Montgomery bus boycott
Robert Weaver
Black economist serving in FDR administration
Miami Confederation Resistance
Blue Jacket and Little Turtle defeat two American attempts to displace Miamis in OH River Valley in 1790s
War Industries Board & Bernard Baruch
Board led by Baruch coordinates production of war goods thru trade, industrial associations, made contracts, threatened takeovers
War Production Board
Board which could allocate resources, organize factories in any way possible for national defense
Board of Trade
Body that regulated trade and tried to prevent smuggling in colonies
Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique (1963)
Book protesting that culture did not allow women to fulfill potential as human beings, sparking women's rights movement
Michael Harrington's The Other America (1962)
Book showing poverty's persistence in rural Appalachia despite general prosperity, prompts LBJ to launch programs fighting poverty
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962)
Book warning about dangers of DDT and other insectisides
"Boomers" & "Sooners"
Boomers scramble to settle on OK territory (formerly Indian, last unsettled) opened in April 1889, Sooners jumped gun, hid out until then
Venezuelan Dispute
Border dispute with British Guiana is mediated by Cleveland and U.S. under Monroe Doctrine, U.K. concedes to keep relations with U.S.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
British and U.S. settle territorial disputes in ME and MN
Elijah Muhammad
Born Elijah Poole, est.s Black Muslims in Detroit 1931, favored black nat'lism, Islamic faith, self-discipline, all-black nation
Father Divine
Born George Baker, founded religious cult in Harlem 1930s, opened shelters for both blacks and whites
George Washington Plunkitt
Boss of a Manhattan city ward and a leader of Tammany Hall political machine
Crude Welfare System
Bosses distributed food, jobs, other favors in exchange for votes, more effective than private philanthropy
Bosses as entrepreneurs
Bosses often rose from the bottom, organizing their machine like a corporation with chains of management
Dorothea Dix
Boston teacher who advocated for state-supported mental asylums, documented horrors of the mentally ill
Slavery and Politics
Both Whigs and Democrats try to avoid anti-slavery discussion for fear of losing Southern votes
Taiwan and China
Brinksmanship leads China to threaten an invasion of Taiwan in 1955, Ike deploys 7th Fleet into Taiwan Strait to protect, threatening nuclear retaliation
British naval blockade
Britain mines and blockades waters of Germany, Wilson protests right to trade by neutral power but can't break it, drops issue
Henry Clinton
British general that replaced William Howe, led British on a wild chase through South
British Invasion
British invade Chesapeake, burn DC and repulsed Fort McHenry, invade South, beaten at New Orleans
Charleston
British lay siege to the city, which falls in May 1780
Lusitania
British liner carrying munitions and passengers torpedoed in May 1915, 128 Americans die, Wilson reprimands Germany
Saratoga
British march down from Canada and are stopped at Saratoga, sustaining heavy losses in September 1777 and forced to surrender in October
Herbert Spencer
British philosopher who applied Darwin's theories of evolution and competition to society
Impressment
British ships force American sailors to serve in their navy
Yorktown
British under Cornwallis fortify peninsula near Yorktown, VA, and are surrounded by Washington and French army and navy, surrender in October 1781
Victoriano Huerta
Brutal Mexican general not recognized by Wilson, who funded rival Carranza to overthrow Huerta
William Jennings Bryan's Resignation
Bryan decried double standard, wanted heavy protests on both U-Boats & trade blockades, resigns from Wilson's cabinet
"Cross of Gold" Speech
Bryan supports silver, "not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold", brilliant speech wins him nomination
Buchanan's Presidency
Buchanan takes Southern stance on sectional issues, rocked by KS issue, Dred Scott decision
Union gains
By 1940 33% workers in union, both skilled & unskilled workers have voice, women and blacks also join, unions remained strong force
Hawks & Doves
By 1966 politicians split into 2 camps, Hawks (most) want to beat Reds & preserve US prestige, Doves (often Blacks) oppose war
McNamara's Defection
By 1967 McNamara is struggling to quantify war's success and skeptical of results, loses faith in war and resigns
Zoot suiters
CA persecutes Hispanic men w/ Harlem hipster dress, all-white city gov'ts believe it to be asymbol of crime, riots occur in 6/1943
Mendez et al. v. Westminister School District (1947)
CA school districts ordered to integrate Latino students
Congress of Industrial Organizations
CIO founded 1935 by John Lewis & heads of other unions who walk out from AFL, mostly unskilled workers
William Gilpin
CO gov that believed that West could support a million people, and that "rain would follow the plow" allowing the land to be farmed
Freedom Riders
CORE organizes group of black, white activists on a bus ride to South in 5/1961, attract nat'l attention as group is attacked by southern rioters
Congress of Racial Equality
CORE uses nonviolent resistance of Gandhi, boycotts & picketing to try push for desegregation
Voter registration drives
CORE, SNCC focus on voter registration, thought to be less provocative- riots still continue, SNCC workers attacked, killed
Maryland
Calvert family founds it in 1632 with absolute authority, friends got estates, tenants had to pay small rent fees. VA dislikes Catholic family and competition
Coode's Rebellion
Calvert family monopolizing political office and hoarding power, John Coode leads army and captures governor in 1689, brings case to England where Calverts lose their charter
predestination
Calvinist belief that by acting like a saint, you would be part of the "Elect" that would free Earth from Satan
Puritans
Calvinists who want the Anglican church purified of Catholic rituals, faced persecution from Stuarts
Thomas Hooker
Cambridge, MA minister who is more liberal than Puritans on church membership, established Connecticut
Erie Canal
Canal connecting Lake Erie to Hudson River at Albany, massive construction project that greatly lowered cost of transportation
Panama Canal
Canal in Isthmus of Panama drastically cutting Atlantic-Pacific travel time, constructed at TR's will in Panama in 1906
Philadelphia
Captured in fall of 1777, British again create hostile feelings during their occupation
Automobile Industry
Car industry booms post-war, 1 per 5 pop in 1929, driving many material industries, cheap & mass-produced, led to car culture
Peace movement in US
Carnegie donated $10 mil for peace movement, Addams, Gilman, etc. form Women's Internat'l League for Peace & Freedom
Reasons behind Carnegie's success
Carnegie is opportunistic, aware of tech advances, had skilled subordinates, ruthless competitor and cost-cutter, expanded
Indian Slave Trade
Carolina settlers initiate slave wars and raids on Spanish Florida that engulf the region, leading to native backlash
Automobile culture
Cars become part of American life, with roadside shops, restaurants, movie theaters, everyone drives
Sugar
Cash crop introduced by Dutch, leads to massive cultivation, sugar islands, slaves, English form SC to farm rice to feed slaves on Barbados.
Parochial schools
Catholic immigrants begin expanding their church-run schools in 1884
"Hyphenated Americans"
Catholic immigrants, Jewish, Hispanics, Blacks all flock to JFK, putting him over the edge
Carrie Chapman Catt's Winning Plan & NAWSA
Catt, as president of NAWSA, organizes grassroots campaign to get suffrage state by state, slowly, from West at first
Birmingham, AL
Center of southern iron industry, made iron pipes, iron is poor and locally-based TCI is sold to Northern company
Southern Industry
Centered around Southern agricultural products, grows quickly but not comparable with
John Collier
Chair of Bureau of Indian Affairs 1933, hiring Indians, clearing bureau's corruption, built Indian schools, put Indians in CCC
Cesar Chavez & United Farm Workers
Chavez organizes Latino migrant workers to create UFW union in 1963, lead strikes, use nonviolent demonstration tactics of MLK
"Streetcar suburbs"
Cheap cost of streetcar transport means middle class begins moving out of city, using streetcars for transit
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Cherokee claim that Georgia laws do not apply to them, Supreme Court agrees with them but Jackson does not enforce, Cherokee expelled anyways
Cherokee Society
Cherokee create a written language, adopt constitution, establish plantation and buy slaves, imitate white cultuer
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
Cheyenne chiefs who defeated Custer and later were captured by U.S. army as tribe attempted to flee to Canada
1968 Democratic Nat'l Convention
Chicago Mayor Richard Daley uses riot police to attack antiwar demonstrators in front of live TV, Hubert Humphrey (pro-war) wins
"Chicago School" & Louis Sullivan
Chicago architect group & Sullivan rebuild Chicago with towering, beautiful skyscrapers
Memorial Day Massacre
Chicago police fires on striking steel workers Memorial Day 1937, 10 are killed
Powhatan Confederacy
Chief Powhatan leads a group of 30 Native American villages and other tribes
James Madison
Chief Republican strategist and politician
Eugene Debs
Chief of ARU, imprisoned under court order during Pullman strike, became leader of Socialist Party
Chief Joseph
Chief of peaceful Nez Perce, fled homeland in Snake River to Canada, stopped by U.S. Army miles away from Canadian border
Fourteenth Amendment
Civil Rights & Freedmen's legis, bans some Confeds from holding office, Congress has right to reduce power of states that didn't have impartial male suffrage. Ratified 1868
George Armstrong Custer
Civil War and Indian campaign vet, led an expedition into Black Hills, killed by Indians at Little Bighorn
Veterans' benefits
Civil War veterans lobby for pensions, getting up to 157 mil annually, almost half of federal budget, precursor to "welfare state"
Soul Music
Civil rights, rising black social & political consciousness leads to music that expresses black pride, separatism, blues themes
Atomic Energy Commission
Civilian agency created 1946 to control all nuclear materials (civ. and mil.), but armed services lobby against, still in control of backend
The Draft
Civilians drafted into army, mostly blue-collar white youth, blacks, Latinos that were literate but not in college
Election of 1844
Clay (Whigs) vs. James K. Polk (Demos) vs. James Birney (Liberty), Clay U-turns on Texas issue, Northern Whigs leave him for Birney
Tom Johnson
Cleveland mayor who pioneered gas & water socialism in Cleveland in 1901
Loyalists
Colonists that supported the King, centralized around New York and Carolinas
Village hierarchy
Colony has legislative body (e.g. MA's General Court) with governor, elected bicameral legislature, mostly with white men getting the vote
Douglas MacArthur
Commander of UN forces in Korea, beat back North Korea but called for attacks on China, getting him fired by Truman in 1951
George Washington
Commander-in-chief of Continental Army
Communist Party in US
Communists # 43k, but many fear Red ideology, flinched at the changes Reds called for, feared Red infiltration in gov't, media
Settlement Houses
Community centers run by middle-class women that served the poor in slums
Holding Companies
Companies which could hold shares of and control other companies, effectively trusts under a different name
Promontory Point, Utah
Competing Central Pacific and Union Pacific RR companies connect in Utah in May 1869, forming 1st transcontinental railroad
Confederacy's abandonment of slavery
Confederacy authorizes recruitment of slaves in 3/'65, offering freedom to those who served, also attempted to get British support by ending it
Josiah Strong
Congregationalist minister that condemned city as "a menace to society"
Bland-Allison Act of 1873
Congress allows some silver to be coined but doesn't appease those in support of silver
Harassment of Homosexuals
Congress begins trying to root out gays in gov't jobs, followed by armed forces, city police raided gay bars & clubs
Removal Act
Congress enacts law that expels various tribes voluntarily but state governments bullied tribes off their land
Environment & Lady Bird Johnson
Congress establishes pollution standards for water, sewage, air pollution, LBJ's First Lady campaigns to remove highway billboards, junkyards
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Congress outlaws combination and trusts, gov't did not exercise power, gutted by Supreme Court in U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co.
Amnesty Act of 1872
Congress removes officeholding restrictions on all but 200 to 300 ex-Confederates
18th Amendment (1918)
Constitutional amendment (difficult to repeal) outlawing sale and manufacture of alcohol in entire US
Ralph Nader & "Nader's Raiders"
Consumer advocate and lawyer who founds consumer advocacy group, "Raiders" work with him to fight against corporate abuses
Installment buying as credit
Consumers can pay in installments to purchase goods instead of all at once, increasing consumer debt, becomes booming business
Valley Forge
Continental Army's winter camp, lack of food and supplies kills many, rest are drilled by Baron von Stueben into an effective force
Princeton
Continental troops defeat British outside Princeton in January 1777
"Yellow Dog" contracts
Contracts for new workers forcing them to renounce ties to labor unions
Limits of women's advances
Conventional views of women not altered, vets assumed women would return to being housewives postwar, women didn't supervise
Election of 1928
Coolidge doesn't run again, Repubs and Hoover win landslide against split Demos & sketchy NY gov Al Smith
Courts & Injunctions
Corporations asked courts to issue injunctions banning any disruption of business, including strikes
Corporation and its advantages
Corporations can sell shares, outlive stockholders or owners, limited liability of owners from debt and operations
Inflation due to war
Cost of war soars to $50 bil/yr, adding to cost of domestic programs, LBJ prints money instead of raising taxes, 4% annual inflation rate
Mechanization of Cotton
Cotton no longer needs black laborers, land was consolidated, agribusiness comes to cotton
Panic of 1819
Cotton price drops suddenly, taking down land prices with it and crashing the whole economy as a result
Postwar crops
Cotton prices decline as competition rises in India, Egypt, Brazil, rice plantations unsuited for tenant farming and disappears
Cotton
Cotton production booms after cotton gin is invented, flooding all parts of economy in both north and south
Cotton in New South
Cotton remains dominant Southern crop, acreage doubles in 30 years with fertilizers and other tools.
Death of the Counterculture
Counterculture fades as organized crime pushes into drug dealing, addictions take toll, violence towards urban hippies increases
Maryland
Critical because it was north of DC, Lincoln suspends civil rights and arrests Confederate sympathizers, rigs state elections in order to keep it loyal
Effects of Oil Boycott
Crude oil prices jump, as do costs of gasoline, plastic products, hurts Rust Belt of NE, Mid-Atlantic, upper Midwest, recession
Platt Amendment
Cuban constitution includes clause allowing US to intervene militarily if internal order of the nation was threatened, used in 1906 & 1923
Cuban Revolt (1895)
Cuban rebels fought for independence, facing brutality from Spain
Little Bighorn
Custer and men, vastly outnumbered, attack Cheyenne and Sioux encampment in June 1876 and are all slaughtered, "Custer's Last Stand"
Cyrus McCormick's Mechanical Reaper
Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper that could harvest 14 times more wheat with the same labor as before
Water management & environmental cost
Dams and canals (inc. Hoover) created to curb floods, generate power, water to arid Western farms. Hurts river ecosystems
Benedict Arnold
Daring American officer who attacked British at Freeman's Farm near Saratoga, later defects to British
Susette La Fleche
Daughter of Omaha tribal chief who lectured audiences about mistreatment of Indians by gov't
Pocahontas
Daughter of Powhatan, married to English planter John Wolfe
Grimke Sisters
Daughters of planter, left their home state to speak against slavery
Agent Orange
Defoliant used to destroy jungle, expose Vietcong hideouts, creating severe ecological devastation
Napalm & Cluster Bombs
Deadly bombs spraying flaming gasoline, shrapnel to kill many, including numerous civilians in which the Vietcong hid
Kentucky
Declared neutrality at beginning of war, but Confederates invade, giving Lincoln excuse to take control
General "Mad Anthony" Wayne
Defeats Miami at Fallen Timbers in 1794
Section 1 of 14th Amendment
Defines American citizens as anyone born or naturalized in U.S., including blacks, banned restriction of rights of any citizens
Economic Development during war
Demand for supplies increases industrialization, esp. in coal, iron, and machinery industries, national industries emerge
Sources of Labor
Demand for workers outstrips native pool, workers are lured from Europe, Latin America, Asia by advertising
Other causes of Great Depression
Demand sinks for many goods in year prior to crash, businesses fail to boost wages to allow for more consumption, demand
Noble Savage & Yeoman Farmer
Description of rural farmers being independent, very rarely trading with others
Oregon Compromise
Despite "54-40 or Fight", Polk agrees to split Oregon at 49th parallel, Brits get Vancouver, U.S. gets Puget Sound
Economic Realities of Reconstruction
Despite Repub stimulus which doubled manufacturing capacity South slips behind industrial North, unable to catch up after war
Nixon & China
Despite anti-Red record Nixon visits China in early 1972, agrees with Mao to thaw relations, join against USSR
Election of 1944
Despite poor health FDR runs again, with Truman (stuck to party lines) as VP. Beats Repubs and Dewey on tighter margin
George Eastman
Developed Kodak camera in 1888 and allowed consumers to send it back to develop film, democratized photography with its cheap price
Samuel Morse
Developed telegraph in 1844, reducing communication time between cities to near nothing
Alexander Graham Bell
Developed telephone in 1876, replacing cumbersome Morse code and telegraph offices
George Westinghouse
Developed the electric motor in 1886, which was used to power machinery and appliances
British Plans
Did not leave western forts and attempted to coax Vermont into Canada, blocked American trade
Forces of Division
Differences in living standards, religious, ethnic, rich east vs. poor west
Progressive reforms in gov't and welfare
Direct primaries & election of senators (17th amend) give voters more control, commissions and welfare, from Populism, unions
John Wesley Powell
Director of USGS, knew about water's scarcity and supported it being a communal resource, but ignored
"Social Gospel"
Doctrine stating individuals would be saved if conditions of society were improved
Separate Spheres
Domesticity partitioned men's world of work in factories, fields, offices from women's world of the home
Olive Branch Petition
Drawn up by John Dickinson, reaffirmed colonial loyalty to the King
Ramifications of Dred Scott case
Dred Scott ruling removes legal basis of PopSov, slavery can theoretically extend to all of U.S. even if residents oppose
Jesuits
Driven by Counter-Reformation, Catholic missionaries try to assimilate with natives and convert them
Southern Agricultural Output
Due to shorter hours, no slave children or women in fields, total output declines 35%. Black per capita agri income increased 40%
New Jersey
Duke of York grants some land to George Carteret, drawing Puritans, land split east-west and sold to Quakers, causing mixing
CIA Covert Operations
Dulles & Ike use CIA agents to conduct operations against (often popular) gov'ts sympathetic to Moscow, leading to blowback against US
Brinksmanship
Dulles' notion that US should go to the brink, not shrinking from threat of nuclear war, in order to make the Soviets back down
New York
Dutch colony begins to falter, evacuates as James, Duke of York, sends fleet. Religiously and ethnically diverse.
Fort Orange
Dutch trading post established to trade with local Iroquois, which begins to use guns to harass Huron and French
Separation of Powers
Duties of government split between three gov't branches
Jonathan Edwards
Early Awakening preacher from Massachusetts
Whig Ideology
Economic growth benefits everyone, government should help out in economy by regulating and also with a National Bank, banks were necessary for growth
New Nationalism
Economic policies that wanted to bind the nation together in prosperity through use of federal power and money
Depression of 1837-1843
Economy collapses due to sharp fall in land prices and (in 1839) crash in worldwide cotton prices, lack of national bank prevents financial aid from reaching the economy
Stagflation
Economy grinds to halt- prices go up even as unemployment rises- worst of two worlds, due to LBJ's spending on war, domestic pgms
Spread of Electrical Power
Edison lights up Wall Street, getting capital to create electrical grid linking power plants and homes
Henry Grady
Editor of Atlanta Constitution, campaigned for a "New South" of industry and commerce to outcompete Northeast
FDR's History
Edu. & career similar to TR, contracted polio in 1921, paralyzed, gov of NY 1928-1932 & established only state relief program
Black Education
Education valued along with land as best hope for advancement, it would help blacks read Bible, defend civil rights, protect themselves from being cheated
Moderate Republicanism
Eisenhower stays moderate, goes down the middle, favoring civil rights along with semi-conservative fiscal policy, peaceful foreign
House of Burgesses
Elected representative assembly that made laws for Virginia, established 1619
Revolution of 1800
Election of 1800, where power peacefully transferred from Federalists to Republicans
Glorious Revolution
English parliament invites William and Mary to replace James II
Subways
Electricity allows for underground trains w/out smoke and soot, Boston and NYC create subways at turn of century
Elvis Presley & Rock & Roll
Elvis becomes instant start in 1955, rock & roll blends country, blues gospel, adults resent him for looking lower-class & sounding black
Suppression of wages
Employers keep wages so low that workers lack purchasing power to buy increased # of goods and drive economy
The American Plan
Employers, Chamber of Commerce want to open union-only factories and disband unions
Navigation Acts
England & English colonial merchants got monopoly over all colonial goods (1660), restricting trade of sugar, tobacco, indigo, other cash crops to England only, requiring all trade to colonies to go through England (1663) and levying tariffs on imports and exports (1673).
Caribbean
English colonized Caribbean to harass Spanish but also plant sugar on many islands, slavery is rampant as sugar trade grows. Several slave uprisings occur as slaves outnumber white settlers. Caribbean soils are depleted, land already taken, and many move to Carolinas
Consumer Revolution
English economy draws colonies together with England, colonists purchase lots of English manufactured goods
Samuel Slater
English mill worker who snuck machinery designs to America and established its first textile mill
John Rolfe
English planter that introduced tobacco to Jamestown
English vs. American society
English tiny upper class owning most land, ruling families inherit & control power, while most English are poor. Colonists have larger middle class instead of nobility, many farmers with good savings
Jefferson's Philosophy
Enlightenment man, believed in agriculture, rule of the majority, yet was also a slaveholder
Sources of pollution in America
Environment polluted by chemicals, radioactive fallout, pesticides, toxic runoff
Harriet Tubman
Escaped slave and prominent Und. Rail. conductor, saved over 200 slaves over multiple trips
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Established 1941 to help remove discrimination in war industries but didn't act effectively
Mountain Men and Fur Trade
Even mountain men were tied to markets, entered frontier in order to catch and sell furs
Strains on political system
Executive branch remains weak, judges and legislators caved to industrial interests, system strained by 1890s crises
Bob Dylan, Joan Baez & Folk Music
Folk musicians increasingly focus on social or political issues, join march on Washington, show activist side of counterculture
Judiciary Act of 1801
Expands judicial system, adding courts and judgeships
Debt peonage
Exploitative landlords and crop lien system keep farmers in perpetual debt for equipment & supplies. Common in South towards black farmers
Lewis and Clark
Explorers who were deployed in 1804 to explore LA territory, search for NW passage, catalog territory, meet natives.
Panic of 1857
Falling wheat prices and contracting credit hurt railroad investors and Western farmers, South goes unscathed because of cotton
New York City
Falls to the British in summer of 1776, but British occupation created lots of resentment
Plains Existence
Families lived in sod houses, lacked supplies, faced wildlife, bad weather, locusts, religion grows strong as a way to keep up hope
Nat Turner
Fanatical black preacher recruits 70 slaves and kills 57 white men, women, and children in 1831 after a solar eclipse
Fort Sumter
Federal fort in Charleston Harbor is shelled on 4/12/'61, beginning Civil War, Union troops surrender soon after
Morrill Act of 1862
Federal law allowing creation of colleges on land grants, dozens of colleges and universities are created from public, private funds
Supremacy Clause
Federal laws override state laws whenever there is a conflict
Discrimination in federal programming
Federal pgms often discriminate, NRA codes hurt black workers, TVA renovations closed to blacks
Concentration policies (1851)
Federal policy demanding Indians limit their boundaries to reservations in order to clear land for whites, yet whites ignore boundaries anyways
Collapse of Federalists
Federalists humiliated by Hartford Convention, lose almost all public support
Hartford Convention
Federalists meet in winter of 1814-15 to discuss potential secession, grievances against war and trade policy
Abby Kelly
Female abolitionist and women's rights movement leader
Women in Mining Camps
Few women, many make money doing domestic work (high demand) or prostitution (20%)
Philippine Insurrection
Filipino rebels under Emilio Aguinaldo fight against American occupying forces for years after victory over Spanish
Approval of Articles
Finished by 1777, some states didn't ratify until 1781 due to disputes over western land claims
Perfectionism
Finney's belief that everyone had the free will and power to become perfect in the eyes of God
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist Company kills 146 seamstresses, one of the events prompting progressive reform
Oberlin College
First coeducational college beginning in 1833
Income Taxes
First established in WI on rich, used to fund welfare programs in various states, US authorizes with 16th amendment in 1913
John Winthrop
First governor of MA Bay Colony, who established General Court with governor, assistants, and other free men who legislated for colony
George Washington
First president, 1789-1797, knows his actions in office would likely be taken as a precedent
Great White Fleet
Fleet of 16 new white-painted battleships, sent on world tour in 1907 as show of American naval might
Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-19
Flu takes hold in US even among healthy and spreads to war-torn Eurasia via soldiers, pandemic spreads and kills 50 mil in 16 months
Tenure of Office Act
Forbade President Johnson from removing cabinet members w/out Senate's consent, meant to protect Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a Radical
Compromise of 1833
Force Bill passes along with deal to cut tariffs
Chinese Immigrants
Forced to work inferior claims, faced racism and miner's tax, often worked domestic jobs inside San Francisco
SALT II (1975)
Ford and Kissinger extend agreements w/ Brezhnev as USSR also mired in stagnation, 2nd SALT, recognized Cold War boundaries
Ford & "Doctrine of high wages"
Ford believes higher wages allowed workers to buy more and sustain prosperity, $5 day, cut workweek and hours, hired blacks
Influence of Henry Kissinger on Ford
Ford guided by Kissinger's foreign policy expertise, who was a pragmatic realist preferring injustice & order to justice & disorder
Alfred Thayer Mahan & The Influence of Sea Power among History (1890)
Former Navy admiral whose theory of navalism states that imperial nations needed powerful navies to protect their foreign markets
Sam Houston
Former TN governor and commander of Texas forces, protege of Andrew Jackson
Andrew Mellon
Former aluminum magnate & treasury secretary of Harding & Coolidge, favored trickle-down economics to promote investment
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Former preacher turned prominent Transcendentalist based in Concord, MA, who favored becoming connected with nature
Booker T. Washington
Former slave, wanted acceptance of segregation, vocational skills for blacks in order to make money for power, Tuskegee Institute
Reconcentration Camps
Fortified camps with little food, poor sanitation, cramped, killing ~200k Cubans imprisoned there by Spanish general Weyler
Patrons of Husbandry
Founded by gov't clerk Oliver Kelley, creating local "granges" of farmers to get together, pray, sing, learn new techniques
Peace Corps
Founded in 1961, sending young people to 3rd World countries to volunteer in technical, educational, health services
Franciscan Colony in New Mexico
Franciscan monks inherit Oñate's colony
Franciscans in Florida
Franciscans converted many NAs and established missions in villages to ensure their support, converting 26k NAs
Electric Streetcars
Frank Julian Sprague creates electric trolley line, allowing for efficient streetcars, electricity drove virtually all city railways
Ben Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack
Franklin is self-made citizen of commercial America, starts out poor but makes it rich in Philadelphia, Almanack has his advice on rising through the economy
Freemasons
Fraternal order that was criticized for its secret, aristocratic habits. Nicholas Cage stole the Declaration of Independence to find their treasure.
Taylorism
Frederick Taylor's doctrine of efficiency, where standard procedures were created for tasks and quotas were assigned
Denmark Vesey
Free black in SC who recruited slaves to rebel in 1822, betrayed, captured, executed
Denmark Vesey
Free black in SC who wanted to seize Charleston and free slaves, betrayed by slaves and captured
Free Black Communities
Free blacks often gathered and congregated in their own churches, schools
Northwest Territory
Free territory in Ohio River Valley area that was divided methodically and provided with a road to eventual statehood
Freedmen
Freed slaves lived in refugee camps, suffered from starvation and disease, often served army as cooks, laborers for less wages than whites
French & Indian Alliances
French ally with Montagnais, Algonquin, Huron tribes
French-English Rivalry
French and English fight in Europe, colonists fight in various "monarch" wars from 1680 to 1763
New France
French colonies in North America, based on trading with natives, very few population
Moving Frontiers
Frontier was formerly Old Northwest, moved to Mississippi, jumped to California and Oregon, and eastward from there, then the South and Midwest
General Motors
GM copies Ford's production techniques but favors customization, models & brands for all users vs. Ford's standardization
Battle of the Bulge
German forces stage last offensive in Ardennes Forest 12/1944, creating "bulge" in front line, delaying Allied advance into Germany
Legislatures
Gained power, had the potential to become tyrannical, but there was faith in their restraint because they were elected by many
Galveston Flood
Galveston TX suffers tidal wave in 1900, municipal gov't is overturned by business leaders who appointed commissioners
Pendleton Act of 1883
Garfield's assassination prompts law for civil service exams to be administered to federal worker candidates
The Liberator
Garrison's anti-slavery newspaper, who demanded immediate emancipation and racial equality, opposed colonization
Marcus Garvey and United Negro Improvement Asso.
Garvey and UNIA favor separation of races, self-help, returning blacks to Africa, inspired other black nationalist movements
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
General Andrew Jackson defeats Creeks, forces Creeks to cede land in Mississippi
Sherman's March to the Sea
General Sherman marches 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah, pillaging everything in a 50-mile wide path, most of which was not necessary to supply his army
Battle of the Thames (1813)
General William Henry Harrison defeats British, Tecumseh's Indians, killing Tecumseh and ending his alliance
Howe Brothers
General William led the army at Bunker Hill and in Mid-Atlantic, Admiral Richard commanded British fleet
Horatio Gates
General in command of Continental forces at Saratoga
John Burgoyne
General of British forces in Canada, led an attack on Saratoga in September 1777 but forced to surrender that October
Nathaniel Greene
General who got command of southern American forces in 1780, split his force and let British give chase through entire South
Comte de Rochambeau
General who led French army
General John "Black Jack" Pershing
General who pursued Villa for 2 years inside Mexico, got nickname from commanding black troops, commander of US troops in Europe
Andrew Jackson
General who won decisive battles against Creek and British, earning him fame and the presidency in 1828-36
Replacement Commanders of Army of Potomac
Generals John Pope and Ambrose Burnside both replace McClellan but show lack of skill at 2nd Manassas and Fredericksburg
Containment
George Kennan favors counterpressure on any Soviet expansion b/c no chance of reaching diplo. solution w/ them
Marshall Plan
George Marshall proposes massive recovery plan w/ aid for Europe in 1947 to prevent poor conditions that led to Communism
German U-Boats
German submarines used to break British blockade and attack shipping, including ships owned by Americans
WWI Armistice
Germany agrees to ceasefire 11/11/1918
Alliances
Germany aligns with Austria-Hungary & Ottomans, France and Britain ally with Russia to contain
Militarization & Arms Races
Germany and France increase size of armies, Britain navy, all nations modernize military forces
Yalta- Germany's division
Germany was to be divided into 4 zones for UK, US, USSR, France, and 4 powers would jointly administer Berlin
Conservation vs. Preservation
Gifford Pinchot favors conserving resources, using with regulation, while John Muir favors preserving land in pristine state
Railroad Land Grants
Gov't grants 200-400 land for every mile of rail completed, benefiting many companies, people and the economy despite corruption
Union Homefront
Gov't creates IRS, raises taxes, and issues greenbacks, women get more jobs, corrupt business dealings in contracts, civil liberties suspended
Inflation
Government prints money to pay soldiers, too much money and loss of confidence destroys value of American dollar
Progressive views of government
Government was often seen as corrupt or colluding with Big Business
Edmund Andros
Governor of Dominion of New England
William Henry Harrison
Governor of IN and general who defeated Tecumseh's forces at Tippecanoe, future Whig and president
Thomas Gage
Governor of MA in April 1775, ordered redcoats to march to Concord
Rochester, NY
Ground zero of Finney's religious revival, Finney increased church membership and brought rowdy residents under control
Anti-Saloon League
Group advocates temperance to reduce health issues, drunkenness, domestic violence, social rot, corruption caused in bosses' domain
Iroquois Confederation
Group of five tribes, including the Mohawks who lived near the Huron and Fort Orange in New York
Monocultures
Growing the same plant at a large scale, such as VA's plantations
Delgado et al. v. Bastrop et al.
Gus Garcia and American GI Forum brings case against TX school district, schools desegregated, precedent in Brown v. Board of Education
Hernandez Decision
Gus Garcia and GI Forum uses Marshall tactics, proves Latinos are indeed treated unequally, need protection under 14th Amendment
Chesapeake Affair
HMS Leopard stops USS Chesapeake to check sailors, when Chesapeake resists British fire and kill several American crew members
John Tyler
Harrison's VP, Whig who was kicked out by Democrats after voting against Force Bill, believed in state's rights
Henry Ford & Model T
Henry Ford creates Model T in 1908, introduced moving assembly line in 1914 cutting costs, $290, affordable for many
Grady's New South
Henry Grady's vision where South becomes industrialized, uses its natural resources such as coal and lumber to beat out Northeast
Juan Jose Herrara's White Caps
Herrara and masked bandits pillaged American infrastructure in 1889-1890 in response to being expelled by Americans in NM
Be-Ins
Hippie conventions, gathering artists, druggies, acid rock come together, enjoying drugs and spiritual guidance
Co-opting Hippie world into mainstream US
Hippie culture such as rock and roll, yogurt, herbal teas, etc. are brought to American mainstream culture by advertisers
"Share our Wealth" plan
Huey Long's plan to give families $2.5k annual income, estate of $5k, popular nationwide despite infeasibility
Lincoln's character
Humble, shrewd politician, humorous, self-educated, at home mixing with country folk
Cornelius Vanderbilt
IDK
Jay Gould
IDK
Abraham Lincoln
IL Republican rep and president 1860-65, not strictly abolitionist but very pragmatic about issues of unity and civil war
Eisenhower & Korea
Ike already over in Korea before elected, drives talks w/ threat of retaliation, successfully gets armistice after inaugurated 7/27/1953
Domino Theory
Ike and JFK's theory that if pro-Western South Vietnamese gov't. fell to Reds, all other nations in region would collapse as well
Interstate Act of 1956
Ike approves plan to for interstate highway system, massive impact on American's life, more driving
Eisenhower Doctrine
Ike convinces Congress to give him authority to use force against any Communist attack in Mideast. Used in Lebanon 1958 on overhyped threat, failed
Eisenhower & Modern Republicanism
Ike favors "middle of the road", keeps New Deal programs but doesn't expand, tried to balance budget
Eisenhower & Military-Industrial Complex
Ike warns in farewell address that too much military spending would give too much power to military & its industries, threaten democracy
John Foster Dulles
Ike's sec of state, devoted to anti-Red cause, wanted to be more confrontational against Soviets, favors brinkmanship in "New Look"
Migrations of Latinos and Blacks
Immi restriction relaxed, Mexicans enter due to labor shortage, Latinos & blacks migrate to cities in midwest, north, work in factories
Mexican Independence & effect on CA
In 1821 Catholic Church is removed from new Mexican holdings, land is given to large ranchers, Americans begin to move in to trade
Laborers in Agriculture vs. Industry
In 1860 60% of laborers worked on farms, below 50% in north
American Navy
In poor repair after Civil War, modernized in 1880s by Chester Arthur, new steam steel vessels were world class by 1900
Proclamation on Nullification
In reaction to SC nullifying tariffs, Jackson states that Union was perpetual, states had no right to secede
Alliance for Progress
JFK promises $20 bil to Latin America to improve conditions, stop Castro-style revolts. Many Peace Corp volunteers assigned there
Nixon's Southern Strategy
In wake of civil rights movement South deserts Demos, Nixon courts backlash against identity politics in conservatives to create S. bloc
Boss William Tweed
Infamous NYC boss who cheated city of millions in kickbacks, bribes, etc. during 1860s and 1870s, later imprisoned
Social Mobility
Increasingly limited even though income increased
Northwest Ordinance & Farming Efficiency
Independent, large farms form, based on the land plots established by Northwest Ordinance, more uniform and efficient than East
Sensational Stories
Indian threat is greatly exaggerated, only 4% of deaths on trail caused by Indians, who were often helpful as guides
Sioux
Indian tribe benefits immensely from Western guns, horses, and disease, uses them to conquer the Great Plains in 1700s
Cherokee
Indian tribe that lived in Georgia and attempted to adopt white cultural habits
Assimilation & Pressure on Natives
Indian tribes forced to assimilate into American culture or face extermination, forced out or killed by settlers.
In re Debs (1895)
Injunction issued by Supreme Court to stop Pullman strike under pretense it was affecting mail transport
Force Act/KKK Act of 1871
Interfering with the right to vote is declared a felony, authorized military intervention and suspension of habeas corpus. Used in SC, but Klan continues to operate underground
Federalist successes
Introduced Constitution, brought financial stability to the region, kept America neutral in foreign affairs
Horses
Introduced into the Americas by Spanish, run free and are adopted by Plains tribes, transforming them into nomadic, bison-hunting warriors
Joseph Glidden & Barbed Wire
Invented in 1874, useful to keep out rancher's cattle that would trample crops, vastly improving crop yields
Thomas Edison
Invented lightbulb, phonograph, others, created "invention factory" at Menlo Park, NJ
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin
Inventor creates cotton gin which drastically increases cotton production, also made with interchangeable parts of which Whitney was a pioneer
Ben Franklin
Inventor, politician, and diplomat who was stationed in France during the war, charmed his hosts and helped convince them to aid the Americans
Tammany Hall
Irish-dominated Democratic political machine in New York City
Beaver Wars
Iroquois attack Huron in attempt to regain tribe members lost from disease, acquire hunting grounds for furs, and then extend their influence to other places in the East
Backcountry Life
Isolated, tough, no infrastructure and hard to reach (overland travel only). Mostly subsistence farming, no social class (all were new)
Issac Singer's Sewing Machine
Issac Singer mass-produces sewing machines in 1851
JFK's economic policy
JFK raises minimum wage, wavers as experts recommend both tax cuts, increased spending, worked w/ business for wage increases
Assassination of JFK
JFK shot in Dallas, TX 11/22/1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald
JFK's Approach to Vietnam
JFK uses counterinsurgency and US military advisers (16k) to help support Diem, who is still assassinated by own military
1963 Equal Pay Act & 1964 Civil Rights Act
JFK's Commission on the Status of Women help pass Equal Pay Act, add gender discrimination to Civil Rights Acts
Robert McNamara
JFK's Defense Sec and former Ford president, looked for more efficient, flexible ways of conducting cold war
Election of 1960
JFK & Demos narrowly defeat Nixon & Repubs despite being Catholic, Cold War is common theme, JFK wins off ethnicities
Bay of Pigs fiasco
JFK authorizes CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba in 4/1961, exiles fail to inspire revolution and are quickly defeated
US Naval Blockade
JFK backs down from airstrikes fearing retaliation, US navy encircles Cuba and blocks Soviet ships
Dominion of New England
James II consolidates northern colonies into one body without any legislative powers, dismembered by William and Mary
2nd Bank of US
James Madison charters new bank in 1816 to help regulate domestic finances
Japan's 21 Demands
Japan wishes to control China but strongly opposed by Wilson's moral diplomacy, Wilson wishes to retain Chinese sovereignty
Issei
Japanese aliens, ineligible for citizenship, 47k, rights severely curbed during war
"Gentleman's Agreement"
Japanese protest segregation in San Francisco schools in 1907, TR ends segregation, mutual immigration restriction
Internment camps
Japanese residents moved to remote camps in interior, property confiscated and given to other reßidens
Lincoln's Inaugural Address
Lincoln echoes Jackson's Proc. on Nullification, saying that he would not interfere with slavery but that states had no right to secede
Embargo Act of 1807
Jefferson closes down all trade, crippling American economy but leaving France and Britain unscathed (they have other trade partners)
Strict vs. Loose construction of Constitution
Jefferson takes Constitution word for word, government only gets what is explicitly delegated. Hamilton says government has implied powers
Election of 1800
Jeffersonians perform better than old-school, gradually unpopular Federalists, Jefeferson was President, Aaron Burr V{P
Chauncey Jerome's Clocks
Jerome creates accurate, mass-produced brass clocks, allowing for many ordinary people to purchase one
Midnight Appointments
John Adams appoints Federalist judges to new judicial posts in order to keep control of that part of gov't
Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
John Brown and his sons kill 3 men in May 1856 to avenge the sack of pro-free Lawrence, KS
John Deere's Steel Plow
John Deere invents steel plow in 1837 that was able to cut through the dense prairie soil, opening up most of Plains to agriculture
Jay's Treaty
John Jay gets Britain to leave western frontier but nothing else, signed June 1795
Scopes Trial (1925)
John Scopes tried for teaching evolution, Bryan prosecuted, "monkey trial" where media focuses on, derides Fundamentalism
Johnson's Impeachment
Johnson attempts to dismiss Stanton, House impeaches for "conspiring to obstruct Reconst", Senate acquits, 36-19, 1 vote short in 5/'67
Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
Johnson requires loyalty oath, compensated for non-slave property, informally asks states to repudiate secession and ratify 13th amendment
Johnson's Vetoes
Johnson vetoes Freedmen's Bureau and civil rights legislation, alienating moderate repubs and prompting overrides
Weakening of presidency
Johnson's impeachment, Grant's scandals, and Haye's contested victory left President weaker and Congress stronger on policymaking
Senator Eugene McCarthy
MN senator entering race, running for peace, garnering support of much of youth, barely loses to LBJ in NH primary
Committee on Public Information & George Creel
Journalist Creel and CPI use propaganda opsters, expos, celebrity endorsements, parades, "4-min men" speakers to keep up war spirit
Henry George
Journalist and economist who blames poverty on speculators in Progress and Poverty (1879), proposes hefty property tax
Lincoln Steffens
Journalist who reported on boss rule and gov't corruption in New York City
Muckrakers
Journalists who investigated wrongdoings of gov't and business, put reports in magazines, educated public
New York City Draft Riot
July 1863 Irish and German workers riot in New York City and attack draft officials, black neighborhoods, and Republican supporters
Detroit Race Riots
June 1943 blacks begin moving into urban Detroit, white mobs attack blacks and vice-versa, leaving 30+ dead
Crittenden Compromise
KY sen John Crittenden proposes extending MO comp to Pacific, prohibited above and protected below forever, ignored, both parties refuse to make concessions
Granger Movement
Kelley's granges do get-togethers to break monotony of farm life, pool money for supplies, begin lobbying collectively for rate regulation
Henry Clay
Kentucky Republican, young leader of the War Hawks
Eastern Europe in 1950s
Khrushchev eases iron grip, nations start rising up for more freedom (Hungary 1956, Poland), Moscow backtracks, crushes, US does nothing
James I
King of England, Catholic-leaning and tried to eliminate all Protestants
Shuttle Diplomacy
Kissinger bounces between Israel & Egypt to defuse conflict, eventually gets Israel to disengage, OPEC lifts boycott
Rebirth of Ku Klux Klan
Klan reborn in 11/1915, only native-born white men, opposed blacks, Mexicans, Asians, in cities, North, and South, reactionary
Women of the Ku Klux Klan
Klanswomen were religious, shunned revolution in women's morals and manners, saw Klan as keeper of traditional values
Economic ignorance
Lack of awareness about tariffs against Europe decreasing their buying power, boosting interest rates at wrong time contributes
Continental Army Mutinies
Lack of food, supplies, pay lead to resentment in army and spark mutinies in several units.
Dardanelles
USSR wants control of Dardanelles Strait to keep Russian Black Sea ports accessible to Meditteranean
Huey Long
LA gov, ruthless political machine head, "Share our Wealth" plan to enrich all (infeasible), assassinated late 1935
Johnson's Approach to Vietnam
LBJ favors increasing pressure on North Vietnam itself with air power and US troops
Operation Rolling Thunder
LBJ orders bombing campaign on N. Viet to boost morale, cut Ho Chi Minh Trail, failed, jungle obscures targets & enemy dispersed
Women and Children as workers
Labor was cheaper than men
Headright System
Land was granted per individual, 50 acres to new settlers or to those who paid for one's passage to the colony
Western land claim disputes
Landed state charters got land extending all the way westward while other states lacked it, landless wanted landed to give up land to nat'l gov't
Theodore Dwight Weld
Lane Seminary student who favored immediate abolition, caused firestorm at the school
Selective Service Act (1917)
Law making men ages 20-30 eligible for draft, opposed by pacifists, supported by progressives seeking to unite young citizens
Jim Crow Laws
Laws in South establishing a "color line" separating races in almost all public places except for streets and stores.
Black Codes
Laws legalized marriages, allowed blacks to hold property, but forbade serving on juries, restricted their work, in order to keep them as propertyless laborers
Louis Brandeis & Sociological Jurisprudence
Lawyer and Supreme Court justice who believed cases should be judged according to environment, not just legal precedent
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
Lee's subordinate, devout Calvinist, brilliant tactician, discipline made troops very effective in battle, killed by friendly fire in May 1863
Elkins Act (1903)
Legislation allows Interstate Commerce Commissions to end railroad rebates
Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906
Legislation allows for inspection of consumer products, banning sale of mislabeled products across state lines
Comstock Law (1873)
Legislation banning all NSFW materials from mail
Vladimir Lenin & Bolsheviks
Lenin leads Russian Communists to power in November 1917 and negotiates separate peace with Russia, freeing up soldiers
Literacy tests
Less tolerant nativists, Immigration Restriction League use tests to prevent poorer, less educated, or not fluent immigrants from voting
Horace Greeley
Liberal Republican and editor of NY Tribune, ran in 1872 on Liberal Repub & Demos, civil service & free trade reform
Termination Policy
Liberals see reservations as rural ghettos (vs. cultural hotspots) and push Bureau of Indian Affairs to push NAs into mainstream life
Henry Cabot Lodge & Senate ratification process
Lodge hates Wilson & takes out Article X, Wilson opposes, orders supporters not to ratify, held off until 1921, US not in League
Montgomery Bus Boycott
MLK leads black community in boycotting buses 12/1955- 11/1956 despite arrests, threats, attacks on black carpoolers
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
MLK leads group advocating for nonviolent protest
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Lyman Beecher's daughter, abolitionist author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
Lynchings
Lynching rates peak in 1890s, 100+ a year often in South, where blacks are terrorized
Racial Prejudice & Scottsboro Boys
Lynchings increase in 1930s, Scottsboro, AL boys accused of raping two women on train get Supreme Court retrial in 1932, not executed
Mary Lyon & Mount Holyoke
Lyon founds Mt. Holyoke, first American college for women
Horace Mann
MA education reformer, advocated for common schools, contended that child education would remove poverty
Sears Roebuck Catalog
Mail-order catalogs allow goods to be advertised to and delivered to rural folk, direct shipping eliminated middlemen and cut costs
Starving Time
Malnourished, lazy, starving settlers die by the scores in 1609-10
Professional Management
Managers as a job start to appear as corporation owners hand off complex operations to others
Warsaw Pact
USSR's response to NATO, military alliance of USSR and various other Soviet nations
Geographic Mobility
Many people move around, nearly half of all native-born Americans lived away from their state of birth
Speculative Fever
Many people start buying land, causing prices to skyrocket
Americanization
Many progressives wanted to assimilate, including Jane Addams and Peter Roberts of YMCA, who taught immigrants American habits
Semisubsistence Economy
Many rural farmers grow just enough crops to sustain themselves and barter goods with others
NA disunity
Many tribes were rivals, with epidemics intensifying rivalries, Puritans took advantage of them to gain land
Attitudes about immigration
Many, including urban progressives, fear changing ethnicity of US, some adopt property requirements to disenfranchise immigrants
My Lai Massacre
March 1968 Lt. William Calley and troops kill 200+ civilians in village of My Lai, photographed and released to press
Hessians
Mercenaries from Germany, angered residents under their occupation in New Jersey by pillaging farms and ransacking towns
John Adams
Massachusetts lawyer and politician who advocated for immediate independence
Appeal of McCarthyism
McCarthy's ideology taps fears of various conservatives, Catholics, isolationists suspicious of anything foreign, liberal, remotely red
Joint Stock Co.
Members of company split ownership to investors
Board of Indian Commissioners
Members were chosen by Protestant churches to settle disputes with tribes, spread Christian & White values, ways of living
Mexican Migration
Mexicans often crossed border seasonally, to work in fields in CA, TX, along with migrating to cities
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico agrees to cede TX and other northern territories, U.S. pays $15 mil and withdraws forces
Contested Boundary with Mexico
Mexico insists TX southern boundary is Nueces, Americans push for Rio Grande
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Miami confederacy ceded most land in Ohio River valley south of Lake Erie
Lynn shoemaking industry
Micajah Pratt sets up shoe factory with assembly lines in Lynn, MA to produce large numbers of cheap shoes
Money & Greenbacks
Money backed by gold or silver, Congress issues greenbacks (not backed) during Civil War for more money
Immigration
Mid-1800s experiences spike in immigration, mostly young people from Europe
Dwight Moody
Minister who evangelized in cities beginning in 1870
Single Crop Agriculture
Monoculture (tobacco, cotton, or wheat) rapidly depletes soils, that and clearing of forests leads to erosion, toxins and parasites common in soil
Victorianism
Moral code in the 19th century stressing moral behavior, hard work, self-control, esp. for women
Congress of Racial Equality
More confrontational civil rights group, led by James Farmer, organized Freedom Riders in 1961
Urban Life Pros/Cons
More entertainment and less work, but disasters, epidemics from crowding caused problems
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
Most successful anti-slavery novel ever published, criticized the fugitive slave law, increased moral opposition to slavery
New Chesapeake opportunities
Most white men had votes, freed servants got land to start farmers, frontier opened up, population ratio stabilizes, families
Women in New England
Most women raised children, planted gardens, prepared food, wove and sewed, and other housework
Demographics and settlement of New England
Mostly literate, free men with families that settled first in Massachusetts and spread out across Northeast
Teller Amendment
Motion adopted by Congress renouncing any intent to annex Cuba
Decline of Know-Nothings
Movement spread to all states, but dispute over slavery and incompetence of politicians split party and let down voters
South Vietnam & Ngo Dinh Diem
N. Viet Communists & Vietcong fight to overthrow Diem, US sends advisers (#s quickly ramp up), Diem unpopular, shot in 1963 coup
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
NAACP convinces Supreme Court Plessy v. Ferguson is inherently unequal and perpetuates racial superiority
Native Americans
NAs face threat to culture as reservation policy begins to end, some favor assimilation, others hold out, expressing independence
Western territorial to statehood transition
NE becomes state in 1867, CO in 1876, ND, SD, MT, WA in '89, WY in '90, UT in '96, OK in 1907, NM, AZ in 1912
White house "Plumbers"
NIxon's team to plug leaks of sensitive info, kept tabs on Nixon's enemies (e.g. antiwar activists), Ellsberg's therapists, Democrats
Boundary disputes
NY and VT claim same land, NY settlers harassed by YT gangs
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon offers entire LA territory for $15 million in 1803. Not entirely constiutitonal
Immigration Act of 1965
Nat'l Origins Act of 1924 repealed, 170k quota, 20k from every nation, more favorable to Asians, Eastern Europeans
NSC-68
Nat'l Security Council's 1950 proposal to boost spending to militarize against USSR, US framework for next 20 yrs opposed until Korea
State vs. National Powers
Nat'l gov't can't veto state government laws but states cannot print money, handle diplomacy, or levy tariffs
Hamilton's Financial Plan
Nat'l gov't would assume all state debts, pay it off with high taxes and sought to imitate financial system of England. Jefferson agrees if capital is moved to DC in 10 years
American Anti-Slavery Society
National abolition organization founded by Garrison, Tappan, and Weld
Scalawags
Native southerners who voted Republican, often Unionist yeoman farmers (not slaveholders) in isolated hilly areas
Lenni Lenapes
Natives in PA, Penn forbade fighting or stealing land from them, stayed peaceful for early years of colony.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Naval battle off of Phillipines 10/1944 in which US decisively defeats most of remaining Japanese navy
Oliver Hazard Perry
Naval commander who beat the British in Battle of Lake Erie (1813), giving U.S. control of Great Lakes
Battle of Stalingrad
Nazis and Soviets fight to the death over city from 8/1942 to 2/1943, leading to loss of millions of troops, Germans lose an army, advance stopped
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Network of jungle trails in Laos and Cambodia leading into South Vietnam, used by North & Vietcong to smuggle weapons, supplies
Underground Railroad
Network of safe houses where "conductors" led runaway slaves to as they fled to Canada
Britain's Western Forts
Never left them in 1783, Jay's Treaty gives them two years to leave in 1795
"Normalcy" after WWII
New "normal" has new world order, US & USSR rising above Europe, old allies square off, US takes world stage
Congress after 1948 elections
New Deal coalition barely held together as Demos get Congressional majorities thru Jewish, black, rural, middle-class mixture of votes
Legacies of New Deal
New Deal didn't spend enough, but set precedent for enlarged gov't, responsibility for needy, expanded bureaucracy, stabilized economy
Gov't budget & deficit
New Deal programs send gov't into debt after FDR's election, 1937 cuts help but renewed spending puts gov't even further down
Women and the New Deal
New Deal welfare agencies women to contribute, enter gov't, but women are paid less in work relief programs
1914 midterm elections
New Freedom not received well, voters favor Repubs, Wilson starts moving toward's TR's New Nationalism and active reform
William Paterson
New Jersey politician who proposes New Jersey Plan
Lewis Tappan
New York City silk merchant who bankrolled abolitionist causes
Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion
New York minister labeled Democratic Party as such, backlash involves Irish Catholics switching vote, giving Demos the presidency
Washington DC
New capital city, established in exchange for Hamilton's assumption and funding of state and national debts
New Women
New generation of women are more educated, longer lived, more ambitious, pursued careers including nursing, library, teaching
Professionals
Newly-empowered professional class of doctors, engineers, planners chair agencies, investigate, and regulate
Normal schools & teacher training
Normal schools instruct teachers how to teach, especially in science, practical training. Some get professional degree
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military alliance formed 1949, US, UK, other European nations to defend against Soviet aggression
Police Action in Korea
North Koreans cross 38 6/24/1950, UN ceasefire ignored, resolution passed approving UN (mostly US) forces into Korea against Reds
Northern Advantages
North has more manpower, industrial capacity, transportation networks, financial institutions, navy
Election of 1860
North is between Demos & Douglas, Repubs & Lincoln, South is between S. Demos & Breckinridge, Const. Union & Bell, Lincoln wins despite winning only Northern states and 40% of popular vote
Basis of Democratic Split
Northern Democrats oppose extension of "slave power" through KS-NE even as Southerners favor it
Specialization
Occurs in farming and manufacturing, destroys household manufacturing and drops costs of many products (e.g. textiles)
John Brown's Raid
October 1859 abolitionist John Brown and supporters seize federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA, to incite a slave revolt, fails, Brown captured and executed for treason
Religious/Ethnic Bases of parties
Older church groups (Congregs, Presbytes) and more religious immigrants (English, Scottish) favor Whigs, Democrats are often German and Irish, less-formal Baptists and Methodists
Banning of Robin Hood
One library even bans Robin Hood, "stealing from rich to give to poor" deemed too leftish
Free blacks
Only 7% of all blacks are free, most are poor and eke out livign farming or working on rivers or cities, had few to no civil or political rights
Copperheads
Opponents to the war, labelled by Republicans as deadly venomous snakes that threatened to hurt the Union
The Value of Competing Parties
Opposing parties would watch each other and check on each other's abuses
Executive Order 9066
Order allowing exclusion of any person from military bases, only used on West Coast against Japanese
Salt Lake City
Orderly construction, wide streets, relies on aqueducts and other water infrastructure and treats it like a community resource
Nat'l organization for Women
Organization formed 1964 to demand equal rights, gov't enforce gender equality under Civil Rights Act, "strike for equality" in 1970
Environmental costs of overcutting
Overcutting results in erosion, loss of fertile soil and native species
North Carolina
Overflow from Virginia by Berkeley, relatively barren and unsuited for cultivation, settlers lived poor lifestyle, harvesting lumber and making tar.
Thurgood Marshall & NAACP cases
Postwar NAACP mounts legal challenges to Jim Crow, lawyer Thurgood Marshall sympathizes with blacks, primary NAACP lawyer
Plantation mistress' duties & "gilded cage"
Owner's wives had to give tasks to domestic servants, make clothing, care for the sick, faced stigma if they cheated with male slaves, felt trapped
Acoma Siege
Oñate's nephew Vincente de Zaldivar attacks Acoma Pueblo, killing 800 enslaved many others
English Civil War
Parliament and Puritans overthrow Charles I
Young America movement
Part of Democratic Party that wanted to spread democracy across the globe by annexing more territory
Seminole
Part of tribe led by Osceola held out in Everglades until 1842
Third Parties
Parties organize around issues, e.g. reformers Prohibition Party, inflationists Greenback Party, angry farmers Populist Party
Voter participation and party loyalty
Parties work hard to turn out vote, lots of campaigning and ceremony, 80% of eligible voters cast ballots
Direct Primaries
Party candidates would be voted for by the voters instead of being decided behind closed doors in party caucus
1st and 2nd Confiscation Acts
Passed in 8/'61 and 7/'62, saying that slaves in combat and later any slaves of rebels would be freed
100% Americanism
Patriotism turns into intolerance, distrusting aliens, radicals, pacifists, German culture & language are special targets
Car Culture
Paved roads increase urban sprawl, real estate booms in CA, FA, roadside rest stops and restaurants, travel breaks down isolation
Alcohol Consumption
Peaks at around 5 gallons per year for the average American, temperance drops it to below two in a decade
War w/ Confederacy
Powhatan's successor attacks settlements in March 1622, killing 25% of VA pop. Retaliation wipes out whole generation of NA warriors
Western Settlement
People farmed in OR, mined gold in CA, raised cattle, and (for the Mormons) started anew
Opposition to Hamilton's Plan
People fear a financial aristocracy from the bankers and congressmen who bought U.S. debt, feared Hamilton favored the rich
Anti-Federalists
People who fear Constitution is too powerful, believe that it would allow arbitrary rule by aristocrats outside of the common interest
Benjamin Rush
Philadelphia women's rights activist
Annexation of Hawaii
Philippine campaign sways McKinley to annex Hawaii for a Pacific naval base in July 1898
Plymouth problems
Pilgrims reach Plymouth in November 1620 instead of intended Virginia, too late to grow crops, half die by next spring
Charles Lindbergh
Pilot who made solo flight across Atlantic in May 1927, received hero's welcome in US, his and other's feats spread by radio, papers
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Pinchot opposes sale of AL lands to speculators by Taft Interior Sec Richard Ballinger, is fired in 1910, angers progressive Repubs
1968
Pivotal year in US, Tet Offensive turns many against Vietnam, MLK & RFK assassinated, splintering liberal movement, worldwide protests
Pressures on Plains Indians
Plains Indians trade with Whites but bison herds are slaughtered, pastures overgrazed, no compensation from gov't
Hawaii
Planters and U.S. Marines overthrow nationalist Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani, urge Cleveland to annex
Planter's new values
Planters no longer get respect from blacks, intimate slave-master relationships replaced, planters embrace segregation
Helen Hunt Jackson
Poet who lobbied for Indian rights, published A Century of Dishonor in 1881 illustrating gov't corruption in Indian affairs
Martin Luther King Jr.
Prominent black preacher in Georgia who gains fame for bus boycott, peaceful protest modeled on Gandhi, assassinated 1968
Aimee Semple McPherson
Prominent evangelist pastor who made Christianity appealing with popular media appearance
Whigs
Political party that included Republicans and Anti-Masons, embraced Republican "American System"
Barry Commoner's The Closing Circle (1971)
Politically active biologist, argues in book that humans courted disaster by "improving on nature", polluting, using tons of energy
Martin Van Buren
Politician strong in organization, political campaigning, Andrew Jackson's handpicked successor and future president
Polk's Narrow Victory
Polk squeaks a win, enough of the Whigs join Birney and Liberty Party to let Polk edge over
Northern Discontent
Polk's double-dealing and attempts to get territory from Mexico evokes anger from Northerners (who fear more slavery)
Transportation
Poor road infrastructure, water is the only efficient way to travel
Yeoman Farmers
Poorer, few or no slaves, semisubsistence instead of monoculture, isolated lifestyle
Lyman Beecher
Prominent minister during 2nd Great Awakening who also pushed for moral reform
Emilio Aguinaldo
Popular Filipino rebel leader who fought alongside U.S. against Spanish and later against them to try throw off authority
Hiram Revels
Preacher and educator elected to the Senate from MI in 1870, also was president of Alcorn University
Scott Joplin and ragtime
Precursor to jazz begins to form in black gaming houses and saloons of South and Midwest
African Americans at war
Prejudice against blacks high, at first black troops segregated, non-combatant, later served with distinction in enlisted and officers
Pilgrims/Seperatists
Presbytetarians who were fed up with Anglican church, jumped ship and fled first to Netherlands then to Plymouth in 1620
"Tragedy" of Herbert Hoover
Presidency w/ great promise gets wrecked by Depression, and Hoover faced blame for most of it
John Adams
President 1797-1801, moderate Federalist who didn't support Britain
Cuba
President Pierce seeks to annex Cuba (sugar island) but is rebuffed by Spain
Franklin Pierce
President from 1852-1856, youngest president yet, Democrat and wanted more territory for the U.S.
Alien Act
President has the power to deport suspected aliens during peace or war
Nicholas Biddle
President of BUS starting 1823, skilled and arrogant banker
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
President of Mexico, cracked down on Texan autonomy starting in 1834, prompting a revolt
Millard Filmore
President upon Zachary Taylor's death in 1850
William Henry Harrison
President, dies a month after his inauguration in 1840, first to ever die in office
Mass circulation weeklies & Time Magazine
Print journalism expands with new news style & photographs in weekly magazines, Time comes first in 1923, followed by others
Pinkerton detectives
Private detectives frequently hired to defend corporate properties
Private Charity
Private donations contribute only to 6% of relief funds, seriously strained by Depression
Confederate Homefront
Production shifts cotton to wheat, women get more jobs, gov't had no money and caused inflation, conscription began in 1862, opposition to policies because of loss of state's rights
Interchangeable Parts
Products all used identical parts that helped mass production, pioneered by Eli Whitney
Early manufacturing
Products made by hand, often in the home or by artisans & apprentices
Kinsey Report
Prof. Alfred Kinsey collects info on sexual behavior, publishes, finds people actually enjoy it
Medicare & Medicaid
Programs passed 1965 to provide elderly, poor (vulnerable groups) with health insurance by giving money to participating states
Colonization
Proposed policy of moving free blacks to Africa to help calm southern fears of emancipation
Taylor's Proposal
Proposition puts all territories into two states, NM & CA, with no slavery at all. CA gets in in 1849. Angers many southern states, who threaten secession
Life in Mining Camps
Prospectors often don't strike, non-whites get lots of hate, Indians slaughtered mostly men, many other people make money in other businesses for miners
Prostitution & extent of white slave trade
Prostitution common, women sometimes kidnapped and imprisoned as sex slaves, condemned by reformers, Christians, health officials
Missionary impulse
Protestant Americans wished to convert "heathen" in Pacific, but 1st introduced Western culture thru goods, schools, systems of gov't
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
RFC created 1932, gov't agency could lend $ to banks, insurance co.s, RRs, cutting bank failures drastically
Robert Kennedy's 1968 Campaign
RFK runs anti-war, angering McCarthy supporters, garnering more support from workers, blacks, viable candidate until assassination
Reorientation of Western Trade
Railroads to East are cheaper, less risky for Western farmers than steamboat to New Orleans, west-south shifts to west-east
Unsafe at Any Speed (1965)
Ralph Nader's bestselling report on dangerous behavior of American cars, including GM's Chevy Corsair, GM tries & fails to discredit him
Home on the Range
Ranching families have rudimentary quarters, 30-40 acres for pasture, women also help men tend crops and ranch animals
Depression of 1893
Rapid contraction hurts economy, causing massive unemployment as interdependence between economy hits all with downturn
Inflation
Reduction in the purchasing power in currency, causing prices to rise
Politics and Reform
Reform butts into politics as people abandoned voluntary persuasion, disrupted old party system
Jane Addams
Reformer & founder of Hull House in 1889, 1st settlement house, helped immigrants, wanted laws protecting women, children, poor
Nat'l Municipal League & "model city charter"
Reformers create league to solve urban issues, 1894 convention creates charter w/ more mayoral authority, limited utility contracts
Society of Cincinnati
Reformers disbanded it because it was a social club for veterans with hereditary membership
Prohibition & 18th Amendment
Reformers try to remove alcohol and attached social evils, const amendment 1920, instead promotes illegal smuggling, gangs
Reasons for Reconstruction's Failures
Reformism replaced with cynicism about war, corruption, South was unwilling to let go of 200+ yrs of culture, racism is too pervasive in both sections
Religious dimensions of 1950s
Religion is segregating factor, people marry within own faiths, etc. Religion increases as anti-Red hype grows
Charles Finney
Religious convert who became a famous Revivalist minister in the 1820s and 30s along the Erie Canal
Tallmadge Amendment
Representative James Tallmadge introduces bill to make Missouri free, causing an imbalance in senators
Elections of 1868 and 1872
Repub Ulysses S. Grant narrowly wins in 1868, wins in 1872 despite loss of Radical support, illustrates declining power of Repubs
Richard Nixon
Repub candidate in 1960, experienced Cold Warrior, narrowly loses to JFK
Benjamin Harrison
Repub, 1888-1892, efficient, passed Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Sherman Antitrust Act, McKinley Tariff, productive administration
Theodore Roosevelt
Repub, 1901-1908, progressive, wanted mediation between parties in "Square Deal", created nat'l parks, aggressive foreign policy
William McKinley
Repub, did not compete against Bryan's stump tour, campaign manager Hanna used modern campaign tricks to deliver his victory
John C. Fremont
Republican candidate in 1856, western explorer and Mexican War vet, platform was against "Slave Power" of southern planters
American System
Republican plan to improve economic development through government-funded infrastructure projects, protective tariffs, and a national bank
Warren G. Harding
Republican president 1920-1923, weak and cautious, administration plagued with cronyism & corruption, died in 1923
Republican Party power base
Republican support is purely sectional, Northern voters only. Appealed to anti-slavery and anti-planter aristocracy voters
"Waving the Bloody Shirt"
Republican tactic of reviving bitter memories of the Civil War, proclaiming Democrats to be traitors and deserters
McKinley Tariff (1890)
Republicans advocate for high tariffs to protect domestic industry, Sen. McKinley proposes massive tariff with "reciprocity" clause
Francis Townsend
Retired CA physician proposes pensions for retired, infeasible (50% of budget), but popular among millions of elderly & retired
Postwar gender roles
Returning GIs often expected women to return back to wife's role despite having worked, lavish GI spouses with attention
Seaport social hierarchy
Rich merchants with political power, artisans and their apprentices produced stuff according to their trade, free & bound laborers, many black, work seaports
Escalation vs. Withdrawal in 1965
Robert McNamara states that US is near defeat, must escalate its attack in Vietnam (until enemy is overwhelmed) or withdraw
New Harmony, IN
Robert Owen's socialist utopia fails because individualism overrode the willingness to cooperate, infighting occurred
John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil
Rockefeller's Standard Oil controls most of nation's oil, relied on RRs, used both vertical and horizontal integration
South Carolina Crisis
SC residents hate tariff hikes (hurt cotton exports) and increasingly afraid of slave revolts
Square Deal
Roosevelt is ok with Big Business, Farms, etc., had Big Gov't help mediate disputes between them and people, used in various events
Denver, CO
Rowdy city in 1860s, sprawled after railroads connected to it in 1870s, massive pop. growth and development
Gag Rule (1836-1844)
Rule preventing the debate of any petition regarding slavery in Congress
Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco
Run-down San Francisco neighborhood turned into a hippie refuge
Sojourner Truth
Runaway slave and abolitionist author
Frederick Douglass
Runaway slave and abolitionist who published his memoir and ran an anti-slavery newspaper in Rochester
Confederate States of America
SC secedes first (12/'60), it and other states organize Confederate States of America in 2/'61, with Jefferson Davis as president
Munich Analogy
Sec. of Navy James Forrestal fears appeasing USSR leads to repeat of Munich, needed to stop them in their tracks instead
China
Russian occupation forces in Manchuria supply Mao & Chinese Communists with goods, arms
Korea
Russian troops control northern half of Korea along with Korean Communists under Kim Il-Sung
Hayne-Webster Debate
SC Sen. Hayne outlines notification, MA Sen. Webster counters that Constitution is compact between people, not states, and that federal government had sovereign powers over states
Black Hills
Sacred grounds for Sioux, settled by whites to the tribe's anger after rumors of gold were leaked
Roger Williams
Salem, MA minister who wanted separation of church and state and full religious toleration, fled colony and founded Rhode Island
Witchcraft
Salem, MA witchhunt leads to 344 accused around New England and many executed, most of which were independent, middle-aged or old women
Hay's Open Door Notes
Sec. of State Hay asks imperial powers to keep free trade in China in 1899, U.S. leads fight to keep world markets open
Knights of Labor
Secret, ritualized, religious labor group, exploded in 1879 under Powderly, favored cooperative systems, reformist agenda
Telegraph
Samuel Morse invents it in 1837 to communicate across the country near-instantaneously, helping accelerate business info and journalism
Margaret Sanger & Contraception
Sanger promotes contraception to save poor women from burdens of pregnancies, also becomes popular among middle class couples
Black Hawk War
Sauk and Fox tribes led by chief Black Hawk reenter Illinois and are crushed by army and militia
Eugenics
Science involving selective breeding for human improvement, popularized by zoologist Madison Grant, favored ethnic purity
Clarence Darrow
Scopes' defense lawyer during trial and professed athiest
Paxton Boys
Scots-Irish gang in west PA protest lack of protection from NAs by killing NAs
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish immigrant whose steel company became world's leading producer
"New Look"
Sec of State Dulles' foreign policy, aggressively containing USSR with threat of nuclear war
Australian Ballot
Secret ballot, meant to prevent voter fraud, introduced in the 1880s
Know-Nothing Party
Secret nativist society and political party (members sworn to say they "knew nothing"), anti-immigrant, grew in popularity from 1853-55
Panic of 1873
Severe depression from 1873-'77, diverting attention towards economy, 3 million unemployed
Power Press
Sharply lowers cost and increases speed of printing newspapers, allowing them to become mainstream
Tecumseh & The Prophet
Shawnee brothers, one an accomplished warrior and the other a former alcoholic who preached to natives to abandon white habits
Anti-Masons
Short-lived political party that opposed the Freemasons
Abraham Lincoln's Leadership
Shrewd politician, ignored criticism, communicated well with civilians for morale, had clear sight of goal, kept hands off Army
New France in 1700
Small population, mostly in Canada but had many missions, had strategic and economic alliances with tons of native tribes
Motion pictures & nickelodeons
Small theaters showed soundless motion pictures, but movies later evolve into medium for spreading cultural trends
Rush-Bagot Agreement
Signed 1817, limits naval forces for Britain and U.S. on Great Lakes
Transcontinental Treaty
Signed February 1819, establishes Spanish-American border all the way to Pacific, gives U.S. Florida in exchange for U.S. claims on Texas
Couer D'Alene Strike (1892)
Silver miners strike, battle company guards and U.S. military
Richard Nixon as President
Small-town, middle-class conservative, but also vengeful towards enemies, secretive- would hurt him in Watergate scandal
Pet Banks
Smaller state banks where government deposits were relocated to, many were controlled by Democrats
South Carolina
Sir Anthony Cooper wanted it to be utopia, but it doesn't work out, settled by people into the NA slave trade, after devastating slave wars becomes a plantation colony that grows rice
Fundamental Constitutions
Sir Anthony Cooper's governing system for Carolinas, created by John Locke, with hereditary nobility and elected assembly
Romanticism
Social movement that emphasized emotion and intuition, glorified the individual and was against oppressive institutions
Social Work
Social work as a field is created, data is studied, cases are created to help clients solve problems
Harry Hopkins
Social worker in charge of FDR's relief programs, Works Progress Administration
Chile & Salvador Allende
Socialist Salvador Allende elected in Chile, Kissinger & CIA fund military coup, killing Allende and replacing with brutal dictatorship
Eugene Debs
Socialist party leader, convicted of sedition (criticizing draft) in 1918 and sentenced to 10 years in jail
Moral Suasion vs. Political Abolition
Some abolitionists try to persuade the South that slavery is evil while others push for political action
Immigrant education
Some educators Americanized immigrants, some immigrants made own schools (e.g. catholic), english language classes appear
Catholicism
Some fear JFK, as Catholic, might put US under Pope's control, JFK states he supports complete separation of church and state
Militant suffragists
Some who disliked slow progress used more aggressive, disruptive tactics, began in UK, adopted by Alice Paul & others in 1910s
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina politician and Andrew Jackson's president, big proponent for state's rights
Syngman Rhee
South Korean dictator in 1950s
Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnamese dictator installed by US after 1954 Geneva Accords, assassinated in military coup in 1963
Nixon & Brezhnev
Soviet PM Leonid Brezhnev invites Nixon to visit, strikes wheat deal and Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Iran
Soviet military assists Iranian rebels seeking to break away from gov't
Nuclear Deterrence
Soviets hold conventional military superiority, US relies on threat of nukes on Soviet cities, plans draw together beginning 1946
New Mexico
Spanish colony attempt in Upper Rio Grande region
California
Spanish colony on West Coast, sparsely populated with Catholic missions and Indians who worked the land
Juan de Oñate
Spanish explorer that attempted to colonize New Mexico in search of treasure, fought w/ Pueblos
De Lome Letter
Spanish minister's letter is exposed in 2/'98, stating that Spain would not back down on Cuban rebels, insulting McKinley
Sedition Act
Speaking, writing, publishing seditious works against the government would lead to imprisonment
Land Speculation
Speculators buy up land and sell it at higher prices, many people speculate in land markets as prices skyrocket in 1820s-30s
Discrepancies in Southern education
Spending on white education far outstrips black education, which decreases after disfranchisement
Mercantilism
State regulates and protects industry and commerce
Disestablishment
State-sponsored churches are dismantled for unfair taxation of other believers
Declaration of Sentiments
Statement modeled after Dec. of Independence that called for reform of women's rights
State commissions
States establish these to investigate industries, esp. RRs, gathering and publicizing information on rates, practices, advised legislators
Southern Defiance of Reconstruction
States reject 13th amendment, state gov'ts don't give blacks any political rights and pass "black codes", reworked "slave codes"
Ratification Process
States sign Constitution between 1788 and 1790, after ensuring that Bill of Rights is added
Role of technology in consumer economy
Steam and electric machines begin to replace workers, but demand continues to increase, machinery matches that
Robert Fulton's Clermont
Steamboat demonstrating feasibility of steam power by going upstream from NYC to Albany in 1807
Homestead Strike (1892)
Steel workers' union strikes, standing off against Pinkerton detectives, eventually crushed by PA state militia
"Buying on margin"
Stocks could be bought with only 50% of cash up front for most of 1920s, brokers' loans covered rest
Great Crash & role in Depression
Stocks lose $10 bil as bubble bursts 10/29/1929, few people actually traded but investments needed to maintain prosperity, savings lost
comptoir
Storehouse for animal pelts, term used to dismiss Champlain's endeavor.
Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850)
Story of a woman with an illegitimate child, about the power of the past to shape people, and human flaws such as pride, envy
Sit-down strikes
Strikers occupy plants while going on strikes, preventing companies from hiring strikebreakers
Automobile industry strikes
Strikes occur at GM plants in 1936-37, plants taken over, MI Nat'l Guard called to protect strikers, GM agrees to union demands
Brigham Young
Successor of Mormon founder Joseph Smith, leads the Mormons to Utah
Memphis & New Orleans Race Riots
Summer of 1866 white mobs attack black sections of Memphis, New Orleans, killing ~46 blacks each time
Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford
Supporter of war but dissatisfied w/ Joint Chiefs of Staff needing even more troops, no sign of win, builds case for deescalation
Free Soilers
Supports Wilmot Proviso, made of Conscience Whigs and northern Demos, Van Buren steals more votes than Liberty in '44
Judicial Review
Supreme Court can interpret the meaning and constitutionality of all laws
Upper South's Transformation
Switch from tobacco to wheat and corn leads to some decline in slavery after 1790, slaves often sold to Deep South
Scientific Management
System of management analyzing workflows (Taylorism), taught in schools of business, managers used it to boost firm's earnings
Welfare Capitalism
System where companies pledge to care for employees, provide benefits & amenities, touched very few skilled workers, no others
Macune's subtreasury system
System where feds furnish warehouses for crops, low interest loans for farmers until prices rose, farmers don't have to sell
Sharecropping
System where one farms a plot of the landowner's and splits the crop as rent, more free than wage labor, but exploitable towards blacks
Trusts
Systems where shareholders of many corps. give up shares to central board, linking the actions of various companies into one
Advertising
Taking from WWI's CPI, advertising uses emotional appeals, stressing consumer's desires, eye-catching but dumbed-down ads
Technology in WWI
Tanks, machine guns, gas, zeppelins and aircraft transform warfare and make it more deadly, battles kill tens to hundreds of thousands
Tariff of Abominations
Tariff hike of 1828, leads to vehement objections by South Carolina residents
Increase in productivity
Technology leads to efficiency, more goods which had to be bought
Defense in War
Technology leads to stronger defense, which causes massive casualties for any onrushing force
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
Tecumseh's base Prophetstown is destroyed after Indian forces are defeated by Americans
Pan-Indian Movement
Tecumseh's effort to unite all tribes in one anti-American movement, last Native confederacy
TR & Rough Riders
Teddy Roosevelt organizes volunteer cavalry troop which helped to conquer San Juan
Bill of Rights
Ten amendments to Constitution that safeguards individual rights
Levittown
Term for the widespread adoption of William Levitt's standardized, mass-produced Cape Cod house in nation's suburbs
Credibility Gap
Tet Offensive shows that administration's promises are very different from war's realities, public loses trust in gov't on Vietnam
Texas Republic
Texas declares independence in March 1836, constitution allows slavery, not recognized by Mexican gov't
Water Power
Textile mills and other factories are dependent on power from running water and set up at rivers
Horizontal Growth
The act of joining forces with competitors, whether through cooperation or formal mergers
Social Darwinism
The application of Darwin's theories to society, stated that those who were poor were unable to compete, survival of the fittest
Vertical Integration
The control of many stages of a business operation, including production, distribution, and marketing/sales
Ideal of Domesticity
The home was a haven from the competitive working world and was the domain of the mother
Writ of Habeas Corpus
The requirement that an arrested person be charged with a crime promptly or be released
Aristocracy of Merit
Those who moved up the scale demanded recognition and political influence
Federalist Ideology
Thought it kept class and order against the republican "mob", favored lots of commerce and military to make country powerful. Support with urban dwelling bankers, merchants, esp. in NE
Republican Ideology
Thought that gov't threatened liberty, wanted people to do their own thing, favored agriculture and virtuous republican spirit. Support with poorer, Western subsistence farmers
Republican Governments
Thought that they were best suited for small republics, U.S. was too big for one
Strom Thurmond & Dixiecrats
Thurmond & Dixiecrats (mostly Southern Demos) oppose Truman's civil rights actions
Tidewater vs. Frontier
Tidewater Atlantic is the old-school, styled gentry whereas frontier south cotton planters had less luxury, more hard work and aggressive business tactics
Planter Elite
Tidewater gentry were respected community members, ministers, justices, cotton gentry were less gentry-like and worked their way up. All owned lots of land, slaves
Era of Good Feelings
Time period where Republicans were the only party, trying to keep unity in nation
Fort Laramie Conference (1851)
U.S. gov't agrees to compensate Plains tribes but orders them to stay away from trail, few tribes comply
Industrial transformation
U.S. industrializes after 1850 with interlocking industrial systems
Battle for rail connections
Towns and cities desire rail links in order to stay connected to trade
Overland Trail
Trail to Oregon explodes in popularity in 1843, lots of wagon trains of people travelling it to reach the West
Location of Railroads in Cities
Trains are loud, dirty, tracks are placed away from high-income neighborhoods
Amos Bronson Alcott
Transcendentalist and controversial education reformer
Henry David Thoreau
Transcendentalist, friend of Emerson who favored individualism, living alone in a rudimentary cabin on Walden Pond in 1845-46
War bonds
Treasury sells bonds to raise money voluntarily
Slaves
Treatment varies depending on master, often worked in fields, sang spirituals, practiced Christianity, treated well compared to other slave countries
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Treaty allowing U.K. equal rights to any Central American canal, Secretary of State Blaine campaigned to cancel it in 1880s
Jay-Gardoqui Treaty
Treaty between America and Spain where America surrendered rights to Mississippi in exchange for trading rights
Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
Two Italian anarchists wrongly sentenced to death for robbery and murder in Braintree, MA, likely due to being foreign-born radicals
New York and Ohio
Two swing states among the few that actually varied enough to decide an election
Tyler and Texas
Tyler alienates fellow Whigs by vetoing party bills, loses party support, wants to win back White House through Texas issue (its annexation)
Texas Annexation
Tyler's proposal in 1844 dies, tries again in 1845 as a joint reso, annexes Texas on last day in office
Tom Hayden & Students for Democratic Society
U Michigan student who joined SNCC in voting drive, organized SDS calling for participatory democracy, condemned bureaucracy
Gadsden Purchase
U.S buys strip of land in Southwest from Mexico for a transcontinental railroad
Trail of Tears
U.S. army forcefully marches 15,000 Cherokee west to Oklahoma in 1836, a quarter die
America's Natural Resources
U.S. rich with commodities including iron ore, coal, lumber, which are exploited at rapid rates & high scale during industrialization
Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine
U.S.S. Maine suffers a boiler explosion in Havana Harbor on 2/15/'98, fanatical nationalists and public convinced it was Spanish sabotage
Yalta- Poland
UK & US want self-deterimination for Poland while USSR wants Red gov't @ Lublin, FDR proposes Lublin leading until elections later
George McClellan
Union Army of Potomac chief '61-'63, arrogant yet also insecure, cautious, unable to secure victories. Ran against Lincoln in 1864
David Farragut
Union admiral who captured New Orleans and other cities along the ocean
Post-war state of unions
Union membership sinks from 5 mil in 1921 to 3.5 mil in 1929, strikes do occur but far less frequently
Unions & Strikes
Union membership spikes after compromise w/ employers, coal & RR workers still strike in 1943, gov't forced to take control, settle strikes
Organized Labor in Depression
Union movement rises with New Deal, strikes proliferate and membership increases again
Cannery & Agricultural Workers Industrial Union
Union of mostly Mexican migrant workers in CA, strikers in San Joaquin cotton fields expelled to Mexico
American Federation of Labor
Union was more accommodating, favored negotiating, accepted wage system, horizontally organized across many locations
Women, children and blacks in labor
Unmarried women and children forced to take jobs to make money for family, paid less, blacks faced discrimination, mainly service
Industrial Accidents
Unsafe conditions kill 33k and injure 500k+ workers annually, most had no compensation from either employers or gov't
Upper South & Border States
Upper South and border states seek solution but Upper South states secede after Lincoln declares war
Independent Treasury
Van Buren's keeper of government funds, not allowed to issue any banknotes or accept paper currency, protected gov't money but could not help the failing economy
Atomic research & Manhattan Project
Various European physicists fleeing Germans begin working on A-bomb under secrecy in US in 1939
1949
Various foreign policy issues, news that Soviets have nukes, loss of China to Reds, news of Soviet spies in gov't, Manhattan Proj.
Complexity of Western Landscapes
Various parts of Great Plains, west is more arid than East, past Rockies is dry Great Basin and Sierra Nevada, all different climates
National Trades Union
Various trade unions become one in 1834
Black ghetto riots
Various violent riots plague cities such as NYC, Chicago, Newark, etc. from 1964-1968, 34 deaths, $200 mil property dmg, troops called in
Sioux Wars
Various wars from 1866 to ~1876 fought as Plains Indians tried to drive settlers and U.S. forces from their lands. Tribes ultimately forced onto reservations
San Francisco
Very small CA city explodes to 50k in 8 years, chaotic growth and unsafe or poor infrastructure, immigrants
Articles of Confederation
Very weak central government prevents power grabs but also is unable to raise revenue to fund army, handle foreign policy, pass financial regulation, and keep states together
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Voters can introduce legislation, can enact or repeal laws, can remove elected officials
Collapse of 2nd American Party System
Voters split more on sectional lines as Northern Democrats join Whigs in opposing KS-NB, while Southern Whigs support
Tet Offensive
Vietcong attacks during Tet holiday 1/30/1968, targeting Saigon, US Embassy, TV show to public military on its knees even as Vietcong pushed back
Stalemate
Vietcong continue fighting even while suffering terrible losses, CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite states US is "mired in stalemate"
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese Communist who negotiated for self-determination @ Versailles after WWI, led North Vietnam
Senator Joseph McCarthy
WI sen. and crazy nobody, uses Red Scare to boost political clout, whirlwind (but overblown) accusations of Reds in gov't 1950-1953
Gov't support for the Arts
WPA art program allows artists of all types to create and display public projects, music, writing, watercolors, murals, art classes, etc.
Works Progress Administration
WPA created 1935, work relief gave jobs that didn't compete w/ industry, inc. teaching, building schools, employed 8.5 mil by 1943
Trench Warfare
WWI settles into immobile fronts as machine guns, poison gas, artillery prevent armies from advancing
Bonus Army
WWI vets seeking promised bonus march on DC in 6/1932, Congress blocks payments, Army disperses, wounding 300 vets
Worker's Wages
Wage buying power increases but most workers not paid enough to support themselves, native > immigrant, skilled > unskilled
Henry Wallace & Progressives
Wallace & Progressives want more rigorous New Deal reforms
Native Epidemics
Wampanoag tribe devastated by epidemic a few years prior to Pilgrim arrival, unable to kick them out and instead ally with them
Spanish Plans
Wanted to close Missisippi to Americans (Jay-Gardoqui), prompting some southwestern territories to discuss joining Spain
Cost of War
War cost roughly $20 billion, 620k men died (as much as all other wars fought through Vietnam), Southern wealth declined 43%
Sources of Postwar Prosperity
War wages boost savings, gov't spending increases at all levels, military-industrial spending increases
Total War
War where massive armies fought each other and where belligerents threw all of their production & resources into war effort
John B. Watson & Behaviorism
Watson pioneers behaviorism, stating that human behavior was easily shaped, psychologist who began working in advertising
"New" immigration
Wave of immigration beginning in 1880s from Southern & Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution, disease, hardship
Wealth Distribution
Wealth becomes increasingly concentrated at top in 1800s even though many become enriched
Liberty League
Wealthy, conservatives contend FDR is enemy of private property, rising dictator, runs anti-New Deal ads, unsuccessful & unpopular
GI Bill of 1944
Welfare program for veterans gives low-interest loans for farms, homes, businesses, helped pay for college.
West coast war industries
West coast aircraft factories & shipyards expand for war production, giving job opportunities to many residents
Virginia Debate of 1832
Western VA counties propose gradual statewide emancipation, intense debate follows, measure is torpedoed.
Immigration Act's effect on Mexicans
Western hemisphere immigrants capped at 120k, hurting Mexican workers
The West and the world economy
Western raw materials exchanged for capital from East, Europe, Westerners consume manufactured goods, cattle and wheat prices are more and more determined by outside competition
New Crops
Wheat, fruits, vegetables are introduced into prairie region, replacing native grasses and changing ecosystem
Other factors that crippled tribal culture
White settlements spread disease to natives, liquor causes alcoholism, farms, pastures, railroads disrupted land, bison pelt industry removes the hunt
New Racial Triad
White-black relationship ==> White-black-mexican in South (TX), new system had blacks low, Hispanics sometimes swung between the two
Nat'l War Labor Board
Wilson creates board to arbitrate disputes between unions and corps, establish equal pay for women, overtime pay
Millard Filmore
Whig vice-president of Taylor and president 1850-1852, American Party candidate in 1856
Whig opposition to war
Whigs accuse Polk of trying to steal territory to extend slavery, but are careful not to cut off funding (like Feds in 1812)
Basis of Whig Split
Whigs alienate Protestants by seeking Catholic votes and split over temperance reform, along with KS-NE
Whigs on Gov't Power
Whigs believe gov't should be active in promoting general welfare by protecting liberties, regulating economy, and passing legislature to aid moral welfare (temprance, anti-slavery)
Social Bases of Parties
Whigs draw from business class and commercial farmers and citydwellers, Democrats draw from subsistence farmers, lower-class workers, small entrepreneurs often in frontier
Election of 1840
Whigs portray Harrison as man of the people, Van Buren as distant aristocrat, Harrison is victorious
William Whyte's The Organization Man (1956)
Whyte critiques suburbs, finding the "organization man" has no ambition, merely materialistic
Election of 1912
Wilson & Demos target TR & Progressives over Repubs & Taft, labeling his consolidation as dangerous, wins
Frances Willard & Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Willard becomes president of WCTU in 1879, which focused on temperance to protect the home from abusive men, reform society
Taft & election of 1908
William Howard Taft is handpicked successor of TR, wins under Republican ticket, but wavers compared to TR
William Howard Taft & Philippine colonial rule
William Howard Taft, as 1st gov of Philippines, was loose, creates infrastructure, schools, factories, gave Filipinos more autonomy
Wilson's uncompromising stance & stroke
Wilson considered Article X removal "knife thrust at the heart" of treaty, stress over treaty causes stroke 10/2/1919
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Wilson creates 12 regional banks (not 1 BUS), and central Fed board in DC, appointed by President. Shades of TR's Big Gov't
Anne Hutchinson
Woman who explained sermons to her neighbors, adding her own views led to her being expelled for sedition
Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity & Infancy Act (1921)
Women activists succeed in passing legislation to fight infant mortality with rural prenatal and baby-care centers
Political Participation
Women are encouraged to join in political festivals, blacks begin flexing their rights to demostrate
Women at war
Women can join auxiliary army corps, later upgraded to give equal pay, rank, status as male soldiers, non-combatants as nurses, clerks, mechanics, etc.
Women's Rights Movement
Women demand equal civil & political rights and education, some equated the movement to anti-slavery
Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
Women's rights convention, called for reforms and issued Declaration of Sentiments on women's rights
Women's Household Labor
Women's traditional jobs making cloth, candles are replaced by mass production in factories
Transportation of the nature of work
Work becomes more about output, time, demanded workers who were reliable and efficient instead of skilled artisans
Railroad Workers
Workers are often immigrants, european but especially Chinese, cut their way through Sierra Nevada under grueling discipline
Unions
Workers group together to collectively bargain and strike for better pay and working conditions
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Written by MLK in jail, defended civil disobedience as opposed to violent confrontation and streets "flowing with blood"
1831
Year Garrison's Liberator begins printing and year of Nat Turner's Rebellion, increases fear in southern slaveholders
Dust Bowl
Years of overgrazing, intense farming and drought turn area in Great Plains into near-desert, dust storms force many farmers to leave
Boom-Bust cycles
Years of prosperity and growth followed by depression, three occur between 1815 and Civil War
Absence of class conflict
Yeoman and poor whites do not resent rich planters, all unite in their racism against blacks
Red Stick Creeks
Young Creeks launch attacks on U.S. in Mississippi Territory, defeated by U.S. and allied tribes
Thomas Jefferson
Young Virginian planter and lawyer, author of the Declaration of Independence
La Raza Unida & Brown Berets
Younger Latinos flock to more militant groups seeking concessions from political parties, using paramilitary tactics of Black Panthers
War Hawks
Younger republicans who came to power in 1810, more nationalist, wanted economic development, expansion, war against Britain
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Slave Trade
from 1700-1850, 21m Africans captured but 7m stayed in Africa, 9m entered America, 19k/year in 1600s and 60k/year in 1700s. Most go to Brazil
Women in the workforce
~1 mil women join workforce as men fight abroad, working jobs usually held by men, gov't recommends equal working conditions
Manifestations of 1893 depression
~20% unemployment, more women and children enter labor force, city bosses, churches, civilians forced to create relief organizations
East St. Louis riots
~50 civilians die in race riots in St. Louis in mid-1917 as blacks sometimes fought back against racial injustices
Eldridge Cleaver's Soul on Ice
Leader of Panthers whose autobiography attacts attention of whites
Popular Sovereignty
Stephen Douglas' doctrine of letting the inhabitants of an area determine if they wanted slavery
Manassas/Bull Run
7/21/'61, Union army humiliated by Confederate reinforcements and "Rebel Yell", destroyed illusions of a quick war
Beat generation
"Hipster" counterculture of artists, intellectuals, students experiment with drugs, religions, renounce mainstream's consumerism & spiritual bankruptcy
Tonkin Incident & Resolution
8/1964 US naval ships secretly in Gulf of Tonkin attacked, LBJ uses it as excuse to ask Congress for authority to "repel armed attack"
Jane Addams & Hull House
Addams opens settlement house in Chicago in an old mansion in 1889, growing to a city block and serving thousands
Farm Credit Administration
Admin helps impoverished farmers, refinanced ~ 20% of farm mortgages
Public Works Administration
Admin hires for public works, boosts industrial activity & consumer spending as workers spend, industrial orders drive market
George Dewey's fleet at Manila
Admiral Dewey and newly modernized Pacific Fleet steam to Manila from Philippines, destroy entire Spanish fleet on 5/1/'98
Comte de Grasse
Admiral who led French navy
Worker's compensation
Adopted first in MD 1902, laws requiring insurance, employer liability, compensation for family spread to various states by 1916
Repatriation
1931 gov't begins shipping Latinos (and US-born children) back to Mexico, despite being citizens, dropping Latino pop. in SW
Agricultural Adjustment Act
1933 act allows gov't to pay farmers for producing less (lowering surplus, raising prices), taxed farm processors
Chisholm Trail
Cattle herding trail from San Antonio to Kansas, it and other trails soon connect to Western rails
Indian Reorganization Act
1934 act reversing assimilation, encouraged tribal culture, gave reservations more autonomy, tribes regained control of land
Nat'l Labor Relations Act / Wagner Act
1935 act creates Nat'l Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections, enforce union right to bargain, union membership goes up
Social Security Act
1935 act passed to help elderly, infirm, children w/ pensions, jobless benefits, funded by payroll tax, shows switch to gov't helping out
Iranian Crisis
1946 Stalin doesn't w/draw Soviet troops from oil-rich Iran, US goes to UN to kick them out, USSR backs down
Committee on Civil Rights
1946 Truman's committee investigates, publishes "To Secure These Rights", exposing caste system unfairly treating blacks in all of life
Greece & Turkey
1947 Truman approves $400 mil military & eco. aid to fund fight against Greek & Turkish communists, creates "Truman Doctrine"
Taft-Hartley Act
1947 act gives 90-day cooloff between strikes, let states do right-to-work laws, banning closed shop, overrode Truman's veto
Thomas Dewey
1948 Republican candidate, more moderate than Taft but was aloof, unpopular, loses race to Truman at last minute
Alger Hiss & Klaus Fuchs
1949 & 1950 news arises that FDR adviser was close to Communists & British physicist spied for USSR respectively
McCarran Act
1950 act requires Communists to register w/ gov't, forbade entry of anyone in totalitarian org., indefinite detention of suspect aliens
Khrushchev vs. Stalin
1953 Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev replaces, shares the shrewd, humorous, short-tempered nature of Harry Truman, volatile towards US
Egypt, Gamal Nasser, & Suez Canal
1956 US pulls aid after Egypt threatens Israel, Col. Nasser seizes Suez, UK, French, Israeli forces take canal but US, USSR force withdrawal
Little Rock Crisis
1957 Central High School enrolls 9 black students but AR gov Farbus calls in nat'l guard to block. Ike calls in federal marshals to enforce
Sputnik
1957 USSR successfully launches 1st satellite into space, US space program fails, raises fear of ICBMs, US edu. system is revamped
Lunch counter sit-ins
1960 Black students spontaneously stage sit-ins at segregated diners & stores beginning w/ Greensboro, NC, no organization
JFK vs. Steel Industry
1962 steel corps boost steel prices, breaking agreement w/ unions and gov't, JFK says pricefixing, pulls Pentagon contracts
Free Speech Movement @ UC Berkeley
1964 Freedom Summer vet Mario Savio calls for free speech in uni, students take over administration buildings and strike to stop classes
Increase in Asian immigration
1965 Immi Act removes barriers to Asian immigrants, often middle-class pros, model hardworking minority, but still discrimination
Stokely Carmichael and Black Power
1966 SNCC militant leader gives younger blacks a slogan- "Black Power" and emblem of a gloved fist
Stonewall Riot
1969 NYC police raid Stonewall Inn, a gay bar, patrons successfully beat back police, symbol of gay movement's power
Temporary Emergency Relief Administration
1st state relief admin, established 1931 in NY by FDR to deal with unemployment
US contribution to WWI
2 million Americans serve, 116,500 die, American material aid and convoys also crucial, bolstering American economic strength
Background of black political leaders
2/5 professionals (mostly clergy), 1/3 farmers (mostly land-owning), all but 3 had secondary education, 4 had college
Slavery
20% pop is slaves, 90% are in South, Southerners say that slaves are their property, which is needed for liberty. Northerners gradually abolish slavery
Relief, Recovery, Reform
3 Rs: Provide immediate help to stop slide, restart economy & consumer demand, prevent economic calamity from reoccurring
Russian Revolution
3/15/1917 Czar Nicholas II overthrown, Russia sinks into civil war between Reds & Whites
Extent of Prohibition
3/4 of pop. in "dry" counties by 1917, 2/3 states adopt laws banning manufacture and sale of alcohol
Earth Day
4/22/1970, Americans demonstrate commitment to healthy environment, celebrate unity of living things
"Sick" sectors
Industries such as lumber, coal mining, RRs suffer from too much expansion, reduced demand, lay off jobs and wilt even before crash
MLK's March on Washington & "I Have A Dream" speech
4/28/1963 250k march on Washington in support of civil rights bill, MLK speaks, hoping people of all race & religion will be "free at last"
Kent State shootings
5/4/1970 nat'l guardsmen fire on student protesters at Kent State Uni, killing 4, inc. innocent bystanders
Nat'l Industrial Recovery Act
6/1933 law passed beginning gov't planning in industry, creating Public Works Admin and Nat'l Recovery Admin
Pooling
Informal agreements between companies to set prices and act together
Watergate break-in
6/1972 "Plumbers" raid Watergate, HQ of Demo Nat'l Committee, caught, linked to White House, Nixon fends off press as staff resigns
Profitability of Slavery
60% profit on average, despite costs of food, shelter, clothing for a slave
John Quincy Adams
6th president, 1824-1828, and son of former president John Adams
Battle of Gettysburg
7/1-7/4/'64, Lee invades PA, meets Union under Meade at Gettysburg, Lee loses a third of men and is unable to assume offensive again
Executive order on military desegregation
7/1948 Truman bans segregation in armed forces, units begin integrating and work well despite doubts of segregationists
Hollywood Ten & "Friendly" witnesses
10 Hollywood figures refuse to say if they were Reds, imprisoned, other "friendly" witnesses tell on colleagues, no evidence ever arises
Cuban Missile Crisis
10/14/1962 U-2s discover missile sites on Cuba, JFK & Khrushchev conduct tense negotiations to have them removed
"Saturday Night Massacre"
10/20/1973 Nixon fires Watergate special investigator Archibald Cox, onslaught of angry telegrams, Congress files impeachment
Split in Women's Movement
15th Amend doesn't grant women's vote, splitting movement, Stanton & Anthony and Nat'l WSA oppose while Stone & American WSA support
Pequot War
1637 colonists ally with Wampanoags and Narragansetts to attack Pequot tribe in Connecticut
Reforms of New Freedom
16th Amendment has graduated income tax on rich, corporations, cut tariff, banking & trade reform
Great Awakening
1730's religious revival preaching for new rebirth through conversion
Maine Law
1851 temperance law which allowed for search, seizure of liquor and stiff penalties against its sale
Years of Depressions
1873-1879, 1882-1885, 1893-1897
Rutherford B. Hayes
1876-1880, Repub, ended Reconstruction, pursued civil service reform but split his party, did not seek reelection
James Garfield
1880-1881, Repub, besieged by officehunters, assassinated 100 days in White House
Chester A. Arthur
1881-1884, Repub, honest dealing, broke with political machines, civil service reform, lowered tariff, angered party and not nominated
Grover Cleveland
1884-1888, 1892-1896, Demo active, expanded civil service, backed gold standard, Interstate Commerce Act
World's Columbian Exposition
1893 World expo held in Chicago, showcased goods and inventions of American industry
McKinley as President
1896-1901, good with the press, aggressive agenda, prodded Congress into action, revised tariff, mediated strikes
Mexican Revolution
1910 Porfirio Diaz overthrown, civil war breaks out between General Victoriano Huerta & his rivals, Wilson attempts to intervene
Nat'l Origins Act of 1921 & 1924
1921 law caps immigration and only admits percentage of races in US in 1910, favoring NW Europe. 1924 cuts quotas further
A&P Chain Stores
A&P Tea creates branches of stores, cater to working class, cheaper to operate than large department stores
Cattle Kingdom
Cattle industry booms on Plains, cattle run in combined pastures, with herds being driven annually to railroads for shipment to market
Food Administration & Herbert Hoover
Chair of admin Hoover promotes self-sacrifice, planting victory gardens, eating less wheat & meat to send food to refugees, troops
J. Pierpont Morgan
Investment banker who used his banking power to combine numerous companies, including Carnegie Steel in 1901
Sources of Capital
Investment capital comes mostly from savings of firms, but birth of financial institutions switches it to investors
Chinese as special cases
Chinese Exclusion Act freezes men:women ratio, laborers unable to bring families in, communities have far more prostitution, gangs
Chinese intervention
Chinese launch attack on UN forces near their border, driving UN back to 38th parallel, inflicting massive losses @ Battle of Chosan
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese nationalists rebel, attack missionaries and diplomats, besiege embassies in Beijing, brutally crushed by Europeans in 1900
Methodists
Church denomination that preached in the frontier
Centrality of Religion
Churches serve as a social gathering place for rural Southerners as well as place of worship, stabilized society
Travelling circuses
Circuses haul animals, crew, equipment to perform stunts across the world in giant tents, spreading American culture to viewers
Weaknesses of City Gov't
Cities lacked power from state's charters, city gov't fragmented into numerous branches, overstretched while providing services
Commissioner & City Manager Plans
Cities let commissioners handle departments, more powerful than mayor & council, some hire expert city manager with more power
Pattern of Settlement
Cities settled in rings, center is industrial "core" with poorest workers, conditions improve in outer rings, rich suburbs farthest out
Boss Rule
City bosses were heads of political machines, using their connections to exert authority, more effective power than mayors
City serices
City funds depleted by loss of taxpayers, unable to effectively provide relief, seek help from equally bankrupt state funding
Urban social stratification
City life is heavily stratified, every city has both slums, middle class neighborhoods, mansions
Social Geography of Cities
City size expands greatly from influx of people, center is populated by factories, poor as middle class flees outwards
Lowell, MA
City which was created in early 1800s around textile mills on Merimmack River
Omnibus Bill
Clay's massive proposal torpedoed by combination of both side's radicals, Clay himself too old to fight for it
Henry Clay's Compromises
Clay, 73 yrs old great negotiator, proposes in 1/'50 CA goes free, PopSov for UT, NM, slave trade gone in DC, better fugitive slave law
Ex Parte Milligan (1866)
Clement Vallandigham is imprisoned, tried by military court, banished to Confederacy, after war Supreme Court rules civilians could not be tried in military courts
Debate on Cuba
Cleveland opposes McKinley prefers negotiations, many Republican expansionists such as TR favor recognizing Cuban independence
Charles Cornwallis
Clinton's subordinate, commanded British southern offensive
Anthracite Coal Strke (1902)
Coal miners strike in 1902, TR demands mediation and threatens takeover of mines, union and company reach equal deal
Industries stimulated by RRs
Coal, steel, lumber are needed for RRs, they help transport goods in other industries
Steamboats
Coal-powered boats cut travel time and cost on rivers and open up less accessible ones, became dominant in 1820s-1850s
Guatemala & Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán
Col. Arbenz & popular gov't seize US Fruit Co.'s land in 1954, CIA overthrows, military dictatorship replaces
Effects of the Cold War
Cold War has US take greater global military & political role to counter USSR, causes widespread suspicion at home
Anti-war protests
College students, faculty begin protesting against war in 1967, draft cards burned & offices stormed, marches on Pentagon
Professional schools
Colleges adopt German style professional training & research, many law & medical & other students get degrees, swell middle class
Jacob Coxey's Army
Coxey and hundreds of Populists march on Washington in 1894 demanding gov't relief and public works program
National Labor Union
Craft unions & reformers band together, workers demanded 8-hr workday, attacked wage system, popular until Panic of 1873
Urban Artisans
Craftworkers unite and demand representation
Steerage
Cramped, low-class compartments on ships that frequently housed immigrants during trans-Atlantic voyages
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Created by Douglas, passed in 1854, created KS and NB territories, PopSov in both, Douglas intended one for slave, one for free
Gustavus Swift
Created meatpacking company Swift & Co., used vertical integration, bought fridge railcars, warehouses, meatpacking plants
Pennsylvania
Dispersed farmsteads due to commercial agriculture and lack of wars against local natives.
Native Americans after Revolution
Displaced by settlers entering frontier, often forced to leave
Operation Ajax
Iran PM Mossadeq seizes UK oil company, US boycotts, fears he will turn to USSR, CIA ousts Mossadeq in coup and reinstates shah in 1953
Dr. Charles W. Macune
Leader of Southern Alliance from 1886, Dr. and lawyer, aimed to expand suballiances into nat'l network of alliance exchanges
John Lewis
Leader of UMW, begins calling for more unions such for steel & auto workers, joined them together under Congress of Industrial Org.s
Asa Philip Randolph & March on Washington
Leader of black worker's union threatens march in 1941 to fight discrimination in skilled jobs in defense industries, gov't
Toussant L'Ouverture
Leader of slave revolt in Haiti, news of his success prompts blacks to demonstrate in American cities
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Legislation banning entry of Chinese laborers
Mann Act (1910)
Legislation banning interstate transport of women for immoral purposes
Keating-Owens Act (1916)
Legislation discourages child labor, preventing goods made by children from crossing state lines, struck down in 1918
Margaret Sanger
NYC nurse who begins fighting for widespread adoption of birth control in 1912 to help poor evade financial burdens of many kids
Election of 1864
Lincoln and Demo Andrew Johnson run under Repubs against Demos and McClellan, Lincoln's victory allows Repubs to push through 13th amendment, keep at the war
Lincoln's assassination
Lincoln assassinated at Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth on 4/14/'65, dies the next day
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Lincoln challenges Douglas to several debates during IL Senate race, gaining him nationwide fame despite losing the election
Log Cabin Campaign
Name for Harrison's presidential campaign, which portrayed him as a down-to-earth guy who lived a frontier life
Port Huron Statement
Hayden & SDS meet at Port Huron in 1962, condemn bureaucratic society, call for face-to-face participatory democracy
Shifts in attitude about slavery during war
Lincoln is cautious for fear of alienating border states, Congress pushes him, Eman Proc released in 9/'62 to weaken Confederate military
Lincoln's Priority to Union
Lincoln is pragmatic, focused on keeping Union alive whether by freeing all slaves or none
Role of Pardons
Lincoln was willing to be generous pardoning Confederate officials and compensating for slaves, to the chagrin of Radical Repubs
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Lincoln's "10% plan", allowed states to establish a gov't free of slavery, with black education, once 10% of pop takes loyalty oath
Terence V. Powderly
Head of KoL from 1879, opened group to all races, religions, genders, wanted peaceful actions, unable to control extremists
3 largest growth industries
Healthcare, education, gov't programs, growth for all three spurred by gov't spending
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay offers to admit Missouri as slave, but prohibited slavery in any states north of Missouri's southern border
"Corrupt Bargain"
Henry Clay uses influence as Speaker of the House to give Adams the vote, Jackson and supporters allege corruption
Protective Tariffs
High tariffs that discourage foreign imports and protect industries instead of generating revenue
Colleges
Higher education appears in colonies with Harvard and Yale, first taught ministers, then lawyers, merchants, doctors, scientists
Highway's effects on cities
Highways direct drivers around cities, intercity rail and mass transit declines, jobs leave city and poor have to commute out of cities to work
West Virginia
Hilly western counties of VA oppose secession (little slavery), secede and join the Union in 6/'63
Minorities
Hispanic, black, other minority veterans disappointed returning to segregated society, begin protesting more vocally for equality
1954 Geneva Conference
Ho Chi Minh agrees to divide Vietnam on 17th parallel until elections held, but Dulles & US ignore it, support S. Viet dictator Ngo Dinh Diem
Women of the Army
Home front women had to manage farms and businesses while raising children, also supported troops by supplying food, bandages, bullets
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Homer Adolph Plessy is arrested after sitting in all-white train car, challenges segregation, Supreme Court rules it is legal if "equal"
Gay Liberation Movement
Homosexuals begin raising consciousness, establishing gay culture, calling to "come out of the closet" in 1960s & 1970s for equal rights
Hoover's approach & history
Hoover's associationalism rallied businesses to help out, ignored, raised taxes, tariffs cause more hurt, no "dole", no relief = more pain
Associationalism
Hoover's economic plan, business & gov't cooperate work in trade assos., to promote cooperation, act in public interest
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee created 1947, looked into Red influence in many places e.g. Hollywood studios
Organization of Slave Labor
House servants often "higher" than field hands, gang system had groups of slaves, task system gave each slave a specific task
"House Divided" Speech
Lincoln's Senate Nomination acceptance speech, stating that Union would not survive half-slave and free- it would go all the way to one
Naturalization Act
Immigrants have to live in U.S. for 14 years instead of 5 in order to become a citizen
Loss of ethnic associations in suburbia
Immigrants in suburbs don't live near others, ethnic lifestyles less pronounced
Immigrant family life
Immigrants marry later, have more children, children have to work, boys go to school while girls work, decisions are for collective good
Migration Chains
Immigrants often rely on networks of family and friends to find work, labor contractors help to link immigrants with work
Ethnic neighborhoods
Immigrants often settle in cities near others from the same home country, despite dynamic nature of neighborhoods
Ellis & Angel Islands
Immigration facilities of New York and San Francisco respectively
Wounded Knee (1973)
AIM under Russel Means, Dennis Banks seize Wounded Knee, but are forced to leave, many Indians don't support their cause
Censoring of Abolitionist mail
Abolitionist pamphlets are burned in South, Jackson allows southern states to censor abolitionist mail
Demographies in 1790
Blacks are 20% of population, very little immigration but high birthrate and 22-year doubling time, population is 95% rural
Camp Meetings
Massive gatherings of worshippers who listen to preachers at camps, Cane Ridge is notable example
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Act that suspended literacy tests, poll taxes for voting, allowed gov't to supervise voting in some Southern districts
Elementary and Secondary School Act (1965)
Act to fund lower-income school districts, giving equipment, money for books, Project Head Start for preschoolers
Marlon Brando & "The Wild One" (1954)
Actor who starred as a biker gang leader in a movie; teenagers imitated his style, clothing, and his challenge of authority
John Quincy Adam's presidency
Adams is not a good politician, could not build public support for his various ambitious projects
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Act barring discrimination in public facilities, authorizing gov't to sue to desegregate, banning discrimination in workplace by race, sex, religion, etc
Economic Opportunity Act (1964)
Act creating Job Corps training pgms, loans to rural families & urban small businesses, domestic Peace Corps (VISTA), Office of Economic Opportunity
Revenue Act of 1935 ("Soak the Rich")
Act hikes taxes on high incomes and inheritances, sharpens attack against well-off
Public Utilities Holding Company Act (1935)
Act limiting size of utility empires in order to limit utility prices
Glass-Stegall Banking Act (1932)
Act prints $2 bil new currency for banks, backed by Federal Reserve bonds
Home Owners' Loan Act
Act provides relief from mortgages in 1934
War Powers Act of 1973
Act requiring that President contract Congress before committing troops, and withdraw them in 60 days unless Congress OK's it
Black Soldiers
After Eman Proc Lincoln allows blacks to serve, 200k do, most were former slaves. Paid less, eventually fought in battle, 40% higher casualty rate than whites
Plantation Colony similarities
All planted one cash crop, needed black slaves whom the owners were dependent on but also feared.
Ostend Manifesto
American diplomats in Ostend, Belgium state in 1854 that should Spain not sell Cuba it should be acquired by force
U.S. Exports & Imports
American exports and imports rise sharply after 1893 depression, suggesting that imperialism was hand in hand with global economy
Migration & Immigration
American farmers and foreign immigrants begin streaming into cities in late 19th century
Winfield Scott
American general who captured Mexico City
Debt
American government and people are in debt from purchasing, borrowing during war, government can't tax to pay it back
Hispanic-Anglo Conflict
American immigrants overwhelm Hispanics, suppressing their culture, lacked skills or resources, reduced to poverty, racism
William Graham Spencer
American in favor of social Darwinism, advocated for hands-off gov't to allow for competition
Attitudes towards Race
Americans attribute differences in culture to innate differences (Indians are born worse) instead of environmental differences
Anxiety
Americans believed that good times would not last, optimism tinged with anxiety, insecurity
High-speed society
Americans move quickly in every part of life
Battle of Camden
Americans under General Gates lose to British, Gates replaced by Greene
Roots of Manifest Destiny
Americans wanted to extend democracy, social and economic systems over the "uncivilized" Indians and Hispanics
Progressive Diplomacy
An attempt to mold international environment under guidance of moralism and order, uplifting & "civilizing" less well-off
Colored Farmers' Nat'l Alliance
Blacks create own alliance in 1886 but remain secret, fearing white reprisals, strike organized in 1891 results in lynching
Haymarket Square Riot of 1886
Anarchists protesting outside McCormick are attacked by police after a bomb goes off, many injured or killed, some begin to fear labor
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie's philosophy that rich should use their wealth for philanthropy
Florida
Andrew Jackson captures Spanish forts in Florida, forcing Spain to cede Florida to U.S. in 1819
Cuba & Fidel Castro
Angry Cubans & Fidel Castro overthrow dictator Batista in 1/1959, but Castro turns Red and begins seizing US properties, US embargoes
Populist Party (1892)
Angry farmers demanding inflation and "loose money" to ease their financial struggles are real force at 1892, '96 elections
Spontaneous Protests
Angry workers occasionally rioted in many cities
Subsistence Incomes
Annual income needed for barest necessities, family of four needed $2k in 1929, but 60% earned under that during Depression
Sylvester Graham
Antebellum dietary reformer who advocated remaining celibate, invented graham crackers
Retreat of the New Deal
Anti-New Dealers end CCC, NYA, FSA, block increase in Social Security, voters support and elect more Repubs in 1942 midterms
Ku Klux Klan
Anti-black paramilitary organization that terrorized blacks and Republicans, founded in TN in 1866, worked with Democratic Party
Nativism
Anti-immigrant and nationalist sentiment
Know-Nothing Platform
Anti-immigrant, anti-catholic, favored increasing naturalization time for immigrants, appealing to native-born workers who faced competition
Incidents @ Columbia, Cornell, U Wisconsin
Antiwar radicals shut down Columbia for a week, seize student union @ Cornell, set off bomb in U WI, alienates public from their cause
Thoreau's Walden (1854)
Argues that true independence is found in nature by living simply, denounced American competition and materialism
White Republicans in South
Around ~25% of southern whites at one point, attracted by Republican policies of rebuilding and infrastructure
Sharecropping
Arrangement where tenant farms on landlord's land, gets share of profit after harvest.
Tenantry
Arrangement where tenant rented landlord's land, owned his own tools and animals, and gave part of crop to landlord after hargest
New working conditions for blacks
Blacks demand freedom and time off, built their own cabins instead of living in slave houses, worked at their own pace, paid wages
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot by Serbian nationalist in 1914, sparking WWI as Russians join Serbs against Austrians
Edward Bellamy
Author whose book Looking Backward (1888) advocates for cooperation and guiding gov't through a futuristic utopian story
Upton Sinclair & The Jungle
Author writes about the horrors and ffenses of meatpacking industry in 1906, including disease, accidents, prompting Congress to act
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Authored in 1828 by vice president John C. Calhoun, outlined theory of nullification, that Constitution was agreement between states and states could nullify what they didn't like
Critics of mass culture & conformity
Authors e.g. David Riesman, William Whyte criticize conformity, materialism, concern of self-image, unambitious organization men
George Whitefield
Awakening preacher from England that electrified crowds with dramatic sermons
Frontier Evangelism
Awakening spreads to frontier through Baptist and Presbyterian congregations
Rock Music & Beatles
Beatles take US by storm in 1964, reintroducing rock and roll to Americans
Black Migration
Blacks leave southern fields for cities, using family migration chains, faced discrimination from employers
1943 Tehran Conference
Big 3 meet in Iran for first time, FDR & Churchill commit to opening 2nd front, Soviets promise attacks on Eastern front, later Japan
1945 Yalta Conference
Big Three meet in Russia in 2/1945, FDR visibly weak, differences begin to show as power vaccums appear in Europe
Bicycling
Biking was leisure activity for middle class men and women alike, before it was used as form of transportation
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
Bipartisan committee created to oversee business activity- appointed by executive, shades of TR's Big Gov't
Independent black churches
Black congregations quickly established, important because they are only major organization in South controlled by blacks, provide refuge in a hostile world
Exodusters
Black families who migrated west to Kansas after Reconstruction
John Coltrane
Black jazz musician and role model of beat generation
African Americans in the Depression
Black jobless # 2x that of whites @ 50% 1932, many face harder situations than whites, often stuck in rural areas
Black Nationalism
Black leaders in North become more confrontational, strongly condemning racist society and slavery
Richard Allen
Black preacher in Philly who founded Bethel Church, open to blacks, in 1794
W.E.B. Du Bois
Black professor at Atlanta Uni, advocated for blacks learning more broadly, wanted equal civil rights
Marian Anderson
Black singer refused from performing for Daughters of American Revolution in 1939.
Racial tensions
Black soldiers disliked segregation at base in Tampa, FL, drunk white soldiers shoot black child, setting off race riots
Houston Riot
Black soldiers harassed by whites and Jim Crow laws riot and kill 17 in Houston in summer 1917, battalion discharged, 13 troops hung
Buffalo Soldiers
Black soldiers in the 9th & 10th Cavalry regiments, Indian opponents compared their hair to bison's, fought Indians, bandits, and also helped homesteaders throughout West
James Meredith
Black student is enrolled in school w/ federal marshal support in 9/1962, mob gathers, attacks marshals, JFK sends in federal troops
Civil rights and veteran rights
Black veterans drive civil rights movements such as NACCP & CORE, pressing for more voting, improved education
Urban Migrations
Blacks and Latinos move into cities, facing low income, dwindling city budgets
Puritan and NA similarity
Both fish, farm, and hunt, and share a local/decentralized authority, with village sachem equivalent to town fathers
Two-faced & sectional campaign
Both parties say different things to North and South, Whigs win because of better support in South (Taylor held slaves)
Muller v. Oregon (1908) & Brandeis Brief
Brandeis defends 10 hr laundress workday, 102 pgs of legal brief discussed harms of overwork on women, only 15 pgs on precedent
War of 1812
British beat U.S. in Canadian (1812-3), Chesapeake (1814) theaters, U.S. beats Indians in South (1813-4) and British in Great Lakes (1813)
Benign Neglect
British did not mind colonies much, trade authority is weak, smuggling rampant, arrangement works out well for both Americans and British merchants
John Maynard Keynes
British economist who proposed "countercyclical" gov't spending in downturns, taxing in good times
Bessemer Process
British-designed process used to cheaply turn iron into steel using blast furnaces, led to widespread adoption of steel
Radio
Broadcasts begin in PA 1920, reporting baseball scores, later used for news, music, comedy, advertising as it entered mainstream life
Grant as Chief of Army of Potomac
Brought east in 3/'64, Grant coordinates armies in East and West to split Confederacy and destroy interior
Corporations
Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock, allowing the owners to raise capital and minimize risk
Role of Race in Imperialism
Imperialists believe whites are superior, could govern Philippines, and would be taught Western values and religion
New Orleans & Memphis
Important port cities for Confederacy on Mississippi River, both captured by Union by June 1862
Bulls, Bears & Speculation
Buying "bulls" win out over selling "bears" in late 1920s prosperity, speculating to send share prices up
Boom & Bust years of cattle kingdom
Cattle boom peaks in early 1880s, investment, bust afterwards due to overgrazing, drought, disease. Open range gone by 1890s, replaced by corporations
General William Westmoreland
Commander of US forces in Vietnam, requests troops to protect US airbases, prompting influx of US combat troops, 500k by war's end
Tenantry & Effects of Commercial FArming
Commercial farms force independent farmers off land or to become tenants, during hard times corporations cut their tenants
Commercial vs. Subsistence on the Constitution
Commercial prefers Constitution, more wide view and were confident in government power while semisubsistence fears concentrated government might step on them
Regulatory commissions
Commissions to examine companies, employing experts often from industries, not always reliable "defenders of the people"
Joint Committee on Reconstruction
Committee led by Sen William Fessenden to look into how to implement Reconstruction, legislation is vetoed by Johnson
Great Britain and Cotton Diplomacy
Confederacy uses cotton to try get recognition (and aid) from England and France, but both do not, cotton from India & Egypt
Robert E. Lee
Confederate army chief '62-'65, aristocratic, audacious in battle, took chances
Espionage & Sedition Acts (1917-18)
Congress passes act delivering harsh penalties for actions hindering war effort or even seen as unpatriotic (e.g. criticism)
Taxation
Congress passes flat tax rate on incomes over $624 (scaled income tax fails in Congress), 4x civilians pay taxes
Effects of energy crisis
Congress prompts electric companies to switch to coal (domestic), orders auto industry to improve efficiency of cars
Readmission as an issue
Congress puts states under military govs, shoves reforms down state's throats in order to accelerate readmission- all states in by 1870
Repeal of Embargo Act
Congress repeals Embargo Act in early 1809
Crime of '73
Congress stops silver coinage, supply of money contracts and economy crashes, bankers accused of conspiring to crash silver
Smith
Connolly Act of 1943-Act gives president authority to seize striking plants, requiring unions to observe "cool-off" period before striking
Fundamentalism
Conservative Protestants favor return to old beliefs and literal interpretation of Bible, opposed adapting religion with "modernism"
Election of 1946
Conservative backlash on economy, shortages & strikes, Repubs gain control of both houses
China
Conservatives push harder for US help in China, "China Lobby" campaigns for aid against Reds, charge Demos w/ letting Reds win
Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
Couple accused of spying for USSR in 1950s, no conclusive evidence, still sentenced to death (harsh!) in June 1953
Griswold v. CT (1964)
Court overturns 1800s law banning sale of contraceptives or providing medical advise about their use
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Court rules districts must be drawn by population, not land area, giving urban areas proportional voice to rural areas
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Court rules that individuals detained for crimes must be informed of charges, their right to remain silent, and their right to an attorney
Vice-Admiralty Courts
Courts without juries and royal judges, prosecuted smugglers
2nd Continental Congress
Delegates from all states meet again in summer of 1775 to discuss independence
Philadelphia Convention
Delegates from states gather to revise the Constitution in May 1787
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Demands that Europeans cease interference in Americas while America will not interfere in affairs of Europeans or their colonies
Andrew Johnson
Demo TN military governor and president 1865-68, opposed planter class but was a racist, supported state's rights, lenient on Confeds
Wilson's New Freedom
Demo's counter to TR, stating bigness was a sin, freedom could only come from limiting size of gov't, business
Democrats and Republicans after war
Democratic Party & South lose political influence to North and Repubs
James Buchanan
Democratic President 1856-60, neutral on KS-NE, experienced politician but uninspiring, cautious
Stephen Douglas
Democratic senator from IL, "Little Giant", skilled negotiator and creator of popular sovereignty
Roosevelt Coalition
Democratic voter base grows to include city immigrants, blacks, poor, labor, and "Solid South"
Mississippi Plan
Democrats decide to win 1875 MI gubernatorial election through terror & force, MI gov requests troops but denied by Grant, preventing 60k repub votes.
Democratic Party and Slavery
Democrats most strongly favor slavery, as many are southerners. Also opposed to granting rights to free blacks.
Election of 1848
Demos & Cass vs. Whigs & Taylor, both parties avoid slavery issue, northern Demos and Conscience Whigs break, join Free Soil & Van Buren, Taylor wins
Election of 1972
Demos & George McGovern run in support of minorities, women, young, anti-war, but silent majority goes to Nixon
Election of 1968
Demos & Hubert Humphrey & George Wallace lose to Repubs & Richard Nixon, who sought support from "silent majority"
Election of 1856
Demos and Buchanan win over American and Filmore and Republicans and Fremont, but Fremont did well off only Northern votes
Election of 1932
Demos and FDR are charismatic, appeal to wide bloc of voters in all classes, Hoover unpopular, landslide victory to Demos coalition
Election of 1916
Demos and Wilson use "He Kept Us Out of War" against Repubs & Hughes, peace sentiment still high and Wilson wins
Compromise of 1877
Demos threaten filibuster over election dispute, on 2/26/'77 Hayes agrees to withdraw troops, not oppose Demo state gov'ts in return for presidency, states fall to Demo Redeemers by '77
Seaports
Dense and clustered, merchants trade rum, fish, grain, etc. to other destinations. Pop. of 8-22k
Psychological Effects
Depression sends Americans to tradition, individualism turns feelings into shame, self-doubt, humiliation, notion that you were responsible
Marriage and Family during Depression
Depression stresses marriages, couples postpone having children, split up, fathers no longer breadwinners, mothers cut costs in home
Human Impact of Depression
Depression was leveller, many from all walks of life lose jobs or get wage cuts, living under subsistence, families fall apart, depression
Attitudes about poverty
Depression's randomness changes poverty attitude from personal responsibility to a public obligation to help
"Hoovervilles"
Depression-era shantytowns filled with homeless, named after President Hoover as people voiced their frustration w/ gov't
Social Mobility
Despite unemployment, wage cuts, some manual laborers enter lower middle class, more workers experience small improvement
Election of 1884
Dirty election, Repub Blaine accused of corruption, Demo Cleveland fathered illegitimate child, Demos labored "rum, romanism, rebellion", gain Irish vote and win
Iron and Steel
Disappointing Southern performance, AL iron is poor-quality, TN begins making iron pipe but is sold to North-controlled company in 1907
Causes of WWI
Discontent in European society, divisions in ethnicity turn nations against each other with nationalism & imperialist racing
Judiciary Act of 1789
Establishes system for judicial branch, 6 supreme court justices, 13 federal district courts and 3 appeals courts
Social conflicts in seaports
Ethnic & religious tensions, class struggle as rich targeted by mobs during hard times, everyone hated tax collectors & impressment officials
Imperialist expansion
European imperial powers and U.S. take and partition Africa, Southeast Asia, and Pacific
Post-war Trade
European imports outcompete American products, buying elt many people in debt, Britain closes its colonial ports to Americans
The Postal System
Extensive and efficient postal system helps in communication for business deals as well as friends and family
J. Edgar Hoover
FBI director who illegally gave McCarthy bits of information to base his outrageous claims off of
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDIC created in 1933, insured bank deposits up to $2500, cut bank failures
FDR's court-packing schemes
FDR "modernizes" courts in 1937 by adding justice for every 10-yr serving justice over 70 yrs old, wanting to pass more New Deal laws
FDR's public relations & fireside chats
FDR & wife Eleanor good @ PR, FDR's "fireside chats" over radio increase confidence, Eleanor speaks nearly as much as husband
Civil Works Administration
FDR creates gov't work program 1933-34 to repair schools, lay sewer pipes, other socially useful tasks, costly but sets precedent
2nd 100 Days
FDR moves gov't to "little left of center", legislative barrage 4-7/1935 to have gov't buffer industrial excesses, protect needy
FDR's 1st 100 Days
FDR signs quick burst of legislation establishing early New Deal pgms, saving bank, balancing budget, increased gov't regulation
The fall of the Big 3
FDR succumbs to cerebral hemorrhage 4/12/1945, Churchill loses election in late 1945, neither would be present for future negotiations
"Roosevelt Recession"
FDR thought too much spending, cuts in 1937, economy quickly tanks, Congress forces him to reinstate stimulus & relief in 1938
New Deal
FDR's widespread collection of relief programs and gov't expansion to help ease Depression, 1933-1938
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FERA created 5/1933, distributing grants to states, cities, local charities to alleviate starvation and other pressing issues
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
FL prisoner appeals his sentence after not being appointed counsel, court rules all citizens are entitled to legal counsel in criminal cases
Resignation of President Nixon
Facing impeachment, Nixon resigns 8/8/1974, replaced by Gerald Ford
Popés Revolt
Famine and smallpox decimates NA tribes, Tewa chief Popé urges a revolt against Spanish in 1680, kicking them out of New Mexico
Spectator sports
Fans of all classes flock to see baseball, boxing, football, idolize sports stars such as Babe Ruth, sports commercialized
Commercial Agriculture
Farmers begin squeezing more of the same crop out of their lands with maximum efficiency, trading yields in a world market
Targets of farmer anger
Farmers suffer from low prices from depressions, tariff, high mortgages & RR rates, blamed bankers, middlemen, manufacturers
Agricultural sector
Farmers valued higher than manufacturing in 1920, supported 1/3 pop, but demand drops and gov't relief removed, farmers suffer
Gold vs. Silver
Farmers want more silver minted, causing more inflation, higher crop prices. Creditors, bankers want gold only, deflation, to maintain debts
Political Nativism
Fear of immigrants and xenophobia leads to movement demanding better treatment of native-born people than immigrants
Political issues in late 19th century
Fear of losing voters on controversial positions kept Congress on lame issues- veteran's benefits, appointments, tariffs, financial policy
Emma Hunt Willard
Female education reformer who established private girl's schools (because they often weren't allowed in public ones)
Feminization of work
Female professionals faced discrimination in many fields, switched to nursing, teaching, library work
Women's Liberation Movement
Feminism takes hold in '60s & '70s as women (veteran protesters) become more vocal, call for equal rights (both political & cultural)
Skyscrapers
Improved strength of steel allows for taller, larger buildings, common in Chicago after destruction of 1871 fire
1975 NYC Bailout request
Ford refuses to grant bailout to near-bankrupt NYC, NY papers print "Ford to City: Drop Dead", political damage to Ford
Georgia
Formed in 1730 to serve as buffer state and a place for "worthy poor" to start a new life. For Protestants only, no slavery or liquor.
Crevecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer
French author who spent time in rural America, wrote about rural life, aversion to aristocratic privilege, land was abundant and population was mostly equal wealth
Dien Bien Phu
French colonial forces in Vietnam are decisively beaten by Communists and Ho Chi Minh in 1954, Ike pulls back from the brink, refusing to intervene
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer who established Quebec, traded and allied with local natives
Charles Gravier de Vergennes
French foreign minister
Exploration of the Mississippi
French know strategic value of river, send La Salle down the river and begin to ally with local tribes
Louis XIV and French Focus
French launch many wars during Louis XIV's reign, desiring empire, prompting English to pursue their own through colonies
pays d'en haut
French name for Great Lakes region
French Revolution
French overthrow and behead their king, Repubs lean toward neutrality but Feds horrified by French "mob" state
XYZ Affair
French raid American ships, French negotiators demand a bribe before even talking in 1797, lead to anti-French sentiment
Fur Trade
French trade European beads, tools, textiles, for otter and beaver furs to send back to Europe
Slavery in Chesapeake & Lower South
Massive slave plantations and task system in Carolinas, "nation within nation", Chesapeake plantations were smaller and more actively managed
"Black Cabinet"
Gov't integration begins under FDR, black experts enter administration
Implied Powers
Government has power to create all laws "necessary and proper"
Lord Dunmore
Governor of VA, declared in November 1775 that all slaves who joined the British would get freedom
Income Tax & 16th Amendment
Graduated income tax adopted on richest Americans & corporations, represents shift in funding from tariffs to taxes
Billy Graham and Televangelism
Graham and other preachers use 1800s revivalist tactics on TV, getting nat'l fame and spreading traditional values
Rivers
Grant focuses attack on rivers in order to gain control of Confederate interior, capturing river forts, gaining control of KY, TN
Grant Administration
Grant is not forceful, lacked moral commitment to Reconstruction, too loyal to friends, which led to corruption blossoming.
Appomattox Courthouse
Grant meets Lee on 4/9/'65, who surrenders there, ending war
Siege of Vicksburg
Grant pillages farmland surrounding MI river stronghold, starving city into submission, capturing it 7/4/'64
Evaluating the Great Society
Great Society programs may not have done as much as general prosperity, but was high-water mark of interventionist gov't
League of Women Voters
Group of women voters encouraged informed voting with nonpartisan publicity
Counterculture
Groups of young who felt culture too materialistic, shallow, moved towards drugs, music, spiritual rebirth
Urban Transportation
Growing cities needed better transportation systems such as subways, streetcars
Consequences of Prohibition
Hard liquor becomes popular, bootlegging & gang violence, but does successfully reduce consumption in poor
Corruption & Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding administration officials often bribed, corrupt, Interior Sec Fall convicted of accepting bribes for leasing oil rights
Calvin Coolidge
Harding's VP, president 1923-1928, quiet, believed in minimalist gov't and pro-business policy, worshipping wealth
Normalism
Harding's policies of normal procedure, little disruptive action by presidents, cautious pro-business policy
Congressional Reconstruction
Hardline reconstruction programs passed by Congressional Repubs over Johnson's veto, time extended from 1867 to 1877
Jefferson Davis' Leadership
Hardworking but poor-tempered, interfered with military matters but couldn't formulate an actual strategy
Timothy Leary, drugs, & LSD
Harvard prof. Leary advocates use of drugs to reach higher state of consciousness & freedom, inc. psychedelic LSD
William James & Pragmatism
Harvard psychologist popularizes result- & consequence-based thinking
Brooklyn Bridge
Massive steel suspension bridge crossing East River in NYC, costing $15 million, 13 years to build, opened 1885
Transcontinental Railroad's Terminus
IL Senator Stephen Douglas wants Chicago to be railroad's eastern terminus, requiring lands of LA Purchase to be organized
Chicago
IL city, becomes western railroad trade hub, linking Midwest farms to New York and rest of East
Idealism
Idealism (and reform movements, perfectionism, etc.) destroyed by war's carnage, replaced by cynicism, practicality, order
James Oglethorpe
Idealistic British general who wanted to create a place for the "worthy poor" to settle.
"Clean for Gene"
Idealistic college students shave, cut hair in support of Eugene McCarthy and canvass NH for supporters
Roots of the Cold War
Ideological gap between US & USSR, fear of Reds, reaction to quick expansion after WWII
Assimilation of immigrants
Immigrant adults clung to tradition, acculturated slowly, children more likely to adjust but face isolation from their communities
Conditions in Europe
Immigrants fled Irish potato famine in 1845 and failed liberal revolutions in continental Europe, some lost jobs in Europe or were persecuted
Eastern Theater
McClellan "has the slows", fights poorly against Confederates and Lee, replacements fare even worse
Ida Tarbell
McClure investigative reporter, published History of the Standard Oil Company in 1902, accusing Standard Oil
Variety of Indian Cultures
Indian tribes vary depending on setting, some farm, some hunt in forests, others fish on coast
Annual Fires
Indians set fires to keep prairie free of trees, farmers stop that, trees reappear on uncultivated land
Economic situation of Indians
Indians severely impoverished, 3x nat'l unemployment, alcoholics, low life expectancy on reservations
Church Membership
Individuals convinced churches that they had undergone conversion in order to join
Reasons for Industry's Rise
Industries process commercial agri. goods (textiles, flour milling), use of steam power, factory system spreads to other areas
Space Program
JFK believes space is final frontier, challenges US to get man to moon by 1970, John Glenn circles earth in 2/1962
JFK's Military Buildup
JFK builds, distributes more missiles against Soviet 1st strike, in bunkers & subs, 1961 military budget jumps 15% (usually 2%)
JFK's pragmatic realism
JFK is pragmatic, working w/ business to grow econ, draws help from skilled experts, counteracted USSR while not provoking war
Lyndon Baines Johnson
JFK's VP, from TX, but passes Civil Rights & Voting Rights Acts, Great Society programs
Jackson & The Presidency
Jackson enlarges power of presidency in various ways including using the veto to kill bills he didn't like
Paternalism
Jackson promises in 1837 farewell address that the "paternal care" of the government would keep them safe. Indians still abused.
Removal of BUS deposits
Jackson removes all federal deposits in BUS and moves them to smaller state banks, unconstitutional move
Election of 1824
Jackson wins most popular vote but no electoral majority, House of Reps votes for John Quincy Adams
Specie Circular
Jackson's decree that the government would only accept specie (gold & silver, not paper money) for purchases of gov't land
Lincoln Steffens
McClure reporter investigating bribery, kickbacks between political machines and business in various cities starting starting in
Europe
Mechanization, civil unrest, poverty drive peasants from especially Southern, Eastern Europe across Atlantic in search of work
Van Buren's Presidency
Jackson's handpicked successor, elected 1836 but bad financial policy exacerbates Depression of 1837
Roger Taney
Jackson's new Treasury Secretary and future chief justice, willing to break law to carry out Jackson's orders
Second Party System
Jacksonian Democrats square off against Clay and Adam's National Republicans
Tobacco and cigarettes
James Bonsack's cigarette-rolling machine allows for mass-produced cigarettes, tobacco industry booms, consumption quadruples
Northern Securities & J.P. Morgan
Justice Department sues Northern Securities for monopolizing RRs in 1902, TR refuses to let Morgan "fix it up" privately
LBJ's "Great Society" & "War on Poverty"
LBJ seeks to create society to eliminate racism & poverty, protect the people, inc. anti-poverty, education, civil rights
LBJ's withdrawal from 1968 election
LBJ unsuccessfully tries to begin negotiations but stuns public, announcing on 3/31/1968 that he would not seek reelection
Gay & Lesbian communities
LGBT communities flourish in anonymity of cities, often disguised as clubs, medical community condemns homosexuality as a condition
League of United Latin American Citizens
LULAC consists of native-born or naturalized Latinos (middle-class), opposed repats but also wanted immi. restriction (help Latinos in US)
Robert La Follete & Wisconsin
La Follete gov of WI in 1900, laws on RRs, cleaned up civil service, held direct primaries, state income tax, state labor commission
Frances Perkins
Labor secretary in FDR admin, helped more women enter gov't in NRA, Social Security, other relief programs
Women workers
Labor shortage leads factories to call on women to join workforce, more than third by 1945, various ages, overturned stereotypes
Free Blacks in the North
Lacked civil & political rights, most lived in poverty. Segregation common, many blacks were unskilled laborers or servants
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Large Black congregation formed in 1816, grew to 20k members in 1856
Diversification
Large corporations begin going into many areas and international markets, becoming conglomerates
New Political Culture
Large number of Americans begin to pay attention to politics and express their views and opinions in elections
Department stores
Large outlets market various goods in departments, "democratized luxuries" with payment plans, taught families how to live "proper"
Environmental Damage
Large scale mining leaves lots of holes, debris, destabilizes hillsides (loss of vegetation) leading to landslides
Commercial Agriculture
Large, monoculture farms alter the prairie environment, removing the tall grassland
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Last Reconst legislation, banning discrimination in public areas, transportation, juries. Desegregation not enforced, struck down in 1883
Sources of Southern Poverty
Later industrialization, lack of engineers and experienced workers, lack of education, isolated labor market shuts South away from everyone else, poor b/c of little outside investment
Mexican-Americans & New Deal
Latinos culturally discouraged from seeking aid or unfamiliar with claim procedure, some fear deportation, most are farm workers (excluded)
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Law allowing land to be distributed to Indians who left their tribes, crippling tribal culture and exposing Indian land to white purchase
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Law bars price discrimination, holding companies, other anti-competitive business practices
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Law creates regulatory commission on railroads, requiring companies to publicly list rates, prohibits price discrimination
Mergers
Lax regulation allows massive mergers and oligopolies to form in steel, meatpacking, etc., nat'l chains replace mom & pop stores
Captain John Smith
Leader of Jamestown until 1609, was able to establish order among the starving, squabbling settlers.
Senator William Fessenden
Leader of Moderate Repub bloc in Congress and chairman of Joint Committee on Reconstruction
Malcolm X
Leader of Nation of Islam, former gambler & prisoner, militant who advocated separation of blacks from white society
Blacklists
Lists of names filled with labor agitators, companies refused to hire those workers
Removal of Oñate
Loses position of 1606 and accused of mismanaging colony and abusing the natives
Immigration & Birthrate
Lots of Africans (5 times), Scots-Irish, Germans, others fleeing persecution bolstered by a birthrate 3 times of today
Slums & Tenements
Low income residents lived in filthy, overcrowded, poorly built apartment buildings in poorest part of city
Stability in New England
Lower mortality rates keep adult generations alive, each family owned land and used it to establish authority over children
MA Education
MA leads in # of schools, requiring all towns with 500+ pop to have one. 1/3 of all high schools in 1860 were in MA
Shays' Rebellion
MA veteran Daniel Shays leads local farmers and militia and marches on Springfield in protest over farmers' crushing debt
Assassinations of MLK & RFK
MLK shot in Memphis 4/4, triggering mass riots, RFK shot in CA 6/5, splintering liberal movement and causing lots of cynicism
Dred Scott
MO slave who was taken to free land in IL and WI Territory, after his return he claimed he should be free, case reached Supreme Court
Mann's Education Reforms
Mann persuades MA to create state board of edu., get minimum-length school year, train teachers, required subjects
Lockouts
Manufacturers locked out protesting workers from plants
Acceleration of suburban trend
Many GIs are richer after education, gov't help, accelerates shift to primarily middle-class nation
Pattern of Reform
Many Progressive movements begin with uplifting needy, entrance of middle-class women, then expanding reach of movement
Great Migration
Many Puritan families leave from 1630-42, fearing persecution. Immigrants share common past, common religion
Politics of paralysis
Margin of power is razor thin, Repubs & Demos share presidency and Congress roughly equally
Middle Class
Market economy allows non-manual workers (clerks, shopkeepers, etc.) to be paid more, allowing them better housing, education
Stock Market
Markets such as NYSE help link investors to firms needing capital
Women's Rights in New England
Married women had no control of property, unable to sue, sign contracts, own property, almost no divorcing, no vote. Did have a vote in many churches
Promotion of Enterprise
Marshall's Supreme Court was aggressive in protecting enterprise to help the growing economy
King Phillip's War
Masasoit's son Metacom leads NAs against Puritans, raiding settlements and even attacking Plymouth
Impact of Mass Society
Mass media causes rapid loss of regional/immigrant culture. instead modern national trends, free love, independent women, impersonality
Consumer society
Mass-produced cheap goods let city become a marketplace, higher consumption, habits radiate out of cities, level society
Bonanza Farms
Massive (1k+ acre) wheat farms in more arid Northern plains, quickly outcompeted smaller farmers, used hired labor and tenantry like South
Gore of War
Massive casualties in war hardens outlook of soldiers, 10s of thousands of casualties in battle
Birthrate & Marriage Rate
Men married later and family size declined (cost more to have more children), urban people especially began using abortions
Slave reproduction
Men to women balances out, more slaves can have families and children, less tensions between slaves
Commercial Economy
Merchants, commercial farmers, and artisans traded goods by water, trade centered in ports
Tasmanian Dodge
Method of stealing and premarking ballots to rig elections
Holocaust & US response
Methodical, brutal extremination of Jews by Nazis, US doesn't take refugees b/c anti-Semitic Asst. Sec. of State Breckinridge Long
Contraceptives and abortion
Methods of contraception appear in spite of reformers against it, abortion is outlawed in many states in 1880s but continues illegally
LULAC & GI Forum
Mexican groups challenging civil rights system in 1950s by proving that they were unequal, despite being white
Mexican Americans
Mexican immigration expands in years prior to 1920, some are illegal, from fleeing Mexican revolution, flock to US during labor shortage
Rancheros
Mexican ranchers who had large holdings in CA and NM, used Indians as laborers
Tenant Wars
Mid-Atlantic settlers revolt against proprietor control in 1740s, 1757
Middle-class life
Middle class families continued to have women working in the home, home served as status symbol
Women's Organizations
Middle class women form groups to push for schools, temperance, child labor laws, and begin to extend to politics, woman suffrage
League for the Protection of the Family
Middle class women form league to keep children out of work, advocating for compulsory education and others
Managerial Elite
Middle managers favored efficiency, stability, scientific management over risk-taking, working up ladders vs. making it rich e.g. Carnegie
National Farmers' Alliance
Midwest and Plains join with Southern alliances in 1890, making a national movement, parallel People's Party formed
Industrial Workers of the World
Militant labor union that struck and threatened attacks on companies, raided by federal agents, union destroyed
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Militant, younger activist group founded out of sit-in activists
Blacklisting
Mill owners kept lists of rebellious workers who instigated strikes
Western Federation of Miners
Miner's union attracting 50k members after 1893, known for militancy, but helped work mining into industry
Coeur d'Alene Strike (1892)
Miners sought better wages, strike in Coeur d'Alene, ID in 1892, 7 miners killed as troops crush strike
Environmental costs of Industrialization
Mining, logging, factories led to deforestation, contaminated waterways and pollution, altered topography
Identity Politics
Minorities forge identities independent of US mainstream, e.g. black nationalists, Latinos, Native Americans, gays
Minorities and Suburbs
Minorities often can't afford suburban living and many suburbs closed to them, black "suburbs" from prewar, run-down shantytowns
John Eliot
Minsiter who began preaching in Algonquian and established "praying towns" for converted NAs
Great Flood of 1927 and gov't response
Mississippi overflows in 1927, flooding KS & MO to LA, Herbert Hoover links private agencies to provide relief for disaster
Missouri Crisis of 1819
Missouri would balance north-south Senator count if it became a slave state but it was going to become free
John Ross
Mixed-blood Cherokee chief who advocated for assimilation into white society
Red Scare
Mobs & federal officials attack Socialist, Communist parties in 1919 after post-war unemployment raises tensions, stokes fear of attack
Progressive system of beliefs
Moderate, wanted to tweak, not overthrow system, blamed wrongdoing on products of society, environment, result-based
Credit & Interest Rates
Money plentiful, high corporate interest rates lead to more lending than reinvesting in factories. Lending drives stocks, margin reqs low
Capital
Money that can be used to invest
Role of Government
More people believe that the government was responsible for relieving distress and maintaining prosperity
Reconstruction State Constitutions
More state officials could be elected, abolished property requirements for officeholding, established schools, gave black males the vote
Nauvoo, IL
Mormon community that rapidly grows to 10,000 pop., 2nd largest city in IL, angry neighbors force out Mormons in 1846
Mormons in Utah
Mormons settle Salt Lake City in 1847 under Brigham Young, establish State of Deseret (theocracy), allow polygamy
Crop Lien System
Mortgage put on crops, where tenants can borrow with first pick on the crops as credit.
Paternalism
Most Progressives (often middle class) wished to impose their solutions of what the "un-enlightened poor" thought
Composition of Legislatures
Most colonial legislatures had rich, connected Easterners in control and disliked Western, less civilized representatives
Occupations of Slaves
Most commonly fieldhands, only 10% urban, some were servants or artisans
Jazz
Music becomes popular in clubs across nation, blending various traditional African American music styles
Success of NRA
NRA codes voluntary, hard to enforce, often included discrimination, businesses don't grow, Supreme Court rules NRA oversteps power
National Recovery Administration
NRA controls corporations, establishing codes of fair practices, min wages, max hours, union rights. Voluntary, poor enforcement
Engele v. Vitale (1962)
NY public school students required to recite prayer, school prayer struck down by Court as violating separation of church & state
National Youth Administration
NYA gives jobs to young people, created in 1935 Emergency Relief Appropriation ACt along with WPA
American Railway Union
National group of railway workers that struck along with Pullman workers in 1894, leader Eugene Debs was imprisoned
Greenwich Village
Neighborhood of New York City home to various artists and writers, especially in 1920s
New Jersey & Women's Vote
New Jersey mistakenly allows women to vote in state constitution until 1807
Native Captives in NM
New Mexico's 2500 pop. included NAs from slave raids
Financing WWI
New income taxes passed, "Liberty" & "Victory" war bonds sold, with heavy advertising from celebrities, politicians
U.S.S. Monitor & C.S.S. Virginia
New iron-clad warships tested in battle in March 1862
Middle Management
New managers required to handle operations of track, adopted "tree" of management and other systems
National Republicans
New party formed by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay after the 1824 election
Vaudeville shows
New shows with acrobat acts, comedy, etc. drawing from circuses and minstrel shows, catering to working-class
Sewers & Water
New techniques for sewage and water purification, including flush toilet, help improve hygiene in cities
"New Woman"
New woman of 1920s wears less clothing, smoked & drank & socialized freely, unbuckled galoshes = "flappers"
Dumbbell Tenements
New, efficient tenements invented by James E. Ware in 1879, have ventilation shafts in "handle", but get filled with trash, fire hazard
SALT I (1972)
Nixon & Brezhnev sign in May 1972, agree to limit deployment of ICBMs and development of anti-ICBMs
Detente & Linkages
Nixon & Kissinger ease tensions w/ USSR thru negotiations, linking arms race (less nukes) to Vietnam (end to prevent nuke usage)
Resignation of Spiro Agnew
Nixon VP Spiro Agnew accused of accepting bribes, resigns office, replaced by Gerald Ford under 25th Amendment
Nixon's Supreme Court appointees
Nixon appoints justices more in favor of conservative agenda, Southern strategy, hostile towards civil rights, reverses Warren court
Nixon's New Federalism
Nixon believes gov't is too big, New Federalism gives block grants to states, localities for them to handle their own issues
Senator Robert A. Taft
OH sen., son of William Howard Taft, favored conservatism, wanting to dismantle New Deal and rest of liberal agenda
"Okies"
OK residents migrating to CA, faced discrimination from CA's white residents, few migrants find work, set up poor camps
Francis Scott Key
Observed bombardment of Fort McHenry and wrote Star Spangled Banner
Gibbons v. Odgen (1824)
Odgen's NY-wide steamboat monopoly is struck down, letting government regulate interstate commerce
Office of War Mobilization
Office established 1943 which controlled raw materials and production allowing for quick conversion of industries both large & small
Structure of State Gov'ts
Often had seriously weakened or no executive, served as test of viability of republics
Niagara Movement
Organization founded in 1905 by WEB Du Bois and other black elite who protested civil rights abuses, opposed conciliation
NAACP
Organization of white & black reformers est. 1909 who fought for equal opportunity & rights in South, challenging Jim Crow laws
Immigration Restriction League
Organization that attacked Catholics, other immigrants for subverting democracy, taking jobs, polarizing society
YMCA & Salvation Army
Organizations to help immigrants and poor, American branches founded often by evangelists
Samuel Gompers
Organized AFL from skilled craft unions, horizontally organized workers in the nation
David Wilmot's Proviso
PA rep proposes in 8/'46 to bar slavery from ANY and ALL territory acquired from Mexico (to keep slavery and blacks out)
Economic competition from Asia
Pacific Rim economies of Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, etc. challenge US manufacturing with lower wages, jobs flow out
American Indian Movement
Pan-Indian group created in 1968, angered at problems of urban Indians, seized Wounded Knee & Alcatraz to raise awareness
Democrats
Party formed by Andrew Jackson and his supporters after the 1824 election
Communist Party
Party has 20k members in 1932, not powerful political force, Marxist collectivism turns off Americans
Federalist Failures
Party of the well-born, old-school, quasi-British, is increasingly unpopular
Socialist Labor Party
Party stressing class conflict, workers controlling production, popular among some intellectuals and immigrants, seen as radical
Jeffersonian Republicans
Party supporting Jefferson's belief in a small republican government and a country centered on agriculture
Twelth Amendment
Passed 1804, electors vote seperately for president and vice president
Federalists
People who support the Constitution
Middle Passage
Perilous Atlantic crossing where slave ships loaded hundreds into inhumanely crowded quarters, 15% mortality rate
Personal debt
Personal debt rises 2.5x faster than personal income during 20's, attitude was "good times here to stay"
Minstrelsy
Popular minstrel shows of the 1830s-40s portrayed free blacks as idiots who couldn't cope with freedom, assured viewers that whites were superior to blacks
Darker side of Populism
Populist rhetoric was violent, spoke of conspiracies, in favor of heavy immigration restriction
James Weaver & Election of 1892
Populists & Weaver gain a million votes, got govs, senators, reps, Democrats use intimidation to hurt Southern populists (anti-black)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
President 1933-1945, launched New Deal relief programs to ease Depression, brought sense of hope into nation even during war
John F. Kennedy
President 1960-1963, charismatic & young yet pragmatic, Catholic, created Peace Corps, handled Cuba
Ford's pardon of Nixon
President Ford pardons Nixon to "move on" from Watergate, but nation is cynical b/c Nixon will never face charges
Booker T. Washington
Presses accommodation of prejudice, instead blacks should improve through labor and education, establishes Tuskegee Institute
Senator William Fulbright
Previously a supporter of war & proponent of Tonkin Resolution, later becomes vocal opponent of US policy in Congress
Limits of Progressive Reform
Progressive reformers often saddled by overregulation or corporate infiltration, nativism or racism
Modern means of Progressivism
Progressive tactics involve using new industrial techniques of organization, management, science to push their changes
Diffuse aims of Progressives
Progressives advocate for civil service reform, trustbusting, social welfare, temperance, nativism, consumer protection
Progressives & Executive Branch
Progressives don't trust easily-bribed legislators, prefer to strengthen executive branch and elect progressive mayors, governors
Voluntary organizations
Progressives found groups advocating general causes (protection of consumers, women) or more focused (anti-drinking, diseasE)
Aims of Progressives
Progressives sought to improve various parts of society through government, using modern-day organization, science, management
Wendell Phillips
Prominent Bostonian abolitionist
John L. O'Sullivan
Prominent Democratic editor in New York who coined the term "manifest destiny"
John Dewey
Prominent Progressive & Educator, believed environment shaped thought, classes were more freeform and relaxed
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
Prominent abolitionists who jumpstart women's rights movement, organize Seneca Falls convention
Washington Gladden & Applied Christianity (1886)
Prominent minister that stated that church must be responsible for correcting social injustices
Anti-Imperialists
Prominent people and others oppose imperialism, fearing need of expensive fleet, Asian politics, introduction of Filipinos into labor force
Negative response to widening of war
Protests erupt against Cambodia invasion, Kent State tragedy, march on Washington, Congress repeals Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Freedmen's Bureau
Provided food and supplies for war refugees and settled freedmen on abandoned lands, courts could resolve disputes between freedmen and others, could establish schools
Baron Fredrich von Stueben
Prussian military officer who joins Americans at Valley Forge and trains them into an effective fighting force
Public's response to court-packing
Public dislikes tampering with symbol, few believe 70 yrs = infirm & poor efficiency, more conservative Demos revolt
Spoils System
Public office was awarded to political supporters which would prevent bureaucrats feeling entitled to their posts
Domestic Labor Sources
Rural Americans begin moving from farms after bad harvests and mechanization, did better because they could speak English
Robert Owen
Scottish industrialist that wanted a socialist society that balanced agriculture and manufacturing to balance character
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
Sea powers of world agree to stop battleship construction for 10 years, limit naval tonnage, 5-Power Agreement is 1st-ever disarming
George C. Marshall
Secretary of State in 1947, proposes Marshall Plan for economic recovery in Europe
William Jennings Bryan
Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson, resigns in 1915
Missouri
Secured by the Union after Battle of Pea Ridge in 3/'62 but plagued by guerilla warfare
Caning of Charles Sumner
Senator Sumner makes "Crime against Kansas" speech in May '56, insulting SC sen Andrew Butler, nephew rep. Preston Brooks attacks him with cane
Popular Sovereignty
Sens. Lewis Cass (MI) and Stephen Douglas (IL) say states and territories get to choose, ambiguous about when
Federalist Papers
Series of essays written in 1787-88 by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay promoting Constitution's checks and balances
Executive power
Seriously reduced, belief was that an elected legislature was less likely to abuse power than one individual
Indentured servants
Servants bound to an owner for a certain length term
Maroon colonies
Settlements of escaped slaves, often were discovered, returned to slavery
Bear Flag Revolt
Settlers around Sacramento, CA declare independence in 6/'46, quickly put down
White Frontier Society
Settlers faced sparse, spartan conditions, families built log cabins and moved westward regularly. Young subsistence farmers took their place.
Challenges of the West
Settlers flow westward but face poor infastructure, British, natives
Berlin Airlift
Spring 1948-1949 Stalin blockades Berlin after W. Germany plans, Truman doesn't fight, approves cargo plane shipments into sectors
Poor Whites
Squatted and farmed on undesirable lands, poor, malnourished, lower 5%, not respected, "crackers"
Gabriel Prosser
Slave blacksmith recruited hundreds of slaves to march on Richmond in 1800, betrayed, captured, executed
Lecompton Constitution
Slave delegates in Lecompton, KS draft a constitution making slavery legal in June '57, voters could not oppose slavery provision
Slave Codes
Slave system was more rigid, outlawing marriage w/ whites, slaves did not receive protection from abuse and got more punishment for hurting whites, promoted racism
Border States
Slaveholding states that didn't secede, necessary for their men, industrial output, transportation networks, and strategic location
Expansion of Slavery
Slavery follows cotton planters as they settle on western lands, MI, AL, and into TX
Slavery as a Peculiar Institution
Slavery is abolished everywhere else in the world but the southern U.S.
Mexico and Slavery
Slavery is abolished in Mexico in 1829, causing tensions with slaveholding Americans in TX
Distribution of Slavery
Slavery is confined to states south of PA and OH river by 1820, most common in Deep South (40%+ slaves)
Abolition Efforts
Slaves are freed in North, some Upper South states free them before the cotton boom
Transition to Slavery
Slaves became more profitable as life expectancy increased, children were also slaves, indent. immigration was falling as slave trade grew
Slavery in Caribbean
Slaves densely populated on sugar islands, white masters fear revolt
Labor, health, housing for the enslaved
Slaves often housed in poor condition, with little clothing or amenities. Masters don't pay much for healthcare, life expectancy low
Slavery in Occupied South
Slaves themselves challenge white authority and claim more freedom long before federal troops enter area
South Carolina Slavery
Slaves used to have relative independence but lost it due to rice cultivation and fear of slave revolt
Resistance to Slavery
Slaves were lazy, faked illness, left and escaped to seaports. Rare uprising
Three-Fifths Compromise
Slaves would count for 3/5 of a person in population calculations
John Slidell diplomacy
Slidell dispatched, Polk offers $2 mil for land up to Rio Grande, $25 mil for CA, Slidell is rejected
Conglomeration
Small corporations become big as they branch into numerous different businesses
Molly Maguires
Small group of Irish terrorists who disrupted corporations with arson & murder, vanished after some members were tried & executed
Eugene V. Debs
Socialist presidential candidate, former union organizer, won a million votes in 1912, peak of power
Upton Sinclair
Socialist runs for CA gov, favored confiscating idle land & factories, opposing Republicans paint him as a Bolshevik
Democratic Ideology
Society is conflict between people (farmers, workers) and merchants (bankers & investors), keep the market but less competition and inequality caused by banks
War in Cuba
Soldiers ill-equipped, face poor logistics, race riots, beat Spanish after navy is destroyed, war finishes up in 4 months
Camp Life
Soldiers spend little time in battle, mostly in camp with disease, poor supplies, very little medical knowledge, drinking, gambling, prostitution common
Economic issues as sectional issues
Some southerners believe cotton will support their economy if they secede, Northerners desire federal aid but are opposed by Demos, flock to Repubs
Methods of disenfranchisement
Some states require literacy tests or poll taxes, ruling out both blacks and opposition-leaning poor whites, spreads across all of South
Cesar Chavez
Son of Mexican farmer, forced to move from place to place in CA, later forms United Farm Workers union for migrant farm workers
Relations between NE, S, and W
South and West become suppliers of raw materials to industrialized Northeast
Regional crops
South grows cotton, West grows wheat, East switches to grazing, fruit, vegetables, or dairy
Southern Advantages
South has "home field advantage" in tough terrain, the need to only hold out until the Union gives up, cultural/emotional desire to fight
Environmental Realities of the South
South is heavily forested, wetlands common, not much of land was cultivated, and stagnant water lets disease spread fast
Southern Economic Dependence
South needs North for shipping, banking, etc. and Northern merchants profit off charging fees through that process
Compromise of 1850
Stephen Douglas rams each of Clay's proposals thru Congress individually, garnering enough votes to secure all by 9/'50
Split in Democratic Party
Southern Demos enraged when PopSov is adopted as 1860 platform, walk out and adopt federal slave code platform
Segregation
Southern Demos use laws separating blacks as an inferior caste in public gathering places in order to maintain social superiority of whites
Backcountry Warfare
Southern backcountry is divided between rebel and loyalist militias, who pillage, torture
Savannah
Southern city falls to British with Loyalist support in 1779
Britain's Southern Strategy
Southern colonies are more strategically important, profitable, with backcountry Loyalists
Textiles
Southern cotton mills boom, employing whole families, including children. At first, not competitive with Northern, European mills
Timber
Southern forests overchopped, often exported to North instead of being processed into more valuable goods, leaving South poorer. Common black employment
Corruption
Southern officials get bribes for contracts, grants end up increasing tax rate. Corruption prominent in all gov'ts but exaggerated in Radicals
Fire-Eaters
Southern radical secessionists
Southern Rural Life
Southerners enjoy hunting, cockfighting, group work and socializing, going to town, etc.
Southern Isolation
Southerners fear "Black Republicans", faced loss of profitability, needed more slave states to preserve political power
Mexican immigration
Southwest economy based on Mexican labor, immigrants settle in cities on rail lines and served as laborers on large farms, railroads
Appointments & Spoils System
Spoils system "on steroids", faithful party supporters got jobs regardless of qualification, leading to scandals
Evangelical Protestantism
Spreading of Protestantism to bring everyone to his or her salvation, in line with American individualism
Juvenile delinquency
Teen culture begins to form, middle class teens exposed to style of lower classes, begin smoking, dressing, etc. like them to anger of adults
African Americans in South
Tenants kicked out b/c mechanization, black move to inner city as low-paying jobs disappear, filled by whites
Wounded Knee (1890)
U.S. army stops revival for fear of uprisings, attacking Sioux at Wounded Knee in 12/1890, killing 146 men, women, and children
Commercial factors for imperialism
U.S. businesses such as fruit and sugar corporations had plantations in other territories, corporations selling goods overseas
"Open Door" policy in China
U.S. doesn't want China partitioned, wishes to keep trade open throughout various European spheres in China
Inventions
U.S. experiences rapid rate of creation after Civil War, 500k patents awarded 40 years after war
Agricultural ladder
The notion that a laborer could, through hard work and penny pinching, work his way up until he owned land. False due to debt peonage
Paternalism
The notion that slavery is necessary because slaves needed care from a benevolent white master
Zimmermann Telegram
UK intercepts msg from German foreign minister to ambassador in Mexico, promising money & arms in war against US
Science and war
UK, US scientists develop tools e.g. sonar & radar, weapons e.g. proximity fuses, blood plasma & medicines to combat diseases, nuclear fission
Bracero program
US & Mexican gov'ts collaborate to allow Mexican laborers to work in US for improved conditions to offset wartime labor shortages
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
Treaty ends 1st Sioux War, moving tribes into reservations in OK and SD Black Hills
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Treaty outlawing war among major nations, named after Sec of State Frank Kellogg, ineffective, no method of enforcement
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty signed in Ghent, Belgium in December 1814, achieved almost nothing in impressment and trade issues
Core Indian Values
Tribes are small, classless, communal decisionmaking, all shared a reverence for nature and its preservation
Virginia Plan
Tripartite government with bicameral legislature, proportional representation, congressionally appointed executive
Loyalty Review Board
Truman appoints board 3/1947, couldn't examine all gov't workers, supervisors had to examine workers, frequently abused
Truman's political differences
Truman can't implement agenda after 1948, blocked by conservative Demos & Repubs, could only preserve FDR's reforms
Election of 1952
Truman doesn't run, Demos & Adlai Stevenson loses to Repubs & former General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Election of 1948
Truman faces defeat, New Deal crumbles, progressives & Wallace, Dixiecrats & Thurmond split, barely beats Repubs & Dewey
1945 Potsdam Summit
Truman meets with Churchill, Stalin, Germany to be demilitarized, USSR's zone would pay reparations
Soviets & Nukes
Truman responds to Red nukes by accelerating development of deadlier Hydrogen bomb, heavily funding NATO
Harry Truman- "Give 'em hell, Harry"
Truman retaliates w/ popular opinion, going on speech marathon condemning Congress as reactionaries who "do nothing" for people
"Get tough" with Soviets
Truman turns on USSR after Stalin declares it's preparing itself for wars against capitalism, policy switches away from "babying"
Truman Doctrine
Truman's notion that US must protect all "free people" threatened by Communism in order to preserve American way of life
Trunk Lines
Trunk lines link up small railroad lines into large networks
Distress signals for depression
Unions destroyed, farmer's purchasing power slides as demand falls and 1927 flood wrecks MI river region economy, Europe in debt
Union desires
Unions wanted better pay, hours, and working conditions
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Upholds constitutionality of BUS, boosts federal power to help regulate the economy through BUS
U.S. investments in Latin America under Taft
Upon Taft leaving office in 1913 half of US investments abroad were in Latin America
Urban & Labor Tensions
Urban resources strained, poor housing, slums are crime- and alcohol-ridden, native-born Americans blame immigrants for driving down wages
Graft
Use of political power for personal gain, cheating the public considered "honest graft" by city bosses
Mass Electioneering
Use of various political campaigning tactics to increase one's popularity and harm the image of opponents
Telegraphs
Used for communications in Grant's forces, to quickly relay information including trroop movements
Stephen Austin
Uses grant from Mexican gov't to establish American town on Brazos River in TX in early 1820s
Gas & water socialism
Utilities fell under control of municipalities by progressive mayors to prevent runaway costs, first in Cleveland 1901, then others
Fate of Utopian Designs
Utopias are scrapped as settlers ignore proprietor's wishes and colonies revert to royal control.
Vietnam
Vietnamese Communists fight bloody guerrilla war against French colonial forces
Bleeding Kansas
Violence between pro-free and pro-slave factions in the 1850s who each sought to vote Kansas into their side
James Madison
Virginia politician who shaped the majority of the Constitution
Failure of Neutrality
Warring France and Britain both ignore American neutrality, raiding ships and impressing sailors.
Trenton
Washington attacks on day after Christmas, 1776, and defeats Hessians
Cabinet
Washington chooses 4 heads of War, State, Treasury, and Justice departments to advise him
Federal railroad aid
Washington gives $65 million and millions of acres of land to stimulate railroad development
Neutrality
Washington keeps America neutral, but French and British refuse to respect that, intercept merchant ships
Election of 1796
Washington steps down, warns against parties but Adams and Jefferson are chosen to run for Feds and Repubs
Atlanta Compromise (1895)
Washington's Atlanta speech satisfies whites who like the humility, blacks who made the best, earning him fame, audience from famous
Thomas Jefferson
Washington's Secretary of State, republican
Alexander Hamilton
Washington's Treasury Secretary, federalist
William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion
Well-connected Bacon runs into opposition against attacking natives from William Berkeley, gov. of VA. Bacon, angry at Berkeley's cronyism, launches a revolt w/ poorer planters, torching Jamestown in 1676.
West Coast scene
West Coast becomes center of American pop culture, center of TV production, rock groups, and hippie counterculture
Daniel De Leon
West Indian immigrant who founded Socialist Labor Party
Boom-bust cycle
Western speculative fever occurs with mining rushes, forming new communities, busts leave ghost towns behind
East vs. West
Westerners angry about lack of rights or institutions from eastern planter-controlled legislation
Supporters of the War
Westerners supported it, wanted expansion, coastal people didn't like it, hurt trade
Herman Melville's Moby Dick (1851)
Whaling captain hunts down white whale, illustrates American individualism's darker side as self-reliance destroys the captain
War guilt & reparations clause
Wilson loses out and clause blaming Germany for war and demanding billions in reparations becomes part of peace treaty
Veracruz
Wilson orders Marines to take city to prevent shipload of German weapons, face heavy resistance while storming, arousing hate of US
Woodrow Wilson & Asia
Wilson pulls bankers from China RR, recognized new Republic of China in 1913, blocks Japan's 21 demands, Philippines limited gov't
Missionary iplomacy
Wilson wishes to spread American values of democratic gov't, capitalism, and religion to uncivilized world
League of Nations & Article X
Wilson's diplomatic body of nations, with court, executive council, Art. X binds members together against attack, respect independence
Confederacy's difficulty with State's Rights
While founded on the basis of state's rights, nation had to consolidate and centralize in order to fight a total war
White House Tapes
White House counsel John Dean says Nixon helped cover-up, tapes would tell truth, Nixon fires investigator, still forced to hand them over
Servants & Slaves
White and black were mostly equal, harsh living conditions, both occasionally tried to escape, steal, blacks had not come directly from Africa and have learned English, sometimes were Christian
Segregation
White planters sought to distance themselves psychologically from blacks by separating social institutions and gathering places
Regional migrations
White populations leave cities, filled by blacks, Hispanics, poor, whites head west or to Sun Belt in South
Slavery Proposals in Congress
Wilmot Proviso and Calhoun (all legal) are radical, 36-30 line and Cass & Douglas' PopSov are moderate
Pancho Villa
Wilson funds rebel group under Villa to attack Carranza but later recognizes Carranza, Villa turns and raids and kidnaps inside US
American neutrality
Wilson immediately declares neutrality, hoping to instead help mediate belligerents and create new world order of peace & coop
Oliver Cromwell
de facto military dictator of England, 1649-1660