APUSH Ch. 9-19

In the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers' main advantage over the British mills was that they had access to which of the following

More natural resources

Which of the following describes the 19 century shakers

They allowed both women and men to govern their communities

Why are the Oneidians, shakers, and fourierists historically significant

They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy

Of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s

They were popular form of entertainment and social criticism

Campaign to end slavery the American anti-slavery society embraced which of the following tactics

Answering public lectures and collecting signatures on antis slavery petitions

Horedt man and Catherine Beecher or both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s

Educational reform

Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct

Emerson's influence was briefly intense but it did not stand the test of time

How did the federal government aid the growth of American industry in the first half of the nineteenth century

By passing protective tarrifs

Realism and modernism had which of the following characteristics in common? Select one: A. Both forms emphasized virility and masculinity. B. They embraced feminism and women artists. C. They were closely allied with reform movements. D. Both were religiously and spiritually expressive.

A. Both forms emphasized virility and masculinity.

By 1916, which of the following religious groups had increased immensely in the United States because of immigration? Select one: A. Catholics B. Baptists C. Methodists D. Protestants

A. Catholics

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? Select one: A. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees B. Closed shop—force applied on a comparable industry to bring pressure on the primary target C. Trade union—all jobs reserved for union members D. Yellow-dog contract—workers in one industry organized into a single organization, regardless of skill

A. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees

Why did so few African American men hold factory jobs in the United States in 1890? Select one: A. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants. B. There were almost no factories in the South, where the majority of African Americans lived at that time. C. Black workers intensely disliked factory work and preferred agricultural or casual urban labor. D. White-dominated labor unions generally refused to allow blacks to join and seek industrial employment.

A. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants.

Which of the following statements characterizes family life in the late 1800s? Select one: A. Family size continued its steady decline because middle-class children in cities were not needed for work. B. Farm daughters did more traditionally male work as young male farmers moved to large cities. C. The birthrate remained stable because of the different cultural values held by many immigrants. D. Family sizes actually increased as urban prosperity allowed parents to support more children comfortably.

A. Family size continued its steady decline because middle-class children in cities were not needed for work.

Which business strategy did John D. Rockefeller pioneer in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Horizontal integration B. Vertical integration C. Middle management D. The corporation

A. Horizontal integration

In the late nineteenth century, the American Catholic hierarchy was dominated by Select one: A. Irish Americans. B. Polish Americans. C. German Americans. D. Hispanic Americans.

A. Irish Americans.

Which of the following statements characterizes urban leisure in post-Civil War America? Select one: A. Leisure became a commercial commodity enjoyed outside the home. B. Most urban Americans worked such long hours that they had little time for leisure activities. C. Few urban Americans had any extra money to spend on leisure activities. D. Families and churches were still the settings of most leisure activities.

A. Leisure became a commercial commodity enjoyed outside the home.

Which of the following authors is correctly matched with one of his works? Select one: A. Mark Twain—A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court B. Stephen Crane—"To Build a Fire" C. Theodore Dreiser—Letters from the Earth D. Jack London—Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

A. Mark Twain—A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy had which of the following advantages? Select one: A. Mass production increased workers' output. B. It gave workers greater control over the pace of their work. C. It gave workers a greater sense of accomplishment. D. Mass production made work more interesting.

A. Mass production increased workers' output.

Which of the following was true for middle-class families in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Smaller family sizes allowed parents to focus their resources and increase their social mobility. B. Remaining unmarried by age twenty was very infrequent and widely stigmatized. C. Legal abortion and birth control aided in the move toward smaller families. D. Husbands and wives both worked in the home, thereby strengthening family ties.

A. Smaller family sizes allowed parents to focus their resources and increase their social mobility.

Which of the following authors rejected romanticism and Victorian sentimentality in their works? Select one: A. Stephen Crane B. George Bellows C. Andrew Carnegie D. Harriet Beecher Stowe

A. Stephen Crane

The growth of the YMCA in late-nineteenth-century American cities resulted from which of the following factors? Select one: A. The YMCA prompted "muscular Christianity" for white-collar workers. B. There was an epidemic of obesity across the United States in the nineteenth century. C. There was a greater need to train athletes for professional sports careers. D. People newly arrived in cities needed an outlet for entertainment.

A. The YMCA prompted "muscular Christianity" for white-collar workers.

Which of the following statements describes the Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants. B. Chinese immigrants were mostly women escaping sexual slavery. C. Most were unemployed and depended on government assistance to survive. D. They came in greatest numbers prior to 1850.

A. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants.

How did the large department stores of the nineteenth century attract middle-class women patrons? Select one: A. They offered tearooms and attentive service. B. The stores banned men from entering without their mothers or wives. C. They proclaimed that children and women were their primary audience. D. The stores posted burly security guards at all the doors.

A. They offered tearooms and attentive service.

How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s? Select one: A. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust B. By implementing the process of vertical integration C. Through expanded sales and production overseas D. By inventing the process that extracted kerosene from crude oil

A. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust

Why was the United Daughters of the Confederacy founded in 1894? Select one: A. To promote the "Lost Cause" of the South in the Civil War B. To study the historical factors that lead to the Civil War in the South C. To fight for the liberties of all people in the United States, regardless of race or gender D. To change the beliefs and customs of the South

A. To promote the "Lost Cause" of the South in the Civil War

By the early 1900s, many business leaders encouraged their male workers to participate in sports to Select one: A. adjust to the demands of the industrial clock. B. counter the influences of domesticity. C. exhaust workers' competitive instincts. D. maintain their contacts with working-class culture.

A. adjust to the demands of the industrial clock.

The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by Select one: A. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882. B. paying white workers higher wages to do agricultural work. C. establishing a quota limiting Chinese immigration to 10,000 per year. D. passing a civil rights law that protected them from anti-immigrant violence.

A. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882.

The Comstock Act took effect in 1873 and Select one: A. prohibited the circulation of any information about sex and birth control. B. reversed the earlier law that banned obscene materials from the U.S. mail. C. legalized the use of contraceptive devices made of vulcanized rubber. D. criminalized any activity that resulted in the creation of pornographic material.

A. prohibited the circulation of any information about sex and birth control.

Established in 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Select one: A. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates. B. investigated in-state shipping. C. helped to transition companies into public ownership. D. encouraged companies to cooperate in setting prices

A. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates.

The Supreme Court decision to overturn Granger laws in Wabash v. Illinois (1886) led to Select one: A. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. B. passage of the Gold Standard Act. C. passage of the McKinley Tariff. D. the implementation of the Specie Resumption Act.

A. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

I did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the middle 18th century

Age workers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs

Which of the following was an outcome of the American Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century

American businesses soon dominated in many European markets

Which American principle played a critical role in advancing technology in the early days of the American Industrial Revolution

American ingenuity

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans

As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status

To which of the following causes did Isabella Graham and Joanna Bethune contribute in the early nineteenth century

Assisting widows and orphans

Which of the following statements characterizes changes in the lives of middle-class American children in the last decades of the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Parents placed increasing emphasis on discipline. B. A high school education became more common. C. Children became economic assets on whom the family relied for income. D. Most moved directly from childhood into adult urban life.

B. A high school education became more common.

Which sport was the most controversial in the late 1800s? Select one: A. Women's field hockey B. College football C. Professional baseball D. Basketball

B. College football

Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America? Select one: A. As children grew older, their material needs increased, which strained family budgets and made supporting the children's adolescent years hardest on families. B. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines. C. Except for the lowest-paid factory workers, most male heads of household were able to support their families through their own labor. D. Women's household work was crucial in maintaining the family, and this work was commonly done by older daughters because wives were employed outside the home.

B. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines.

Which of these late-nineteenth-century U.S. Supreme Court rulings settled the question of African Americans' access to regular first-class seats on American railroad cars until the 1950s? Select one: A. Wabash v. Illinois B. Plessy v. Ferguson C. Montana Railway Co. v. Warren D. Allen v. Hanks

B. Plessy v. Ferguson

How did baseball become America's most popular game? Select one: A. Baseball teams often allowed women to play. B. Professional teams were started in dozens of cities as part of the National League. C. It was the only distinctively American game before the 1860s. D. The game had been popular with Americans soldiers since the Revolutionary War.

B. Professional teams were started in dozens of cities as part of the National League.

In the late nineteenth century, many native-born, prosperous American Jews embraced Select one: A. atheism. B. Reform Judaism. C. nativism. D. Orthodox Judaism.

B. Reform Judaism.

Which of the following technological innovations made it possible for Gustavus F. Swift to undercut the prices of local butchers? Select one: A. Automatic coupler B. Refrigerated car C. Friction gear D. Air brake

B. Refrigerated car

Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant? Select one: A. The strike was the culmination of a long history of poor labor relations at Homestead. B. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union. C. The steelworkers were led by immigrant German Marxists. D. It ended when the strike leaders were held in contempt of court and jailed.

B. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.

The Gibson Girl of the 1890s personified which of the following female images? Select one: A. College-educated career women who preferred to remain single B. The middle-class "new woman"--public spirited and athletic C. Young working-class women who worked as servants for the middle-class D. Prostitutes in urban brothels who were patronized by middle-class men

B. The middle-class "new woman"--public spirited and athletic

Why did the rate of college attendance quadruple between the 1880s and the 1920s? Select one: A. Increasing numbers of women attended college. B. The public university system expanded. C. Private colleges began to emphasize practical pursuits. D. State universities began to adopt classical curricula.

B. The public university system expanded.

Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920? Select one: A. These groups found adjustment to the new country easier than earlier groups had. B. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home. C. The new immigrants were welcomed much more graciously than were the Irish in 1840. D. They quickly assimilated into American culture and gave up their customs and languages.

B. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.

What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and John D. Rockefeller have in common? Select one: A. All these men were immigrants into the United States. B. They succeeded through vertical integration. C. Each one began his career as an industrial mechanic. D. They succeeded through horizontal integration.

B. They succeeded through vertical integration.

Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Chinese men sought jobs as indentured servants in the houses of rich Californians. B. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China. C. Chinese immigrants came to open laundry businesses in American cities. D. The burgeoning population of China created widespread famine and shortages.

B. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China.

Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth" (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")? Select one: A. Industrialization had allowed the poor to raise themselves to nearly same level as the wealthy. B. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose. C. Industrialization would bring economic decline in the United States as it did in England, a mature industrial power. D. Industrialization only led to a decrease in the standard of living, especially for the working classes.

B. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.

What was the purpose of the Hatch Act, passed by Congress and President Grover Cleveland in 1887? Select one: A. To establish state-regulated farms to sell produce at a cheaper rate B. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education C. To fund large corporate farms, encouraging the growth of the farming industry D. To provide funds to farmers struggling to pay debts

B. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education

Which of the following phenomena spurred changes in Americans' understanding of masculinity in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Baseball B. Urban life and work C. Exclusive male city clubs D. The "new woman"

B. Urban life and work

Which region of the United States had responded to the women's voting rights movement by 1900? Select one: A. Northeast B. West C. Lower South D. Midwest

B. West

How did working-class women gain access to the fine department stores in the United States in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Vagrancy laws made it impossible for non-elite people to enter the stores. B. Working-class women gained access as clerks, cashiers, and store messengers. C. Working-class domestics accompanied their female employers into the stores. D. They could enter the stores only if they dressed and acted like middle-class women.

B. Working-class women gained access as clerks, cashiers, and store messengers.

In the late nineteenth century, Social Darwinists, such as William Graham Sumner, believed that Select one: A. "inferior" people should be discouraged from reproducing. B. millionaires were the fittest Americans. C. government should guide social processes. D. businesses should be regulated.

B. millionaires were the fittest Americans.

The United States had become the leading steel producer in the world by 1900 because of Select one: A. incorporation. B. the Bessemer process. C. government subsidies. D. the transportation revolution.

B. the Bessemer process.

Which of these factors was the critical stimulus for the growth of domestic American markets in the first half of the nineteenth century

Better transportation networks

How did middle-class reformers attempt to overcome disorder and lawlessness among urban wage earners in early nineteenth-century America

By forming regional and national organizations to institutionalize charity and combat crime systematically

Which of the following statements describes Charles Darwin's theories as presented in his book, On the Origin of Species? Select one: A. Animals and plants can acquire transmissible traits within a single lifetime. B. Plants' and animals' adaptations were inevitably beneficial to the species. C. Animals and plants adapt to better suit their environment through natural selection. D. Human society should function on the basis of competition and survival of the fittest.

C. Animals and plants adapt to better suit their environment through natural selection.

Of the nine thousand overseas Protestant missionaries in 1915, the largest percentage of them served in Select one: A. Russia. B. Africa. C. Asia. D. Central America.

C. Asia.

Which of the following sports was invented by YMCA instructors in the 1890s? Select one: A. Baseball B. Lacrosse C. Basketball D. Football

C. Basketball

New corporate managers pioneered which system to track expenses and revenues in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Balanced spending B. Line-by-line bookkeeping C. Cost accounting D. The management revolution

C. Cost accounting

Which of these concepts followed directly from the philosophy of Social Darwinism? Select one: A. The Social Gospel B. Modernism C. Eugenics laws D. Domesticity

C. Eugenics laws

Which of these factors were the critical determinants of workers' occupational opportunities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Select one: A. Skills and race B. Age and ethnicity C. Gender and race D. Ethnicity and skills

C. Gender and race

What did the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike of 1892 have in common? Select one: A. The leaders of both strikes were jailed. B. The American public supported the strikers. C. Government troops helped put down both strikes. D. The American Railway Union led both strikes.

C. Government troops helped put down both strikes.

What did the term petticoat rule mean when it was used by antisuffragists in the early twentieth century? Select one: A. Women should always put their womanliness before any other ambitions. B. Women would become hungry for political office if given the right to vote. C. If granted the right to vote, women might cancel husband's votes. D. Women were often controlling in running households.

C. If granted the right to vote, women might cancel husband's votes.

Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics? Select one: A. Poor leadership has often hindered the political effectiveness of the labor movement. B. Historically, labor unions have not been interested in engaging in the political process. C. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress. D. Industrial workers put other concerns ahead of labor issues, making it difficult for labor to present a cohesive platform.

C. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress.

Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. There was a decrease in demand for domestic servants. B. Women were often promoted to better-paying positions in the company. C. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work. D. Factory work was too difficult to obtain because it paid higher wages.

C. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work.

In 1880s, the Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) controversially threw its support behind the Select one: A. Democratic Party. B. Republican Party. C. Prohibition Party. D. Greenback Labor Party.

C. Prohibition Party.

The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in which industry? Select one: A. Coal B. Steel C. Railroads D. Copper

C. Railroads

Which of the following is correctly matched? Select one: A. Audubon Society—oversaw many of the nation's national parks B. U.S. Forest Service—advocated broader protection for wild birds C. Sierra Club—founded by John Muir to preserve the environment D. Lacey Act—celebrated the austere beauty of the California desert

C. Sierra Club—founded by John Muir to preserve the environment

Which of the following was a consequence of mass production? Select one: A. Workers became masters of their craft. B. Workers' wages increased as they grew more productive. C. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy. D. Craft workers became more valuable to industry.

C. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations? Select one: A. These corporations concentrated on one function in the production process. B. They made it difficult for a few corporations to monopolize an industry. C. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses. D. These corporations operated using predatory pricing.

C. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses.

In which of the following athletic activities were elite women in their twenties likely to participate? Select one: A. Football B. Baseball C. Tennis D. Lacrosse

C. Tennis

Which of the following was a reason American businesses embraced baseball in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. It reminded urban Americans of their rural past. B. The game taught a new generation about the bloody days of the Civil War. C. The game was a wholesome way to promote discipline and teamwork. D. It provided urbanites with a respected symbol of authority--the umpire.

C. The game was a wholesome way to promote discipline and teamwork.

Which of the following describes the traveling salesmen of the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Many men sought these jobs because they appreciated independence and autonomy. B. Nineteenth-century salesmen were little different from their eighteenth-century predecessors. C. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products. D. Salesmen, like workers, organized to improve their wages and working conditions.

C. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products.

In 1891, the Texas Alliance proposed cooperative enterprise to Select one: A. provide a safe place for farmers' savings. B. reduce the influence of government in agriculture. C. give farmers access to cheap credit. D. fight inflation.

C. give farmers access to cheap credit.

The Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) was the first national movement to Select one: A. demand a constitutional amendment to ban alcohol. B. call for woman suffrage. C. identify and fight against domestic violence. D. be led by a woman.

C. identify and fight against domestic violence.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton's speech to Congress in 1892 on the "solitude of self" referred to the Select one: A. growing practice of meditation and relaxation. B. loneliness many experienced when they moved to large urban cities. C. importance of women's autonomy in modern society. D. Christian practice of extended prayer and fasting to grow closer to God.

C. importance of women's autonomy in modern society.

Between 1880 and 1920, higher education for women was Select one: A. banned in most of the South. B. unheard of in most parts of the country. C. mostly at single-sex institutions in the Northeast and South. D. almost universal among the middle class.

C. mostly at single-sex institutions in the Northeast and South.

The Heterodoxy Club, founded in Greenwich Village in 1912, was open to any woman who pledged Select one: A. support for domesticity and separate spheres. B. work assiduously for women's rights. C. not to be orthodox in her opinions. D. her belief in the centrality of heterosexuality.

C. not to be orthodox in her opinions.

State Granger laws were designed primarily to Select one: A. regulate prices. B. require banks to be more generous in granting loans. C. regulate big business. D. decrease wholesale commodity prices.

C. regulate big business.

"It looks to me like slavery to have a man stand over you with a stop watch." This statement by an iron molder refers to Select one: A. industrial unionism. B. yellow-dog contracts. C. scientific management. D. working conditions for breaker boys.

C. scientific management.

New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from Select one: A. the British Isles. B. north and central Europe. C. southern and Eastern Europe. D. eastern Africa.

C. southern and Eastern Europe.

Founded in 1867, the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Select one: A. built railroad networks to lower farmers' transportation costs. B. agitated for laws to exclude immigrants from the Homestead Act. C. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families. D. worked with state and national banks to reduce inflation.

C. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families.

After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to Select one: A. sustained inflation. B. significant tax increases. C. the dominance of large corporations. D. huge budget deficits.

C. the dominance of large corporations.

The urban revivalism of Billy Sunday represented Select one: A. a strong example of the Social Gospel. B. the continuing appeal of Calvinist theology in American culture. C. the fundamentalism movement. D. a Catholic challenge to Protestantism.

C. the fundamentalism movement.

As American industry expanded in the late nineteenth century, its energy source shifted from Select one: A. electricity to steam. B. coal to iron. C. water to coal. D. steam to water.

C. water to coal.

Between 1820 and 1840, the economic conditions for casual day laborers in American cities changed in which of the following days

Casual day laborers bore the burnt of unemployment during business depressions

What killed thousands of poor immigrants in St. Louis and New York City in the summer of 1849

Cholera

The Oneida community founded in 1839 by John Humphrey noise was known for which of the following practices

Complex marriage

Which of these did elite American embrace after the Industrial Revolution in order to set themselves apart from other groups of Americans

Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing

Which of these inventions spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s

Corn feeding for livestock

Which of the following was a result of the Turner rebellion of the 1830s

Cover slave codes and restrictions were implemented

Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War? Select one: A. Rapid price inflation B. A shortage of agricultural products C. Slowing immigration D. A higher standard of living

D. A higher standard of living

Who of the following represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful? Select one: A. John D. Rockefeller B. Thomas Edison C. Jay Cooke D. Andrew Carnegie

D. Andrew Carnegie

The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late-nineteenth-century phenomenon? Select one: A. The importance of proper labeling on food packages B. Government intervention to ensure pure food and drugs C. Consumers' desire for information about the products they consumed D. Businesses creating demand for brand names

D. Businesses creating demand for brand names

What late-nineteenth-century development made it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture? Select one: A. Billboards B. Store chains C. Automobiles D. Catalogs

D. Catalogs

Which of the following groups would have been unlikely to support prohibition in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. Baptists and Methodists B. Urban, elite women C. Rural farmers D. German immigrants

D. German immigrants

Which of the following statements summarizes Booker T. Washington's approach to racial change in the United States? Select one: A. Washington promoted black boarding schools to assimilate students into white culture. B. Washington advocated education for African Americans to end poverty and segregation. C. He advocated political organizing to challenge the structures and attitudes of racism. D. He promoted industrial education for blacks as a strategy for lessening white prejudice.

D. He promoted industrial education for blacks as a strategy for lessening white prejudice.

Which of the following policies did the Greenback-Labor Party support in the 1870s? Select one: A. The gold standard B. The graduated income tax C. Ending Reconstruction D. Inflation

D. Inflation

Which of the following describes the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. The organization confined itself exclusively to work on the liquor question. B. The group used temperance as a front for its real feminist agenda and platform. C. Led by Susan B. Anthony, the group protested outside saloons with babies in arm. D. It supported woman suffrage as a tool that could challenge the liquor interest.

D. It supported woman suffrage as a tool that could challenge the liquor interest.

Which magazine was the first to take advantage of advertising revenue to build mass readership, with over one million subscribers? Select one: A. The Saturday Evening Post B. The Atlantic Monthly C. Time Magazine D. Ladies' Home Journal

D. Ladies' Home Journal

Which of the following were skilled workers with a relatively high degree of autonomy in the 1870s? Select one: A. Assembly-line workers B. Labor gangs C. Domestic servants D. Machinists

D. Machinists

Which of the following describes the consumer culture that emerged in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century United States? Select one: A. Feminist and egalitarian B. Politically progressive C. Separate but equal D. Modern and innovative

D. Modern and innovative

Which of the following statements characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. In 1890, almost half of all married white women worked outside the home. B. By the 1920s, the two-career marriage was the middle-class norm. C. Young women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until they married. D. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female.

D. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female.

Which of the following figures was a major proponent of commercial domesticity in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Rutherford B. Hayes B. Horatio Alger C. Thomas Edison D. P. T. Barnum

D. P. T. Barnum

Which of the following is the correct chronological order of the literary movements in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s? Select one: A. Modernism, realism, romanticism, naturalism B. Naturalism, romanticism, realism, modernism C. Realism, romanticism, modernism, naturalism D. Romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism

D. Romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism

Why was the American Federation of Labor more successful than the Knights of Labor in the late nineteenth century? Select one: A. The Knights' push for practical job interests was not idealistic enough. B. The Knights were too restrictive. C. The AFL was open to all workers. D. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions

D. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Which of the following was a nineteenth-century example of a trade union? Select one: A. The Farmer's Alliance B. The Greenback-Labor Party C. The Grange D. The American Federation of Labor

D. The American Federation of Labor

Which of the following is true of religion in the city at the turn of the twentieth century? Select one: A. Protestantism was easily accepted by city dwellers. B. Immigrant Catholics abandoned ethnic customs for the sake of religious unity. C. Protestant churches eschewed evangelism. D. The Catholic Church incorporated ethnic differences in urban areas.

D. The Catholic Church incorporated ethnic differences in urban areas.

Why was the Haymarket incident of 1886 significant? Select one: A. It led to an eight-hour day for McCormick workers. B. It demonstrated the professionalization of Chicago's police force. C. It created greater public respect for unions. D. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.

D. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.

The typical American middle-class household in 1900 consisted of husband, wife, and how many additional family members? Select one: A. Five children B. Two children C. Several children and extended family members D. Three children

D. Three children

During the late 1800s, an adult male immigrant from which of the following locations would most likely be a skilled worker? Select one: A. Italy B. Poland C. Greece D. Wales

D. Wales

The Knights of Labor advocated which of the following reforms in their 1878 platform? Select one: A. The right to bear arms B. The family wage C. Workers' revolution D. Workplace safety laws

D. Workplace safety laws

Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using Select one: A. the closed shop. B. horizontal integration. C. the foreman system. D. assembly lines.

D. assembly lines.

In terms of membership, the Knights of Labor discriminated Select one: A. against unskilled laborers. B. against women. C. by ethnicity. D. by excluding the Chinese.

D. by excluding the Chinese.

The National Association of Colored Women was effective in its efforts to improve the life of African Americans because it Select one: A. gave lectures throughout the country. B. enabled African Americans to be educated in white schools. C. rejected the traditional role of women in domesticity. D. focused its attention on community issues such as public health.

D. focused its attention on community issues such as public health.

Iowans created the American Protective Organization in 1887 to Select one: A. protect Midwestern women from urban sex trafficking. B. prevent African Americans from moving into their state. C. protect black Iowans from the revived Ku Klux Klan. D. oppose the influence of Catholics in the United States.

D. oppose the influence of Catholics in the United States.

As the United States industrialized, the outdoors lost its association with danger and hard work and became newly associated with Select one: A. pollution. B. religion. C. sexuality. D. renewal.

D. renewal.

The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was Select one: A. decreasing production efficiency. B. that workers found unions less appealing. C. resistance from managers. D. resistance from workers.

D. resistance from workers.

Protestant churches that espoused the Social Gospel Select one: A. urged congregations to focus on each other's personal salvation as "Social Christians." B. extended the principles of the Gospel of Wealth to religion. C. warned that society outside the church was contrary to God's plan. D. taught that Christians should fight for social justice and the public welfare.

D. taught that Christians should fight for social justice and the public welfare.

As a result of the Turner's rebellion the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s

Debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization

Mid 19th century publications such as Godeydladies book and Catherine Beecher Tristise on domestic economy did which of the following

Emphasize the social importance of homemaking and domesticity

Answer to anwuestion

Fabrication

Which of the following describes German immigrants who settled in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s

Germans were the second largest immigrant group and many settled in the midwestern states

Ralph Waldo Emerson Road about which of the following in his essays and lectures

He argued that people should reject all conventions and discover their original relation with nature

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison

He attacked the US Constitution because it condone slavery

Which of the following describes the fourierist movement in America

He demonstrated the difficulty of creating induring utopian

In his 1829 pamphlet on appeal to the colored citizens of the world David Walker did which of the following

He justified slave rebellion and worn the white Americans that violence and retribution would come and justice were delayed

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the development of American manufacturing by the 1820s

He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican war in slavery

Henry David T

Which of the following factors was critical and the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-19 century

Immigration

Which of the following qualities didn't Henry David Cerro urgent and his readers as demonstrated by the statement if a man does not keep pace with his companions perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer

Individuality

Nativist fears were directed mostly at which of the following groups in early and mid-nineteenth-century America

Irish immigrants

Who replaced the Lowell Mils workers when they refused in the 1830s to work until conditions improved

Irish immigrants

Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America

It brought workers together under one roof in a factory

Which of the following statements describes the American Waltham plan, which was later known as the Lowell system

Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories

Which of the following statements describes workers' approach to alcohol consumption in the 1820s

Many workers used alcohol as an escape from the routine of work but also drank in their workplaces

Which inventor properly matched with the item he invented

John Deere - Steel plow

The most critical contribution American mechanics made to the Industrial Revolution was the development of which of the following

Machine tools

Who is a credit for the New York Tribune an editor of the dial and the author of women in the 19 century

Margaret Fuller

Bob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was for

Often directed against respectable black organizations such as churches and against orphanages

Which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormon succeed and thrive in the 19 century even as other social experiments failed

Mormon society and strong heirarchial leadership

Who funded Erie canal

NY - Hudson

For which of the following reasons did New York's state government fund the building of the Erie Canal in 1817

New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes

Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believe the second coming of Christ had already heard and people could attain complete freedom from sin

Perfectionism

The American Lyceum movement of 1830s engagement which of the following efforts

Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

Which of the following replaced canals as the primary form of transportation in the United States in the nineteenth century

Railroads

Map: Erie canal

Right above New York

Who was the English immigrant who secretly brought the design of the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton to America in 1789

Samuel Slater

Which of the following was an outcome of the division of labor in early American shoe factories

Show production increased

Map-National road

Spans from mid Illinois to lower Pennsylvania

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote individuals mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization

Spending time alone in nature

By the 1830s, coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used which of the following to run machinery

Steam engines

During the 1840s American women rights activists focused on whichthe following goals

Strengthening the legal rights of married women

Through which of the following sources did the U.S. Treasury raise most of its revenue during the first half of the 1800s

Tariffs on imported goods

In the early 1800s free blacks in the north were encouraged to elevate themselves through which of the following activities

Temperance

Which of the following factors explained the rapid growth of western cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans

Their role in transportation networks

Through which of the following movements did evangelical reformers succeed in effecting substantial legal and cultural transformations in early nineteenth-century America

Temperance

What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he use the term individualism to describe American society in 1835

The Americans lived in social isolation without any ties to cast class association or family

The transformation that occurred as American factories and farms turned out more goods, and merchants and legislators created faster and cheaper ways to get those products to consumers, was known as which of the following

The Market Revolution

James river

Virginia Richmond and Jamestown located along the James River

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836

The policy automatically table old and prevent a discussion of any anti-slavery petitions received by the house

The following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements

The second great awakening

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s

The second great awakening

These factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialize sex in the new cities of the mid-19th century

The subsidence wages and exploited conditions of women shops

Which of the following was the message of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, published in full in 1818

The suggestion that an industrious man could become wealthy

Which of the following to Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common

They criticize transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism

Which of these describes the experiences of the young women who worked in the New England textile mills in the 1820s and 1830s

They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families

Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806

To link midwestern settlers to seaboard states

Henry David throw Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson were known for their involvement in which of the following movements

Transcendentalism

The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the sense is known as which of the following

Transcendentalism

Which of the following is properly repaired

Walt Whitman leaves of grass hard for you

Which of the following was an outcome of the rural outwork system of manufacturing in the 1820's and 1830's

Workers' wages decreased

As president, John Quincy Adams supported which of the following policies? a. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit. b. Strict limits on the powers of the federal government. c. A suspension on "internal improvements" by the federal government. d. The implementation of lower tariffs on imported products.

a. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit.

In the late 1840s and the 1850s, Emersonians did which of the following? a. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions b. Rejected cash donations from wealthy followers, calling such donations "tainted funds" c. Created dozens of utopian settlements throughout New England and the Midwest d. Suggested that most workers were incapable of higher learning

a. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions

What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he used the term individualism to describe American society in 1835? a. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family. b. Americans valued and respected differing views on political topics. c. The American people welcomed all types of immigrants, regardless of ethnicity or religion. d. Most Americans were uninfluenced by political parties and did not vote by party lines.

a. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family.

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C. b. Horace King—won praise for his portraiture c. Joshua Johnston—wealthy businessman d. Paul Cuffee—accused of slave revolt

a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C.

Which of the following statements describes the impact of the Jacksonian-era constitutional revolution on the states? a. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy. b. States began to pass their own tariff laws and print their own currency. c. The "commonwealth" philosophy of economic development was strengthened. d. The power of state governments to regulate business was enhanced.

a. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy.

Southern whites responded to the end of slavery by enacting a. Black Codes. b. the Freedmen's Bureau. c. the Ordinance of Nullification. d. the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

a. Black Codes.

As a result of the Dawes Severalty Act, Indian tribes a. lost almost two-thirds of their land. b. remained united against the federal government. c. adjusted to an agricultural lifestyle. d. migrated farther west.

a. lost almost two-thirds of their land.

Which of the following statements describes Radical Reconstruction? a. It aimed to reform the South and increase federal power. b. It demonstrated that even Radical Republicans would sacrifice the rights of freed slaves. c. The program gave each freed slave forty acres of land and a mule. d. There was no way the South could have avoided the institution of Radical Reconstruction.

a. It aimed to reform the South and increase federal power.

Why was the South on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution by 1840? a. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply. b. Planters were using European immigrants as industrial workers. c. Planters were building factories to process cotton. d. Southern society was dominated by free labor.

a. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s? a. Black evangelical Christianity b. The success of slave resistance c. Black and white children playing together d. Sexual relations between slave women and their masters

a. Black evangelical Christianity

Through which of the following practices did southerners avoid giving former slaves the right to vote? a. Collecting poll taxes b. Ending right-to-work laws c. Driving African American men out of the state d. Waving the bloody shirt

a. Collecting poll taxes

The Oneida Community, founded in 1839 by John Humphrey Noyes, was known for which of the following practices? a. Complex marriage b. Monogamy c. Celibacy d. Equality of men and women

a. Complex marriage

In 1832, a South Carolina state convention committed which of the following actions? a. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state b. Ordered the state militia to arrest customs officials and to impound their collections c. Declared that the state had decided to secede from the Union d. Threatened to impeach Jackson for his unconstitutional actions

a. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions? a. Deep South b. Upper South c. Midwest d. Northeast

a. Deep South

Why was the South unable to convince England to provide it with more support during the Civil war? a. England needed Union wheat more than the South's cotton. b. The British thought the South were likely to win and withdrew. c. England's agriculture was self-sufficient. d. The English public was indifferent to the war.

a. England needed Union wheat more than the South's cotton.

In what way was the United States more democratic than anywhere else in the world during the first half of the nineteenth century? a. Franchise qualifications b. Spoils system c. Bicameral legislature d. Method of choosing the Senate

a. Franchise qualifications

What was the outcome of President John Quincy Adams' support of the Creeks in their treaty negotiations with the state of Georgia? a. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages." b. His New England supporters deserted his bid for reelection. c. A large reservation in central Georgia was set aside for the Creeks. d. The Georgia state legislature called for his impeachment.

a. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages."

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison? a. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery. b. He was motivated by political, not religious, concerns. c. Garrison believed violence was an acceptable means for ending American slavery. d. Garrison called for the institution of gradual abolition in all states.

a. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.

Why did Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes for president in 1876? a. He had won a reputation for honesty and appeared to be safe from charges of corruption. b. His state, New York, was crucial to winning the election. c. He promised to end Reconstruction, which had become a Republican liability. d. His relationship with Grant would protect prominent but corrupt Republicans.

a. He had won a reputation for honesty and appeared to be safe from charges of corruption.

Which of the following was the official reason Congress cited for impeaching Andrew Johnson? a. He infringed on the powers of Congress. b. He attempted to undermine Radical Reconstruction. c. Johnson dismissed Secretary of State William Seward. d. He refused to support any of the Civil War amendments.

a. He infringed on the powers of Congress.

In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following? a. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed. b. He appealed to the religious consciences of slaveholders to recognize slavery as being morally wrong. c. He approved of colonization programs to establish an African republic for freed American slaves. d. He urged slaves not to rebel but to seek comfort in their relationships and religious activities instead.

a. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.

Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct? a. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion. b. His view of individualism promoted hard work and indulgent consumption. c. He resigned his pulpit due to his fear of public speaking. d. Emerson's influence was briefly intense, but it did not stand the test of time.

a. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion.

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Inequality b. Egalitarian society c. Professional politicians d. Universal suffrage

a. Inequality

In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to "elevate" themselves through which of the following activities? a. Legal reform b. Temperance c. Political activism d. Forming friendships with whites

b. Temperance

What distinguished farming on the plains in the 1880s from frontier farming in America fifty or one hundred years earlier? a. Plains farmers raised cash crops that sold on the global market. b. Plains farmers used immigrant laborers rather than slaves. c. Farms on the plains focused on livestock rather than crops. d. Farmers on the plains received federal crop subsidies.

a. Plains farmers raised cash crops that sold on the global market.

In the Reconstruction South, the Ku Klux Klan was a. often indistinguishable from the Democratic Party. b. organized in Texas in 1868 and spread quickly throughout the South. c. never the object of federal legislation to suppress it. d. careful to avoid arousing congressional ire.

a. often indistinguishable from the Democratic Party.

Why was the battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861 significant? a. It was the first battle of the Civil War. b. It marked a turning point of the war in the Confederates' favor. c. It was a major victory for the Union army and rallied the soldiers. d. Lincoln called for 200,000 militiamen to enlist after the defeat.

a. It was the first battle of the Civil War.

Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Thoreau's book Walden? a. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life. b. It was intended to serve as a guidebook for others who wanted to learn how to survive alone in the woods. c. The book sought to advise farmers on practical matters that would increase the profitability of small farms. d. It warned of the dangers that could arise from too many efforts to promote and create social reform.

a. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life.

Which of the following statements characterizes the Second Bank of the United States in the 1830s? a. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development. b. Most Americans welcomed the Second Bank's policy of forcing unsound western banks to close. c. Eastern entrepreneurs and bankers opposed the Second Bank because it strove to limit their plans for national economic development. d. Jackson's opponents in Congress knew he opposed the Second Bank and attempted to stall a vote on its charter until he left office.

a. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development.

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s? a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters. b. Tidewater planters frequently questioned the morality of the domestic slave trade. c. Planters' embrace of republicanism weakened plantation aristocracy. d. Rice planters, in particular, valued Jeffersonian republican simplicity.

a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.

Which of the following describes the South after the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865? a. Many of the South's factories, railroads, and cities lay in ruins. b. Many slaves had fled, but slavery still remained as an institution. c. The South remained largely unaffected by the battles that had taken place. d. The South lost only 26,000 soldiers in the war, compared to the 300,000 lost by the North.

a. Many of the South's factories, railroads, and cities lay in ruins.

Which of the following statements describes the place of emancipation in the Union's war aims in 1861 and 1862? a. Moderate Republican leaders began to redefine the war as a struggle, not only against Confederate armies, but also against the institution of slavery. b. Most abolitionists welcomed the South's secession because it removed the stain of slavery from the Union. c. Most abolitionists rejected the idea of emancipation in wartime, fearing that a backlash would place slaves in even greater danger. d. Radical Republicans argued that slaves would starve if they were emancipated in wartime and that freedom would have to wait.

a. Moderate Republican leaders began to redefine the war as a struggle, not only against Confederate armies, but also against the institution of slavery.

Which of the following contributed to the harassment and persecution of Mormons at Nauvoo in the early 1840s? a. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections b. Mormons' plan to make plural marriage legal in Illinois c. Their declaration of war against the Illinois militia d. Their widespread ownership of slaves

a. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections

Why was the enlistment of African Americans in the Union army and their deployment in battle delayed until 1863? a. Most Union generals doubted that they would make good soldiers. b. Abolitionists feared that the white officers would treat the black troops as disposable. c. Lincoln feared that free blacks from the North would be captured and enslaved. d. The Union did not have enough funds to equip and pay destitute black soldiers.

a. Most Union generals doubted that they would make good soldiers.

Which of these statements most accurately describes the experiences of free blacks in the early nineteenth-century United States? a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses. b. They constituted a majority of the African American population in the South by 1820. c. Many free blacks would have settled in Africa had they been able to afford the trip. d. Most northern states passed laws banning free blacks from owning or running a business.

a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses.

Which Indian tribe was pursued 1,100 miles and forced to surrender just south of the Canadian border in 1877? a. Nez Perce b. Cheyenne c. Sioux d. Dakota

a. Nez Perce

What was the Confederacy seeking to achieve with the war in 1861? a. Permanent independence and "to be let alone" b. Reestablishment of the Union with ironclad guarantees for slavery c. The annexation of all the border states and of the Southwest as far as the Pacific d. Expansion into the Caribbean, Central America, and northern Mexico

a. Permanent independence and "to be let alone"

Which of the following scenarios unfolded at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863? a. Picket's charge at the heart of the Union line was a costly blunder that forced a Confederate retreat. b. Confederate troops flooded in from the west and, within a day, vastly outnumbered Union troops. c. Lee's army initially drove the Union troops from the battlefield but could not pursue Meade's army without reinforcements. d. Confederate forces refused to engage the Union army directly, resulting in a stalemate that ultimately led both sides to withdraw.

a. Picket's charge at the heart of the Union line was a costly blunder that forced a Confederate retreat.

Why was the ship Alabama instrumental to the Confederate war effort? a. The warship captured or sank more than one hundred Union merchant ships. b. It was a Confederate merchant ship that managed to break through the blockade. c. Its armor plating made it almost impervious to cannon fire in battle. d. The warship, built in Boston, was captured by the Confederates and used in many victories.

a. The warship captured or sank more than one hundred Union merchant ships.

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following? a. The American Colonization Society b. The Indian Removal Act c. The international slave trade d. The inland system

b. The Indian Removal Act

What was the result of the first wildlife protection bill passed by Congress in 1874? a. President Grant vetoed the bill because he knew that killing the bison would cripple Indian resistance. b. Even though President Grant signed the bill, it was widely ignored by hunters and western settlers. c. Its passage helped save the bison, which were dwindling rapidly and faced almost certain extinction. d. Bison and other protected species, although still hunted and threatened, began to thrive in America's new national parks.

a. President Grant vetoed the bill because he knew that killing the bison would cripple Indian resistance.

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837? a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery. b. Texans refused to legalize slavery, which was the only condition on which southern politicians would accept Texan statehood. c. President Van Buren could not convince the Whig-dominated Senate to accept the treaty. d. The U.S. Congress refused annexation because it did not want to assume Texas' large Mexican population.

a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.

The American Lyceum movement of the 1830s engaged in which of the following efforts? a. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures b. Advocating social nonconformity and civil disobedience c. Ending the era of utopian communal experiments d. Encouraging mob violence like the violence that killed Joseph Smith

a. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

Which of the following were the three key elements of Clay's American system? a. Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank b. Subsidized internal improvements, the national bank, and patronage c. Slavery, patronage, and subsidized internal improvements d. Protective tariff, patronage, and subsidized internal improvements

a. Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank

Which of these reforms originated with the Grant administration? a. Securing the right to vote for all male U.S. citizens regardless of race b. Granting equal property rights for women c. Enacting compulsory school attendance laws for all states d. Providing for the direct election of U.S. senators

a. Securing the right to vote for all male U.S. citizens regardless of race

Which statement characterizes the typical relationship between slaves and their masters in the 1850s? a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy. b. White women felt so guilty about their husbands' transgressions with female slaves that they treated those slave women with extra kindness. c. Accounts of sexual contact between masters and their slaves were greatly exaggerated and rarely occurred. d. Tobacco planters in Virginia usually treated their slaves more harshly than Mississippi cotton planters.

a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy.

The 1832 Ordinance of Nullification was based on which of the following beliefs? a. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce. b. The people are the ultimate source of power for the national government. c. States can neither bring suit against nor tax a federal institution. d. Only the president has the right to rule an act of Congress invalid.

a. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce.

According to the Constitution, which branch of government is responsible for readmitting states that have seceded from the Union? a. The Constitution does not address this question. b. The executive branch c. The judicial branch d. The legislative branch

a. The Constitution does not address this question.

Which of these statements describes events that took place during the 1864 presidential campaign? a. The Republicans temporarily changed their name to the National Union Party in order to attract the border states and Democratic votes. b. Republicans urged Union generals to avoid major battles and large numbers of casualties until after the voting to maintain public support for the war. c. Democrats rushed through the admission of Nevada to the Union, believing that its electoral votes might tip the election in their favor. d. Republicans split into two factions, with Radicals determined to abolish slavery and National Unionists willing to abandon emancipation if the South would lay down its arms.

a. The Republicans temporarily changed their name to the National Union Party in order to attract the border states and Democratic votes.

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s? a. The Second Great Awakening b. Mormonism c. The American Revolution d. The Oneida Community

a. The Second Great Awakening

Which of the following describes the ruling by the Roger B. Taney Supreme Court in Mayor of New York v. Miln? a. The Taney Court ruled that New York State could inspect the health of arriving immigrants. b. The Court reduced the regulatory role of the New York State government. c. The justices allowed a bank owned by the state of Kentucky to issue currency. d. The Court did not expand the economic powers granted to states in the Constitution of 1787.

a. The Taney Court ruled that New York State could inspect the health of arriving immigrants.

Which of the following is true of free blacks in the South? a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce. b. Their numbers decreased between 1800 and 1860. c. Most free African Americans distanced themselves from the masses of impoverished slaves. d. Most of them were forced to emigrate to the North because they were viewed as a threat to slavery.

a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.

Which of the following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements? a. National government initiatives b. The Second Great Awakening c. State government initiatives d. Industrialization

b. The Second Great Awakening

In the 1824 U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons vs. Ogden, the Marshall Court's decision

overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s? a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men. b. The Cotton Revolution increased resentment on the part of poor whites toward planters' power and position. c. Plantation management required so much of their time that many planters had to refrain from political service. d. The emergence of a new class of wealthy industrial elites in the South checked their power.

a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century? a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy. b. Rice planters avoided selling slaves or working slaves harshly. c. Rice planters occupied the bottom rung of the plantation aristocracy. d. They lived only in the Upper South.

a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics? a. They were named after family members. b. Children were removed from their families at age three. c. They were raised by their grandmothers. d. Children had few sources of support.

a. They were named after family members.

What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834? a. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families b. To create new opportunities for male and female reformers to work together as equals in the same organization c. To create a network of schools to train young, middle-class women in manners and morals d. To condemn prostitution and punish young women who participated in urban prostitution

a. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families

Which of the following statements describes the resettlement of former slaves in the South? a. Under Johnson's amnesty plan, ex-Confederates were allowed to recover their land, and freedmen were forced to work for them or leave. b. The Freedmen's Bureau permanently resettled 10,000 African American families on "Sherman lands." c. Bands of ex-Confederate soldiers and plantation owners drove African Americans from the confiscated land that they were occupying. d. Every former slave was given forty acres and a mule in compensation for their years of forced labor.

a. Under Johnson's amnesty plan, ex-Confederates were allowed to recover their land, and freedmen were forced to work for them or leave.

A secret organization that functioned as the grassroots wing of Radical Republicanism in the South was called the a. Union League. b. Populist Party. c. Republican Brotherhood. d. Carpetbaggers Club.

a. Union League.

Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century? a. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs. b. The northerners supported slavery only because of the belief of black inferiority. c. They were interested in maintaining the English Protestant society of the North. d. They did not want the Baptists beliefs held by many slaves to spread to the North.

a. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.

Which Reconstruction-era politician created the blueprint for American economic expansion and later imperialism? a. William Seward b. Ulysses Grant c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Edwin Stanton

a. William Seward

In 1872, which of the following was established by Congress as the first national park? a. Yellowstone b. Yosemite c. The Black Hills d. The Grand Canyon

a. Yellowstone

The Crittenden Compromise of 1861 included a proposal to a. amend the Constitution to protect slavery where it already existed. b. repeal the Kansas-Nebraska Act and eliminate the practice of popular sovereignty. c. prohibit slavery in any future territories acquired by the United States. d. make Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln co-presidents of the United States.

a. amend the Constitution to protect slavery where it already existed.

Under the task system, slaves were required to a. complete a precisely defined job each day. b. perform the same repetitive tasks every day. c. train their children to take over their tasks when they grew up. d. punish their fellow slaves who did not perform adequately.

a. complete a precisely defined job each day.

The majority of white settlers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century viewed themselves as a. conquerors over the wilds of nature. b. warriors who had to defeat the natives. c. responsible for preserving the environment for future generations. d. simple subsistence farmers with modest wants and needs.

a. conquerors over the wilds of nature.

On July 4, 1861, in a statement to a special session of Congress, President Lincoln a. declared that the war was a noble crusade that would determine the fate of democracy throughout the world. b. promised a swift defeat of the Confederacy, provided that Congress cooperated with the administration. c. announced that one of the goals of the war was to end slavery in the South. d. warned that the North was prepared to fight a total war against the South.

a. declared that the war was a noble crusade that would determine the fate of democracy throughout the world.

Reformers believed that the best way to save the Indians was through a. education. b. reservations. c. colonization. d. accommodation.

a. education.

During the early years of the Civil War, the term contraband came into use to describe a. freedom-seeking slaves who fled from Confederate masters to Union armies. b. slaves who were pressed into service. c. northern free blacks who volunteered to serve in the Union army. d. slaves drafted by the Confederate government for noncombatant duty.

a. freedom-seeking slaves who fled from Confederate masters to Union armies.

The United States adopted the gold standard in the 1870s for its currency because a. it hoped to encourage European investment in the United States. b. geologists predicted huge gold strikes out west. c. gold was a more durable form of currency than greenbacks. d. it sought economic development through a larger money supply.

a. it hoped to encourage European investment in the United States.

The Enrollment Act of 1863 a. led to riots in New York City. b. created a draft system that was more fair in the South than in the North. c. allowed southerners to avoid the draft if they owned twenty or more slaves. d. allowed blacks to volunteer in the Union army.

a. led to riots in New York City.

During the 1840s, American women's rights activists focused on which of the following goals? a. Challenging the conventional division of labor within the family b. Strengthening the legal rights of married women c. Making it easier for married women to file for divorce d. Educating women about birth control and abortion

b. Strengthening the legal rights of married women

In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters a. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery. b. refuted William Lloyd Garrison's position on the necessity of African colonization. c. openly criticized individuals who did not agree with their views on slavery. d. appealed to the economic interests of southerners by arguing that slavery was unprofitable.

a. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery.

The Republican state Reconstruction governments in the South made significant and long-lasting achievements in a. public education. b. African American civil rights. c. labor organizing. d. black leadership development.

a. public education.

The Emancipation Proclamation stated that a. slaves in the rebel states would be freed. b. slaves in the border states would be freed. c. all slaves in the United States would be freed. d. all fugitive slaves and all slaves captured by the Union army were free.

a. slaves in the rebel states would be freed.

After his inauguration in March 1861, Lincoln a. stated that secession was illegal and declared that he would enforce federal law. b. declared his belief that slavery was evil and that he would oversee its elimination from the United States. c. reaffirmed his support for the Crittenden Compromise as the only practical approach to slavery. d. promised to stop collecting taxes and providing benefits in states that had seceded from the Union.

a. stated that secession was illegal and declared that he would enforce federal law.

During and after the Civil War, the Republican Congress implemented its economic vision for the United States by a. subsidizing the transcontinental railroad. b. weakening the national banking system. c. lowering tariffs on foreign goods. d. enacting a national minimum wage.

a. subsidizing the transcontinental railroad.

Which of the following is true of the Sand Creek Massacre? a. It was the last event in the Indian Wars. b. A Cheyenne camp under federal protection was brutally attacked by a state militia. c. John Chivington believed it was necessary because the Cheyenne were so hostile. d. It killed most Cheyenne men, leaving women and children without support.

b. A Cheyenne camp under federal protection was brutally attacked by a state militia.

The Republican-dominated U.S. Congress took advantage of southerners' absence to institute which of the following reforms during the Civil War? a. A prohibition on the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages b. A neomercantilist program of government assisted economic development c. The chartering for the Third Bank of the United States d. A prohibition on slavery in all the states of the Union

b. A neomercantilist program of government assisted economic development

Which of the following statements characterizes the role played by African Americans in the Civil War? a. Blacks were only allowed to take noncombat positions in the Union army. b. African Americans served in segregated regiments and fought courageously. c. By 1865, many slaves had fought for the Confederacy in return for a promise of freedom. d. Black men refused to fight in the "white man's war," even after the Emancipation Proclamation.

b. African Americans served in segregated regiments and fought courageously.

Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s? a. Lecture tours demanding the end of the international slave trade b. Aid to fugitive slaves c. Continuous demonstrations against slavery outside the White House d. Financial support for free blacks willing to foment rebellion in the South

b. Aid to fugitive slaves

Why was it necessary for railroads and land speculators to promote settlement of the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century? a. The U.S. government had not publicized the Homestead Act. b. Americans thought of the area as the Great American Desert. c. Without economic incentives, few people could afford homesteads. d. The region was heavily forested and hard to cultivate

b. Americans thought of the area as the Great American Desert.

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton-growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Cotton planters consciously rejected the luxurious lifestyles adopted by the rice-growing aristocracy. b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system. c. Planter aristocrats in the Cotton Belt emphasized the hypocrisy of their Chesapeake counterparts. d. Cotton-planting aristocrats increasingly avoided interference in the lives of their slaves.

b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

Which of the following groups called themselves the Exodusters in 1879? a. Scandinavian settlers in Minnesota b. Blacks who migrated to Kansas c. Mexicans who immigrated to the United States d. Chinese who were forced to leave California

b. Blacks who migrated to Kansas

Which of the following characterizes government economic and political decisions during the Civil War? a. The North left most decisions in the hands of the voters. b. Both governments utilized their national power to make decisions. c. Lincoln ruled with a keen eye on constitutional correctness. d. The South left all major decisions in the hands of the state governments.

b. Both governments utilized their national power to make decisions.

How did the federal and state governments encourage railroad building in the nineteenth century? a. They operated the American Railroad Corporation. b. Both granted public lands to private companies. c. They secured privately owned land through eminent domain. d. They bailed out failing railroad companies with federal funds.

b. Both granted public lands to private companies.

Which of the following events demonstrated the newfound international power of the United States in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War? a. Annexation of Panama and the Philippines b. Britain's damage payments to the United States c. Monroe Doctrine d. Annexation of Hawaii

b. Britain's damage payments to the United States

How did the Union raise money to pay for most of its Civil War costs? a. By raising taxes on the wealthy and businesses b. By issuing interest-paying treasury bonds c. By increasing tariffs on imports d. By levying excise taxes on goods such as tobacco and alcohol

b. By issuing interest-paying treasury bonds

Which politician's death marked the waning of Radical Reconstruction? a. Abraham Lincoln b. Charles Sumner c. Andrew Johnson d. William Seward

b. Charles Sumner

Which of the following pairs identified with the Radical Republicans? a. President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson b. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens c. Lyman Trumbell and Nathan Bedford Forrest d. James M. Pike and Hiram Revels

b. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid-nineteenth-century South? a. Marriage and resistance movements b. Church and family c. The American Anti-Slavery Society and Christianity d. Friendships and kinship

b. Church and family

Which of the following became critical community institutions for African Americans throughout the South during Reconstruction? a. Local boards of health b. Churches c. New black colleges d. City parks

b. Churches

In 1834, the Working Men's Party persuaded the Pennsylvania legislature to do which of the following? a. Allow collective bargaining by labor unions b. Create a free, tax-supported public school system c. Mandate a ten-hour workday for all factory workers d. Require that workers be paid time-and-a-half for overtime

b. Create a free, tax-supported public school system

In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, "It is a constant fact that at the present day the ablest men in the United States are rarely placed at the head of affairs." To what did he attribute this phenomenon? a. Whig party policies b. Democracy c. Industrialization d. More money could be made in business than in politics

b. Democracy

Which of the following was the major cause of death for Civil War soldiers? a. Wounds received in battle b. Disease and infection c. Sniper attacks d. Renegade attacks from Indians

b. Disease and infection

Why were late-nineteenth-century farms on the Great Plains much larger than eastern farms? a. Homesteaders were usually able to purchase more than the minimum allotment of land. b. Dry-farming techniques required about three hundred acres to support a family. c. European immigrant farmers were accustomed to caring for large farms. d. The land was so fertile that farmers could grow more with less work.

b. Dry-farming techniques required about three hundred acres to support a family.

Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s? a. Prison reform b. Educational reform c. Temperance d. Abolition

b. Educational reform

Southern Republican state Reconstruction governments pursued which of the following goals? a. Ending the sharecropping system b. Expanding the legal rights of married women. c. Giving ex-slaves a mule and forty acres of land d. Strengthening cotton agriculture

b. Expanding the legal rights of married women.

Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about which of the following in his essays and lectures? a. He rejected traditional Biblical teachings and promoted atheism. b. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature. c. He defended traditional Calvinist theology, which had been challenged by the Second Great Awakening. d. He suggested that science and technology would lead humankind into a new era of enlightenment.

b. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature.

How did Andrew Jackson respond to South Carolina's claimed right of nullification in 1832? a. Jackson asked Congress to raise the tariff rates even higher if South Carolina did not stop its threats. b. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification. c. He pulled federal troops and navy ships out of forts and ports in South Carolina where they might have provoked an attack by the South Carolina militia. d. Jackson asked Congress to prepare a bill to expel South Carolina from the Union if it did not stop its threats.

b. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification.

Which of the following laws required the Treasury department to accept only gold and silver in payment for purchases of federal land? a. The Independent Treasury Act of 1840 b. The Specie Circular c. The National Road Bill d. The Commercial Credit Act

b. The Specie Circular

Andrew Jackson and his supporters won the election in 1828 in part by a. repudiating the growing authority of political powers. b. promising to expand and extend Clay's American System. c. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image. d. branding his opponent as "Old Hickory" to emphasize his old-fashioned political style.

c. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image.

Why did Robert E. Lee invade Maryland in August and September 1862? a. His orders to Jackson had fallen into Union hands, and he needed to improvise a new strategy to confuse the enemy. b. He hoped that a victory over Union forces would humiliate Lincoln's government. c. Lee was driven northward by McClellan, who had finally taken the offensive. d. Lee planned to seize Baltimore and then strike at Washington, D.C., from the north.

b. He hoped that a victory over Union forces would humiliate Lincoln's government.

Why did Andrew Jackson veto the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? a. His opponents in Congress, most of whom supported the Second Bank, had tried to embarrass him politically. b. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people. c. French aristocrats had invested heavily in the bank and he objected to their influence. d. One of his major congressional opponents, Daniel Webster, directed the Boston branch of the bank.

b. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people.

How did Abraham Lincoln fare in the 1864 presidential election? a. Lincoln won by a slim margin, thanks to the votes of Union soldiers. b. He was swept to victory in the wake of Sherman's capture of Atlanta. c. He won despite the fact that three out of every four Union soldiers voted against him. d. Abraham Lincoln lost the popular vote to McClellan, but he won the electoral vote.

b. He was swept to victory in the wake of Sherman's capture of Atlanta.

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery? a. Ralph Waldo Emerson b. Henry David Thoreau c. William Lloyd Garrison d. Sarah Grimké

b. Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following describes the Homestead Act of 1862? a. It provided 160 acres of free land to qualifying white men. b. Homesteaders were required to occupy and improve the land. c. Republican leaders hoped it would bring white settlers to the Pacific coastal regions. d. Land speculators accumulated most of the available homesteads.

b. Homesteaders were required to occupy and improve the land.

Which of the following statements characterizes blacks' resistance to slavery by the 1820s? a. Most slaves still clung to the hope of returning to Africa. b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves. c. The frequency of escape to Spanish Florida and the frontier increased. d. Many slaves planned or participated in revolts, knowing that some would be successful.

b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves.

Which of the following qualities did Henry David Thoreau urge in his readers, as demonstrated by the statement, "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer"? a. Stubbornness b. Individuality c. Musicality d. Expressiveness

b. Individuality

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the post-Civil War western cattle boom? a. The boom aided the later development of agriculture by providing a good source of fertilizer. b. It attracted both investors seeking large profits and romantics drawn by the allure of the West. c. It required the extensive introduction of new feed crops. d. The ranchers demonstrated unusual foresight in protecting the environment.

b. It attracted both investors seeking large profits and romantics drawn by the allure of the West.

Which of the following describes The Book of Mormon, published in 1830? a. It was a historical account of the Mormons' westward migration to Utah. b. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection. c. The book offered a detailed explanation and justification of the Mormons' social philosophy. d. The book was written anonymously by anti-Mormons to discredit Mormon beliefs.

b. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection.

As a result of Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s? a. It refused to even consider a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. b. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. c. It adopted a resolution supporting the colonization of all of Virginia's free blacks. d. It called on slave owners to treat their slaves more humanely in order to prevent future slave rebellions.

b. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.

Which of the following describes the Fourierist movement in America? a. Fourierists inspired Susan B. Anthony and helped launch the women's rights movement. b. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities. c. Mormonism was founded on the principles of Fourierism. d. It created a lasting and uniquely American style of furniture.

b. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities.

Which of the following statements describes the agricultural technique known as dry farming? a. Dry farming was developed by Mormons in the area near the Great Salt Lake. b. It involved deep planting and quick harrowing after rainfalls. c. Its chief benefit was that it did not require new machinery. d. Dry farming was feasible only on small farms of three hundred acres or less.

b. It involved deep planting and quick harrowing after rainfalls.

Which of the following describes Lincoln's military strategy at the beginning of the Civil War? a. Attack cautiously to minimize casualties on both sides b. Strike immediately against the Confederate capitol in Richmond, Virginia c. Adopt General Scott's plan of naval blockades and economic sanctions d. Use federal troops only for the purpose of defending Washington, D.C.

b. Strike immediately against the Confederate capitol in Richmond, Virginia

How was the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 different from Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan? a. This proposal created an amnesty plan that was more lenient than Lincoln's earlier plan. b. It stipulated that new southern governments could be formed only by those who had not fought against the North in the Civil War. c. It required loyalty oaths from 90 percent of a southern state's adult white men before that state could hold a constitutional convention. d. This more generous plan specified that former slaveholders would receive compensation for their property losses.

b. It stipulated that new southern governments could be formed only by those who had not fought against the North in the Civil War.

How did President Andrew Jackson change the federal system of office holding? a. He created a civil service system that awarded federal positions on the basis of merit. b. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure. c. He established a formula for bipartisan staffing of federal offices and the cabinet. d. Jackson wrested the power of appointment from state legislatures and Congress.

b. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure.

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, written by John C. Calhoun, bore a similarity to the argument made by which of the following people? a. Thomas Paine in Common Sense b. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions c. John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison d. George Washington in his farewell address

b. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South? a. Feigning illness b. Large-scale uprisings c. Running away d. Individual acts of violence

b. Large-scale uprisings

Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following? a. Banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of birth control devices b. Made seduction of women a crime c. Banned the common practice of abortion d. Made solicitation of prostitutes a crime

b. Made seduction of women a crime

During Reconstruction, why was southern Democrats' dismissal of black politicians as ignorant field hands misguided? a. While all had been slaves, some had been house servants. b. Many had been free artisans or tradesmen. c. The majority of politicians were free blacks from the North. d. Those elected to public office had served in the Union army.

b. Many had been free artisans or tradesmen.

In which of the following ways was Chief Justice Roger Taney different from his predecessor, John Marshall? a. Marshall was a Democrat while Taney was a Whig. b. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights. c. Taney was a more avid believer in the sanctity of contracts. d. Unlike Marshall, Taney had a nationalistic interpretation of the commerce clause.

b. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights.

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment in American cities in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Male promiscuity b. Minstrel shows c. Prostitution d. The Democratic Party

b. Minstrel shows

For which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormons succeed and thrive in the nineteenth century even as other social experiments failed? a. The Mormon Church successfully monopolized Utah's vast natural mineral wealth. b. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership. c. The group rejected evangelicalism in favor of natural reproduction. d. Mormon leaders embraced violent tactics to keep followers in line.

b. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership.

Which statement describes the sharecropping system that emerged to replace slavery in the South after the Civil War? a. It created an equal partnership between tenant farmer and owner. b. Most sharecroppers believed it was preferable to a wage labor system. c. Sharecroppers were often worse off than slaves had been. d. Through sharecropping, freed slaves were able to advance very well economically.

b. Most sharecroppers believed it was preferable to a wage labor system.

Which of the following statements characterizes the women's suffrage movement after the Civil War? a. Many feminists who had been abolitionists were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment made no reference to gender and permitted states to continue to deny suffrage to women. b. Most suffragists agreed that they should concentrate on securing voting rights for African American men as a means to press for the same rights for all women. c. Most feminists opposed the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment because it did not give equal protection to women. d. Disappointed with the Republican Party's failure to win voting rights for women, most suffragists aligned with the Democratic Party after 1869.

b. Most suffragists agreed that they should concentrate on securing voting rights for African American men as a means to press for the same rights for all women.

Which of the following elements defined the Democrats under Andrew Jackson? a. Consideration for Native Americans b. Support for average Americans c. Treatment of the national bank d. Views on patronage

b. Support for average Americans

Which of the following statements characterizes the American political system directly after the American Revolution? a. It was highly democratic and open to almost all white males. b. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections. c. Political parties were well established and regulated in most states. d. Pressure to make politics more democratic spread westward from New England.

b. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections.

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average? a. None b. One to five c. Eight to ten d. Fifteen to twenty

b. One to five

The power of elected officials to grant government jobs to party members in return for their loyalty is known as which of the following systems? a. Nepotism b. Patronage c. Caucusing d. The Whig System

b. Patronage

Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and people could attain complete freedom from sin? a. Mormonism b. Perfectionism c. Fourierism d. Transcendentalism

b. Perfectionism

What aspect of early nineteenth-century American government had the founders condemned as contrary to republican ideals? a. The committee system in Congress b. Political parties c. The two-term presidency d. The Supreme Court's judicial review

b. Political parties

Why did so many Confederate soldiers flee their units by 1865? a. The soldiers felt that the war had already been won by the Confederate army. b. Poor white soldiers resented fighting for the benefit of wealthy slave owners. c. Many soldiers were sympathetic to abolitionism and enlisted in the Union army. d. White soldiers refused to fight alongside blacks, who had served since the beginning of the war.

b. Poor white soldiers resented fighting for the benefit of wealthy slave owners.

Republicans used which of the following arguments to justify high tariffs? a. Low prices of imported goods are beneficial for consumers. b. Protection against European-style industrial poverty is necessary. c. Benefits for low-wage workers in England and Germany are needed. d. American debts must be reduced.

b. Protection against European-style industrial poverty is necessary.

Which of the following statements characterizes the congressional impeachment of Andrew Johnson? a. Johnson was the only president ever to be impeached and removed from office in American history. b. Radical Republicans failed to remove Johnson from office, but they damaged his power and authority. c. Moderate Republicans joined with the Radicals to impeach Johnson, but the Supreme Court overturned his impeachment on appeal. d. In return for Johnson's promise not to oppose the Radical Republicans' plans, the Senate acquitted him.

b. Radical Republicans failed to remove Johnson from office, but they damaged his power and authority.

Most of the new state constitutions written between 1830 and 1860 did which of the following? a. Gave all men the right to vote b. Reapportioned state legislatures on the basis of population c. Required the appointment of most public officials such as sheriffs and judges d. Allowed the states to grant special charters to corporations

b. Reapportioned state legislatures on the basis of population

Politicians from modest backgrounds tended to support which of the following reforms in the 1810s? a. Tax increases for the rich b. Restrictions on imprisonment for debt c. Mandatory military service for young men d. Limited suffrage for women

b. Restrictions on imprisonment for debt

Which of the following factors contributed to the failure of the Indian peace policy in the late nineteenth century? a. The extermination of the bison b. Rivalries among different Christian missionary groups. c. The federal government's unwillingness to allocate funds d. Indians' desire to assimilate into white society

b. Rivalries among different Christian missionary groups.

In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from a. France. b. Russia. c. China. d. Britain.

b. Russia.

Which of the following statements describes women's experience in the West in the late nineteenth century? a. The Homestead Act reflected the attitudes of the day by excluding women as homesteaders. b. Single women made up between 5 and 20 percent of homesteaders in North Dakota. c. Most women living in the West rejected the eastern ideal of domesticity. d. Women made up only a small percentage of the American population in the West.

b. Single women made up between 5 and 20 percent of homesteaders in North Dakota.

Which of the following technological advances played an important role in opening up the Great Plains to farming? a. Advanced irrigation techniques b. Steel plows and other farm machinery c. Corporate development of drought-resistant grains d. Scientific development of synthetic pesticides

b. Steel plows and other farm machinery

Which of the following statements characterizes the presidential campaign of 1840? a. Whig organizers pinned their hopes on clear explanations of the American System and on the voters' desire for national moral purification. b. The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate. c. The Democrats outdid the Whigs by presenting Martin Van Buren as the true man of the people, in the tradition of Andrew Jackson. d. Big businesses and labor unions contributed large sums of money to the candidates for the first time in American history.

b. The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate.

Which of the following developments made open ranching feasible on the Great Plains between the 1860s and the 1880s? a. The cultivation of new feed crops b. The availability of free land c. The introduction of barbed-wire fencing d. The Homestead Act of 1862

b. The availability of free land

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of the Battle of Wounded Knee? a. The Plains Indians continued a grim guerrilla struggle against white domination, mounting many small attacks. b. The massacre of the Lakotas there stands as an indictment of U.S. Indian policy and western expansionism. c. Indians remained a large minority in South Dakota and Oklahoma, averaging 25 percent of the population. d. It illustrated the U.S. government's faulty approach to Native Americans and led it to abandon the Dawes Plan immediately.

b. The massacre of the Lakotas there stands as an indictment of U.S. Indian policy and western expansionism.

Why was the election of 1876 significant? a. The election was proof that most voters wanted to continue military Reconstruction in the South. b. The outcome was determined by an electoral commission established by Congress. c. It was disrupted by the third-party candidacy of Horace Greeley. d. It served as proof that southern Republican leaders were incompetent.

b. The outcome was determined by an electoral commission established by Congress.

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836? a. It suspended the writ of habeas corpus for any abolitionist speaker arrested for violating antiabolitionist laws. b. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House. c. It prevented southern politicians from giving proslavery speeches on the floor of the House. d. The rule made it a federal crime to distribute abolitionist tracts in any state where slavery was legal.

b. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House.

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion? a. A wave of European immigration to the South b. The redistribution of the African American population c. The beginnings of a manumission movement in the South d. An increase in the legal importation of slaves

b. The redistribution of the African American population

Which of these factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialized sex in the new cities of the mid-nineteenth century? a. Mainstream churches' timidity about addressing sexual issues explicitly b. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs c. An influx of immigrants from southern and eastern European counties d. Cities' refusal to pass legislation banning prostitution and pornography

b. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy? a. The trade provided Native American slaves to the southern economy. b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations. c. It provided a new source of income for Virginians who had abandoned tobacco cultivation. d. The trade encouraged thousands of free blacks to move to the Lower South.

b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860? a. Most slaves lived in the Upper South. b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves. c. Most slaves did not have stable families. d. Most whites in the South who did not own slaves were opposed to slavery.

b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Both the South and the North had equally strong economies in 1860. b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South. c. Southerners' wealth in slaves made the South's economy ten times stronger than the North's. d. The economy of the North was stronger and more prosperous than that of the South.

b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.

The Shakers' name came from which of the following? a. The name of their founder b. Their particular form of worship c. The town in which they originated d. Their efforts to transform society

b. Their particular form of worship

Which of these factors made enslaved African Americans reluctant to attempt to escape to the North? a. Slaves internalized their inferiority and felt incapable of successful flight. b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind. c. Slaves' embrace of the Golden Rule led them to treat their masters well. d. They knew that the civil war and abolitionism would come sooner rather than later.

b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.

Which general is properly paired with a battle he led? a. Union general George B. McClellan—Shiloh b. Confederate general P. G. T. Beauregard—Gettysburg c. Confederate general Stonewall Jackson—Fredericksburg d. Confederate general Robert E. Lee—Antietam

d. Confederate general Robert E. Lee—Antietam

Why were many congressional leaders unwilling to consider breaking up plantations and distributing plots for independent farms to freed slaves? a. The leaders did not think slaves were capable of farming their own land. b. They hoped to restore cotton cultivation and the export of American cotton. c. Most congressional representatives wanted to see the Industrial Revolution transform the South. d. Freed slaves had expressed their desire to work in occupations other than farming.

b. They hoped to restore cotton cultivation and the export of American cotton.

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Propertyless whites directly benefited from the institution of slavery. b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites. c. Planters courted their loyalty by providing gifts and small favors to their families. d. Propertyless whites were free but lived in conditions worse than that of many slaves.

b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.

Which of the following was a reason the U.S. government elected to define small preserves of "uninhabited wilderness" in the 1860s and 1870s? a. To promote more business for the faltering railroad industry b. To contribute to the conquest of Native Americans in the West c. To ensure its permanent right to exploit the regions' natural resources d. To promote the development of privately owned hotels within national parks

b. To contribute to the conquest of Native Americans in the West

What was the goal of the Ku Klux Klan under the leadership of former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1866? a. To fight against the advancement of all blacks in the South b. To use any means to damage the Republican government of Tennessee c. To renew the Confederate cause and fight for independence from the Union d. To persuade the Republic government in Tennessee to repeal some Reconstruction legislation

b. To use any means to damage the Republican government of Tennessee

What occurred during the Bad Axe Massacre of 1832? a. Seminole Indians in Florida ambushed the U.S. Army unit Jackson sent to remove them. b. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors. c. U.S. troops surrounded and massacred an entire Cherokee village in Georgia. d. The Choctaw chief Bad Axe fought a pitched battle against white settlers in Mississippi.

b. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors.

Which pair of battles marked the turning point in the Civil War? a. First and Second Bull Run b. Vicksburg and Gettysburg c. Fredericksburg and the Battle of the Wilderness d. Chancellorsville and the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse

b. Vicksburg and Gettysburg

Which of the following is properly paired? a. Henry David Thoreau—Uncle Tom's Cabin b. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass c. Nathaniel Hawthorne—The American Scholar d. Herman Melville—The Scarlet Letter

b. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass

In the election of 1840, Whigs boosted their electoral hopes by appealing to which of the following groups? a. Irish immigrants b. Women c. Wealthy Northern businessmen d. Freemasons

b. Women

President Martin Van Buren responded to the Panic of 1837 by a. revoking Andrew Jackson's Specie Circular of 1836. b. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance. c. instituting an extensive public works program. d. depositing government gold and silver from private banks.

b. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance.

In the 1872 presidential election, the still disorganized Democratic Party a. demanded civil rights for African Americans. b. allied with the reform-minded Liberal Republicans. c. supported Samuel Tilden for president. d. exposed the Whiskey Ring scandals.

b. allied with the reform-minded Liberal Republicans.

In the nineteenth-century South, free blacks lived primarily a. in rural Mississippi. b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South. c. in Tennessee. d. near the Texas border.

b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South.

Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was a. confined to border and southern cities such as Baltimore, St. Louis, and Nashville. b. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages. c. directed only at free black communities and the homes of prominent abolitionists. d. responsible for the deaths of hundreds of abolitionists and free blacks during this period.

b. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.

The federal government's Civil War debt was paid off primarily through a. income taxes. b. tariff revenues. c. corporate taxes. d. inflation.

b. tariff revenues.

John C. Calhoun challenged the northern Whig economic ideology by arguing a. that northern factory owners and southern slave owners had nothing in common. b. that advanced civilizations always had antagonism between workers and capitalists. c. that American society was essentially a classless one. d. for federal supremacy over the states and a strong tariff.

b. that advanced civilizations always had antagonism between workers and capitalists.

Which issue caused a split in the Democratic Party during the election of 1864? a. George B. McClellan's candidacy b. Freedom for blacks c. Lincoln's policy toward dissenters d. Continuing the war

d. Continuing the war

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work? a. It allowed slaves to work individually and at their own pace. b. The labor system was primarily used on plantations with twenty or fewer slaves. c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers. d. The system controlled slave laborers without the use of violent discipline or punishment.

c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.

The largest mass execution in American history took place as a result of a. Custer's last stand. b. the Dakota uprising. c. the Battle of Bozeman Trail. d. an Indian uprising against the Dawes Severalty Act.

b. the Dakota uprising.

Reconstruction ended in 1877 because a. African American government leaders in the South were incompetent. b. the North lost interest in the cause. c. the Democratic Party lost its political base in the South. d. the northern government had achieved all it had planned.

b. the North lost interest in the cause.

Many African American sharecroppers became trapped in a vicious cycle of debt after the Civil War mainly because a. southern banks charged blacks much higher interest rates than they charged whites. b. they could not pay the high prices and interest that whites charged as the price of cotton declined in the 1870s. c. state laws required blacks to pay for purchases by establishing credit lines that they could pay off only once annually. d. federal banking laws included "usury" regulations that in fact allowed southern banks to cheat freedmen.

b. they could not pay the high prices and interest that whites charged as the price of cotton declined in the 1870s.

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s? a. Christian values b. Domestic ideology c. Abolitionist scrutiny d. Frequent mass uprisings

c. Abolitionist scrutiny

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry? a. Native Americans formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. b. Immigrants formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long. d. African American slaves were unable to escape the labor system due to planter violence.

c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.

After being placed in charge of all Union armies in 1864, General Grant and Abraham Lincoln crafted which of the following new military strategies? a. The targeting of the Confederacy's industrial centers b. The destruction of the Confederacy's infrastructure c. An attack of every major Confederate army simultaneously d. An avoidance of Union casualties to maintain northerners' support for the war

c. An attack of every major Confederate army simultaneously

On whom did President Jackson rely for political advice? a. Several key western senators, including Henry Clay b. His official cabinet officers c. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet d. Chief Justice John Marshall

c. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet

Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840? a. William Lloyd Garrison, after he broke with most of the other abolitionist leaders b. Theodore Dwight Weld, who sought to unify the antislavery movement c. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison d. Proslavery advocates in both the North and the South

c. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison

Which of the following countries was the first to convert to the gold standard? a. Germany b. France c. Britain d. United States

c. Britain

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally? a. A Supreme Court ruling b. State legislation c. Congressional legislation d. Missouri's application for statehood

c. Congressional legislation

The movement toward secession in the winter of 1860-1861 proceeded the most rapidly in the a. Upper South. b. Middle South. c. Deep South. d. border states.

c. Deep South.

Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey's Lady's Book and Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following? a. Advocated women's right to vote and hold elected offices b. Promoted the notion that higher education would make women better mothers c. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity d. Promoted less restrictive feminine clothing to protect women's health

c. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity

In the landmark case of Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the U.S. Supreme Court did which of the following? a. Reaffirmed John Marshall's interpretation of the contract clause in the U.S. Constitution b. Upheld the protected legal position of existing state-chartered monopolies c. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies d. Ruled that the city of New York could use its "police power" to inspect new immigrants' health

c. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies

Farmers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century often faced which of the following natural challenges that could easily destroy crops? a. Hurricanes b. Dust storms c. Hailstorms d. Earthquakes

c. Hailstorms

Why did President Lincoln decide to suspend habeas corpus during the Civil War? a. He needed to assure Americans that civil liberties would be protected. b. He was aiming to demoralize the South. c. He believed it would stop disloyal activities, such as protests against the draft. d. He hoped to encourage voluntary enlistment in the Union army for the duration of the war.

c. He believed it would stop disloyal activities, such as protests against the draft.

How did Abraham Lincoln respond to the Wade Davis Bill in 1864? a. He vetoed it, but his veto was overridden by Congress, which insisted that Confederates be punished. b. Lincoln reluctantly agreed to accept it, but the Senate failed to pass it and it never came before him. c. He did not sign it and he opened talks with key congressional representatives to find a compromise solution. d. Lincoln publicly refused to sign it and announced in a major speech that he sought a lenient approach to Reconstruction.

c. He did not sign it and he opened talks with key congressional representatives to find a compromise solution.

Which of the following describe John Tyler and his presidency? a. He had become famous as a hero during the War of 1812. b. Tyler was a longtime supporter of the American system. c. He so angered Whigs that he was kicked out of the party while president. d. Tyler's presidency faithfully upheld Harrison's priorities.

c. He so angered Whigs that he was kicked out of the party while president.

Which of the following constituted a critical problem for the Confederacy during the Civil War? a. A lack of experienced military leaders b. The lack of trained soldiers c. High levels of inflation d. Its citizens' lack of conviction

c. High levels of inflation

Which of the following factors was critical in the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-nineteenth century? a. The rapid increase in life expectancy b. America's relatively high birthrate c. Immigration d. The growth of urban culture

c. Immigration

The Trail of Tears was the direct consequence of which of the following government actions? a. The Louisiana Purchase b. Worcester v. Georgia c. Indian Removal Act of 1830 d. The Bad Axe Massacre

c. Indian Removal Act of 1830

Which of the following describes Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan, which he announced in December 1863? a. The plan offered general amnesty to all Confederate citizens who agreed to comply with federal laws. b. Lincoln created the plan to appeal to southern Democrats, many of whom had served with Lincoln in Congress. c. It specified that a state could return to the Union when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. d. The plan declared that a state could reorganize its government when 50 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

c. It specified that a state could return to the Union when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

Which of the following statements describes Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? a. The action was unpopular and surprised most Americans, who thought the issue had been resolved. b. Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill for his own reasons and without offering any reason or explanation to the public. c. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric. d. Jackson staked his presidency on the veto, declaring that he would resign if Congress passed the bill over his veto.

c. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric.

Which of the following describes the purpose of the U.S. Sanitary Commission? a. The group was the first federal military medical evacuation system with emergency transportation and mobile field hospitals. b. The office was established to enforce minimum standards of cleanliness in army camps and to supervise the burial of war dead. c. It was a voluntary organization in the North that provided medical services, distributed supplies and medicines, and recruited physicians and nurses. d. Northern evangelicals created the committee to supervise the morals of Union soldiers and to combat gambling, drinking, and consorting with prostitutes.

c. It was a voluntary organization in the North that provided medical services, distributed supplies and medicines, and recruited physicians and nurses.

Correctly match the candidate in the 1824 presidential election with his description. a. Adams—choice of the Republican caucus in Congress b. Calhoun—Secretary of the Treasury in the Monroe administration c. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero d. Crawford—Speaker of the House of Representatives

c. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups? a. Native Americans b. Mormons c. Jews d. The Irish

c. Jews

Which of the following phenomena led the U.S. government to dismantle the Indian reservation system it had previously established? a. Indian resistance b. The Office of Indian Affairs c. White land hunger d. Indian schools

c. White land hunger

Which of the following was the final outcome of the congressional campaigns and elections of 1866? a. Conservative Republicans and Democrats united to form the National Union Party and won 105 seats in the House. b. Johnson's personal campaigning from Washington to St. Louis and Chicago won back supporters to the Republican Party. c. Johnson suffered a humiliating defeat as Republicans gained a three-to-one margin in Congress. d. Voters expressed their disapproval of the Freedmen's Bureau law and the Fourteenth Amendment.

c. Johnson suffered a humiliating defeat as Republicans gained a three-to-one margin in Congress.

How did the battles that book place in Virginia from June 25 to July 1, 1862, unfold? a. Jackson routed Union troops in the Shenandoah Valley, allowing Lee to deflect a Union army under McClellan from its objective, which was the capture of Richmond. b. Jackson outmaneuvered Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond, allowing him to rout Banks's federal army protecting Washington. c. Lee ferociously attacked Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond. d. Union troops under McClellan defeated Lee's Confederate army, but at a high cost in lives.

c. Lee ferociously attacked Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond.

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop? a. Chesapeake—rice b. Carolina low country—hemp c. Louisiana—sugar d. Kentucky and Tennessee—cotton

c. Louisiana—sugar

Which of the following was one of the reasons that the United States encouraged Chinese immigration after the Civil War? a. The United States needed to populate lands in the American West. b. It was intended as a gesture of American egalitarianism. c. Many Chinese were useful railroad workers and farm laborers in the West. d. The United States needed additional laborers to mine gold deposits in the West.

c. Many Chinese were useful railroad workers and farm laborers in the West.

Who is considered the first real politician, partly because he created the first statewide political machine? a. Alexander Hamilton b. John Quincy Adams c. Martin Van Buren d. Andrew Jackson

c. Martin Van Buren

Which of the following was a consequence of widespread settlement on the Great Plains after the Civil War? a. Improved Indian relationships b. A decline in railroad building c. New rights and opportunities for many women d. The explosive growth of the mining industry

c. New rights and opportunities for many women

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century? a. Chesapeake planters' hesitancy to work their slaves too hard b. The profitability of the international slave trade c. Population growth through natural reproduction d. The rapid contraction of the region's tobacco market

c. Population growth through natural reproduction

How did the Confederacy, with its agricultural economy, acquire the products and equipment it needed to supply its army? a. The Confederacy made black-market arrangements with northern manufacturers. b. The confederates industrialized at a rapid pace in order to produce goods domestically. c. Profits from cotton exports provided funds to purchase imported products. d. It relied on soldiers' families to supply them with the equipment they needed.

c. Profits from cotton exports provided funds to purchase imported products.

Which of the following statements describes the movement toward emancipation within the Republican Party in 1862? a. Lincoln led the Radical Republicans, who wanted to speed up the process of emancipation by abolishing slavery throughout the South. b. Mounting Union casualties diminished popular support for emancipation, forcing Lincoln to slow his schedule for freeing slaves. c. Radical Republicans in Congress pushed moderates toward embracing their agenda of total abolition. d. Republicans were afraid that if they did not strongly support emancipation, northern Democrats would use their hesitancy against them in the upcoming elections.

c. Radical Republicans in Congress pushed moderates toward embracing their agenda of total abolition.

Ex-Confederates who sought to return political and economic control of the South to white southerners after the Civil War were known as a. nullifiers. b. carpetbaggers. c. Redeemers. d. secessionists.

c. Redeemers.

Which of the following resulted from the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg in 1863? a. President Lincoln restored George McClellan as head of the Union army. b. The unburied bodies of dead Confederate soldiers caused a typhoid epidemic that killed hundreds of civilians. c. Republicans swept the 1863 elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York d. The Confederate armies began to draft slaves into military service.

c. Republicans swept the 1863 elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York

What was the outcome of the 1868 election? a. Democrats swept the South, promising that southern states could reorganize their own governments. b. Republicans lost their two-thirds majority in the Senate due to the readmission of rebel states. c. Republicans won the presidency and retained their two-thirds majority in both houses. d. Democrats gained a Senate majority but were unable to capture the presidency or the House.

c. Republicans won the presidency and retained their two-thirds majority in both houses.

Which of the following was Elizabeth Cady Stanton's response to the denial of women's suffrage while freedmen and immigrant men were being enfranchised? a. She urged women to be patient and remain loyal to the Republican Party. b. She felt that men were better suited to vote than women and supported the Republic Party. c. She made a racist attack on the uneducated black men who could vote while educated white women could not. d. She understood the value of granting the right to vote to all men but still remained a supporter of women's suffrage.

c. She made a racist attack on the uneducated black men who could vote while educated white women could not.

Which Sioux leader led the forces that annihilated Colonel George A. Custer and his men on June 25, 1876? a. Geronimo b. Chief Joseph c. Sitting Bull d. Red Cloud

c. Sitting Bull

Granting suffrage to African American males caused a. joyful celebrations throughout the North. b. hundreds of women's protests in the Northeast. c. a split in the women's movement. d. antiblack rioting in New York City.

c. a split in the women's movement.

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea? a. In a slave-owning society, every free man is an aristocrat. b. Slavery gave whites the psychological satisfaction of knowing they ranked above blacks. c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks. d. Whites educated and Christianized slaves in return for their love, labor, and loyalty.

c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote an individual's mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization? a. Hard physical labor b. Intensive, solitary study c. Spending time alone in nature d. Sexual intimacy

c. Spending time alone in nature

Which of the following border states quickly joined the Confederacy in 1861? a. Maryland b. Kentucky c. Tennessee d. Missouri

c. Tennessee

Which of the following developments spurred the Panic of 1837? a. Cotton prices dropped to an all-time low. b. The stock market crashed, causing widespread bankruptcy. c. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States. d. State governments throughout the country defaulted on their debts.

c. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States.

Why was it necessary to add the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution following the Civil War? a. The Constitution outlawed the federal government's interference with state laws. b. The Bill of Rights gave state laws precedence over federal laws. c. The Constitution had condoned slavery and allowed states to set voting requirements. d. It wasn't necessary; they were passed merely for emphasis and propaganda.

c. The Constitution had condoned slavery and allowed states to set voting requirements.

What did the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution specify should be done in an election like the election of 1824, in which no presidential candidate received a majority of the electoral votes? a. The Supreme Court intervenes to determine the winner. b. The candidate with the most electoral votes wins. c. The House of Representatives decides the outcome. d. Congress appoints a special bipartisan commission.

c. The House of Representatives decides the outcome.

Which of the following statements describes events surrounding the election of 1824? a. John Quincy Adams became president even though Andrew Jackson had more popular votes. b. It was the first time a presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives. c. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign. d. The disputed outcome led to extended rioting in several large southern cities.

c. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign.

Working Men's Parties of the late 1820s and 1830s called for which of the following reforms? a. The abolition of the factory system b. Nationalization of factories and their management by workers c. The abolition of debtors' prisons d. The abolition of slavery

c. The abolition of debtors' prisons

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South? a. Competition from immigrant labor b. Export taxes on their products c. The cotton revolution d. Poor distribution networks

c. The cotton revolution

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century? a. The market for domestic slaves declined during the early 1800s. b. The domestic slave trade was outlawed by Congress in 1807. c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders. d. It included thousands of Native Americans held as slaves.

c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century? a. Marriage patterns b. Kinship relations c. The domestic slave trade d. The development of the Gullah dialect

c. The domestic slave trade

Which of these events spurred Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act in April 1866? a. The emergence of the Ku Klux Klan b. Johnson's threat to impose Reconstruction through military force c. The eruption of antiblack violence in various parts of the South d. A precipitous decline in Johnson's political support

c. The eruption of antiblack violence in various parts of the South

Which of the following statements characterizes the cotton planter class in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Planters lived in elegant mansions. b. Planters embraced the cultured gentility of the Chesapeake region. c. The goal of the planter class was to make money. d. Planters refused to do physical labor on plantations.

c. The goal of the planter class was to make money.

Who benefitted most from the General Mining Act of 1872, which allowed individuals who discovered minerals on federally owned land to work the claim and keep the proceeds? a. Homesteaders b. Small independent mining prospectors c. Mexican miners d. Powerful investors

d. Powerful investors

Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1875 significant? a. The act required the desegregation of both churches and schools throughout the South. b. It failed to address the issue of women's suffrage and add the word sex to the Constitution. c. The legislation was the last congressional effort to address civil rights until the 1960s. d. It failed to achieve ratification and broke Charles Sumner's heart and health.

c. The legislation was the last congressional effort to address civil rights until the 1960s.

Which of the following statements characterizes the American party system by the early 1840s? a. As the 1840 election demonstrated, the Whigs clearly held the edge in party discipline and mass loyalty. b. The two parties offered nearly the same social and economic platform but employed differing campaign styles to attract voters. c. The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge. d. The Democrats had a major advantage in their wealth and the cohesiveness of their leadership and support.

c. The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge.

Why did President Johnson veto the Freedmen's Bureau law and Civil Rights Act in 1866? a. Johnson did not get along with the Radical Republicans. b. He sought revenge against the Radical Republicans for opposing his Reconstruction plan. c. These two pieces of legislation posed too great a challenge to his deeply racist views. d. He believed they violated the core tenets of the Republican Party.

c. These two pieces of legislation posed too great a challenge to his deeply racist views.

By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways? a. They softened their rhetoric in an effort to end pro-slavery activists' violent attacks on lecturers. b. The group joined the Tappan brothers and Theodore Weld to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. c. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks. d. The group decided that working for abolitionism within existing institutions was more effective than creating new ones.

c. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks.

Which of the following describes the residents of the Brook Farm community of the 1840s? a. Brook Farm's residents pioneered the use of advanced farming techniques. b. They practiced nineteenth-century versions of free love and communism. c. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life. d. Brook Farm's residents consisted mostly of families and single women.

c. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life.

Why did several eastern states expand suffrage in the 1810s? a. They sought to prevent riots. b. They needed to increase their representation in Congress. c. They wanted to discourage westward migration. d. They aimed to give women a greater influence.

c. They wanted to discourage westward migration.

What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools in the late nineteenth century? a. To teach Native American children the ways of their ancient peoples b. Only to provide the children with an education in English, mathematics, and other disciplines c. To assimilate Native American children more easily into white culture d. To teach the children how to speak their native languages more fluently

c. To assimilate Native American children more easily into white culture

Which of the following was the primary function of the Second Bank of the United States? a. To make a profit for the federal government through judicious loans to the country's most promising entrepreneurs b. To keep the economy in equilibrium by raising or lowering interest rates in response to changes in the capitalist business cycle c. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin d. To serve as a clearinghouse for foreign investments and currency in order to raise the country's international economic standing

c. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin

Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s? a. The rebels won their freedom. b. A national convention of African American activists met in Philadelphia. c. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented. d. Rioting erupted in northern cities.

c. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.

Which of the following describes the 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaign? a. Union troops were ordered not to attack Confederate troops so near Washington, D.C., during an election year. b. Both sides suffered their highest casualty rates of the entire war. c. Union troops led a scorched-earth campaign to punish farmers who had aided the South. d. The Confederate troops triumphed by using guerrilla tactics.

c. Union troops led a scorched-earth campaign to punish farmers who had aided the South.

Under President Johnson's restoration plan, high-ranking Confederate leaders and wealthy southerners a. were generally imprisoned for a period of time ranging from one month to three years. b. could avoid punishment by taking a special oath of allegiance to the Union and the president. c. could serve as delegates to conventions that were called to consider ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. d. could request and expect to receive presidential pardons that exempted them from punishment.

c. could serve as delegates to conventions that were called to consider ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

The phrase "The largest, longest-run agricultural and environmental miscalculation in American history" refers to a. the plantation system. b. cotton's reign as king in the South. c. farming the Great Plains. d. the cattle kingdom.

c. farming the Great Plains.

The Confederacy financed the Civil War primarily by a. selling bonds to wealthy planters. b. imposing a modest property tax and an export tax on cotton. c. issuing paper currency that was not backed by gold or silver. d. borrowing heavily from Britain.

c. issuing paper currency that was not backed by gold or silver.

John Wesley Powell, in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States (1878), famously stated that a. 160-acre homesteads would serve as the best way to settle and cultivate the Great Plains. b. individual farmers, not the federal government, should be responsible for their own water needs. c. massive cooperation under government control was the only way farming would succeed on the Great Plains. d. the Mormon experiment in Utah was doomed to fail because the land in that territory was totally dry.

c. massive cooperation under government control was the only way farming would succeed on the Great Plains.

In the 1860s and 1870s, Nevada's Comstock Lode, Colorado's Rocky Mountains, and South Dakota's Black Hills were all known for a. sheep raising. b. cattle grazing. c. mining. d. frontier farming.

c. mining.

The Civil War has been described as the first total war in modern times. A total war is defined as a. one fought by people of the same country; no other nations are involved. b. a war that involves land, sea, and air forces. c. one in which all the resources, including civilians, are mobilized for war. d. a war that requires that every available man participate in the fighting.

c. one in which all the resources, including civilians, are mobilized for war.

In the aftermath of the nullification crisis, President Jackson responded to southern concerns about the tariff by a. insisting that high protective tariffs were in the national interest. b. attempting unsuccessfully to have Congress repeal the Tariff of 1832. c. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties. d. insisting that he had won the conflict and disregarding the issue.

c. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties.

Approved by Congress in January 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment a. balanced the power between the North and the South in the Senate. b. protected citizens through habeas corpus. c. prohibited slavery throughout the United States. d. granted citizenship to slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.

c. prohibited slavery throughout the United States.

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was intended to a. exclude Japanese immigration into California. b. place Indians on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. c. promote Indian assimilation by dividing their lands. d. encourage ethnic diversity within large industries.

c. promote Indian assimilation by dividing their lands.

Following the Sioux victory at Little Big Horn, the U.S. government a. negotiated a treaty in which it made concessions to the Sioux. b. withdrew from the area and left the Sioux alone. c. pursued the various bands of Sioux until they surrendered. d. demonstrated a new respect for the Sioux and other tribes.

c. pursued the various bands of Sioux until they surrendered.

The 1868 Burlingame Treaty achieved the American goal of a. annexing Hawaii. b. purchasing Alaska. c. setting the terms of emigration for Chinese laborers. d. reopening international access to Japanese ports.

c. setting the terms of emigration for Chinese laborers.

Some southerners used the term scalawags to describe a. freed slaves who were demanding equality. b. northerners in the South during Reconstruction. c. southerners who supported the process of Reconstruction. d. Freedmen's Bureau officials and teachers.

c. southerners who supported the process of Reconstruction.

One critical flaw of southern Reconstruction governments was their a. failure to address the issue of women's rights. b. emphasis on promoting public education for black but not white children. c. support of the convict leasing system. d. failure to exclude religious institutions from government.

c. support of the convict leasing system.

White reformers, such as those who founded the Indian Rights Association, advocated for a. the preservation of Indian culture. b. a reservation system as a means of saving Indian lives. c. the idea that Indians had the innate capacity to become equal with whites. d. a continuation of tribal authority.

c. the idea that Indians had the innate capacity to become equal with whites.

Expecting freedom from slavery near the end of the Civil War, most African Americans were eager to a. find the means to move to the North and seek employment. b. elect African American politicians in order to secure their political rights. c. vote and secure land for economic independence. d. form charities to help former slaves establish independence from their masters.

c. vote and secure land for economic independence.

In his attack on Atlanta in the summer of 1864, Sherman's Union forces a. fought until they reached a stalemate with Confederates later that year. b. retreated to fight Confederate forces in Alabama and Tennessee. c. waged a campaign that began in July and succeeded in early September. d. brutally executed more than 700 white women and children.

c. waged a campaign that began in July and succeeded in early September.

Sequoyah developed which of the following to assimilate members of the Cherokee tribe into American life? a. A new charter of government modeled directly on the U.S. Constitution b. A political party that appealed to Native Americans of all tribes c. A bank that issued notes to encourage economic development for the Cherokee tribe d. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language

d. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth-century South? a. The percentage of white slave-owning families continually increased between 1800 and 1860. b. Throughout the nineteenth century, most white southerners owned some slaves. c. Slave gangs proved to be less efficient than those who worked more independently. d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century? a. Predestination b. Original sin c. Obedience to authority d. All people as children of God

d. All people as children of God

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century? a. Sexual abuse of black women increased because white males on the southwestern frontier knew the law would not punish them. b. Blacks lost the few work privileges they had gained in the eighteenth century, especially in the lowlands of South Carolina. c. Mutilations of black men increased as whites sought to deter runaways and slave revolts. d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

At which of the following points did the states of the Lower South secede and organize a provisional government of the Confederate States of America headed by Jefferson Davis? a. Before the presidential election of 1860 b. Before the popular votes were counted and Lincoln's election became apparent c. After Lincoln rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise d. Before Buchanan left the White House and Lincoln was inaugurated

d. Before Buchanan left the White House and Lincoln was inaugurated

Which of the following groups composed the largest percentage of registered voters in Alabama and Mississippi in the late 1860s? a. Former Confederates b. White Unionists c. White Republicans d. Black Republicans

d. Black Republicans

Slaves' practice of "taking root" involved which of the following? a. Cultivating their own food crops in small yards after their workday b. Adopting American culture and rejecting African influences c. Forming fictive kinship relationships for social support d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century? a. By refusing to take part illegally in the international slave trade b. By resorting to buying slaves from the British in Canada c. By beginning to import European peasant immigrants as servants d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? a. Thirteenth Amendment—citizenship for African Americans b. Fourteenth Amendment—abolished slavery c. Fifteenth Amendment—gave African American males the right to vote d. Civil Rights Act of 1866—allowed formerly enslaved people full access to the courts

d. Civil Rights Act of 1866—allowed formerly enslaved people full access to the courts

Which of the following statements describes the Freedmen's Bureau, which originated in 1865? a. Founded by ex-Confederate states, the organization helped rebuild the South. b. Created by private citizens, the agency provided aid to former slaves. c. It was originally proposed in Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan, which Congress defeated. d. Created by Congress, it helped ex-slaves adjust to freedom and secure their basic civil rights.

d. Created by Congress, it helped ex-slaves adjust to freedom and secure their basic civil rights.

Which constitutional amendment did the Supreme Court use in the 1870s to the 1890s to protect the rights of corporations—even though it had been written to protect individual rights? a. First b. Tenth c. Thirteenth d. Fourteenth

d. Fourteenth

Which of these statements describes the status of African American women in the Reconstruction-era South? a. Most freedmen refused to allow their wives to work alongside them in the fields. b. In the Reconstruction-era South, freedwomen had the same rights and status as freedmen. c. Emancipation may have increased the subordination of African American women in the black household. d. Freedwomen valued their new right to marry legally and their opportunity to create a stable family life.

d. Freedwomen valued their new right to marry legally and their opportunity to create a stable family life.

Which president refashioned U.S. Indian policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century? a. Buchanan b. Lincoln c. Johnson d. Grant

d. Grant

Which of the following arguments did President Jackson offer as a justification for destroying the Second Bank of the United States? a. The bank had not been successful at stabilizing the currency. b. It had not been able to influence credit in a satisfactory manner. c. The U.S. government was forced to play too large a role in managing the bank. d. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners.

d. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners.

Which of the following statements characterizes Andrew Jackson's intentions toward Native Americans during his presidency? a. He planned to encourage missionaries to convert the tribes east of the Mississippi River to Christianity and white culture. b. Jackson intended to force Native Americans to comply with federal treaties, even when they ran counter to the national interest. c. He sought better relations with the "civilized" Indians of the Old Southwest, encouraging them to continue their adaptation to white ways. d. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.

d. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.

Which of the following statements describes the significance of the Battle of Antietam? a. More Confederate troops died in this battle than in the rest of the entire war. b. It was the first definitive Union victory in the eastern theater of the war. c. McClellan's battle plans fell into Confederate hands before the battle took place. d. Lincoln removed McClellan from command after the battle for his timidity.

d. Lincoln removed McClellan from command after the battle for his timidity.

In the aftermath of Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860, southerners feared that following? a. the federal government would send the military to invade the South. b. Republicans would force industrialization on the South. c. racial mixture between white men and black women would occur. d. Lincoln would break his promise and interfere with slavery where it existed.

d. Lincoln would break his promise and interfere with slavery where it existed.

The Alabama Constitution of 1819 did which of the following? a. Gave all taxpaying white men the right to vote b. Eliminated the use of the secret ballot c. Apportioned state legislative seats on the basis of a county's wealth d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

Which of the following statements describes Virginia's secession after the outbreak of the war? a. One of Virginia's military heroes, Robert E. Lee, led the movement for secession. b. The ordinance of secession passed at the convention by only one vote. c. Due to its strong patriotic history, Virginia was the last southern state to join the Confederacy. d. Many Virginia whites voted against secession but lost to those in favor of secession 88 to 55.

d. Many Virginia whites voted against secession but lost to those in favor of secession 88 to 55.

Who was a critic for the New York Tribune, an editor of The Dial, and the author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century? a. Harriet Beecher Stowe b. Susan B. Anthony c. Angelina Grimké d. Margaret Fuller

d. Margaret Fuller

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s? a. Americans sent thousands of slaves to Africa, creating a shortage of slave labor. b. Disease killed tens of thousands of slaves every year in the Deep South. c. Patriot planters had gradually emancipated their slaves after the Revolutionary War. d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

Why did Indians view reformers as just another white interest group? a. Indians did not really believe that white reformers cared about them. b. They suspected that white reform organizations were deceitful. c. Indians did not understand the goals and the efforts of the white reform groups. d. Reform groups sent mixed messages and made promises that were not kept.

d. Reform groups sent mixed messages and made promises that were not kept.

Which of the following scenarios took place in the federal government immediately after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in April 1866? a. Congressional Republicans enacted the Freedmen's Bureau law over Johnson's veto. b. Radical Republicans formulated a plan to seek Johnson's impeachment. c. Republican leaders decided that they had accomplished all they could before the midterm election. d. Republicans introduced an amendment declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens.

d. Republicans introduced an amendment declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens.

On which issue was the Whig philosophy of the 1830s critically different from that of the Federalists in the 1790s? a. National bank b. Industrialization c. Role of the federal government d. Rule by an elite based on talent

d. Rule by an elite based on talent

Which of the following was the dominant northern Plains Indian tribe? a. Iroquois b. Kiowas c. Comanches d. Sioux

d. Sioux

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South? a. Marriage between cousins was very common among plantation slaves. b. African American marriage customs imitated those of white Christians. c. Many slaves married and moved into their own cabins without their white owners' permission. d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics? a. Smuggling weapons to slaves for use in an eventual uprising b. Purchasing and freeing slaves threatened with a sale that would break up their families c. Mounting civil disobedience actions and mass demonstrations to protest slavery d. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

d. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852? a. She wanted to promote African colonization as the best solution to the evils of slavery. b. She wanted women to leave any church that did not preach against slavery. c. She wanted more white Northern women to join abolitionist societies. d. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

d. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South? a. Plantation owners b. Middling planters c. Yeoman farmers d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

Which of the following statements describes the election of 1876? a. President Grant ran for, but failed to win, an unprecedented third term. b. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote but not the electoral vote. c. The Republican candidate won the popular vote, but several minor parties siphoned off enough electoral votes to force the election into the House of Representatives. d. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote, but Republican officials in three southern states certified Republican victories, sending two sets of electoral votes to Congress.

d. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote, but Republican officials in three southern states certified Republican victories, sending two sets of electoral votes to Congress.

Why did the Ghost Dance movement spread so quickly in Native American reservations in the late 1880s and early 1890s? a. Native American people thought the dance might end the long drought. b. It was a purely Native American dance that represented their culture. c. The dance served as a pleasant distraction from the ills of life on the reservation. d. The dance fostered native peoples' hope that they could drive away white settlers.

d. The dance fostered native peoples' hope that they could drive away white settlers.

Which of the following describes the Crittenden Compromise? a. It was a compromise Lincoln supported. b. The plan outlined the Confederate constitution. c. It was eliminated due to President Buchanan's veto. d. The plan was a failed attempt to prevent secession.

d. The plan was a failed attempt to prevent secession.

Which of the following describes the nineteenth-century Shakers? a. They believed men were spiritually weaker than women. b. They excluded African Americans in order to maintain racial purity. c. Men greatly outnumbered women in Shaker communities. d. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

d. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

Why are the Oneidians, Shakers, and Fourierists historically significant? a. All of these groups exercised great influence over American politics. b. These utopians all criticized capitalism but made tremendous profits through manufacturing. c. They repudiated heterosexual sex and sexuality. d. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

d. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

Which of the following did Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common? a. Both celebrated the positive potential of the individual. b. They wrote mostly of the past and ignored current realities in the United States. c. Both warned against the restrictions imposed on individuals by social groups. d. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

d. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

What did bankers, land speculators, and entrepreneurs in the 1820s to the 1840s have in common? a. Most of them were Whigs. b. They tended to be Democrats. c. Most rejected the ideas of the Second Great Awakening. d. They demanded government assistance for their business enterprises.

d. They demanded government assistance for their business enterprises.

Which of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s? a. They were pioneered by P. T. Barnum, who founded the Barnum & Bailey Circus. b. Minstrel shows celebrated the lifestyle of the "b'hoys." c. Minstrel shows contributed to the problem of prostitution in the big cities. d. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

d. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were well known for their involvement in which of the following movements? a. Temperance b. Prison reform c. Educational reform d. Transcendentalism

d. Transcendentalism

The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses is known as which of the following? a. Individualism b. The cult of domesticity c. Utopianism d. Transcendentalism

d. Transcendentalism

Which of the following describes the outcome of the first Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861? a. Confederate troops captured many sightseers who had come from Washington to view the battle. b. Union troops under General McDowell swept the Confederates, led by General Beauregard, from the field. c. Both armies fell into total confusion, and the fighting ended in chaos with many casualties. d. Union troops panicked during a Confederate counterattack and retreated to Washington.

d. Union troops panicked during a Confederate counterattack and retreated to Washington.

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century? a. Southerners did not want to exploit white workers economically. b. Wealthy southern investors believed agricultural labor was more virtuous than industrial labor. c. Southerners resisted railroad construction because they believed it would divide large landholdings. d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century? a. Female abolitionists often discussed issues of slavery among themselves, but they had limited involvement in the movement. b. Women were not active in the abolition movement. c. Women interested in abolition attended meetings with their husbands but did not actively participate in the societies. d. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

d. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

The second Confiscation Act, passed in July 1862, declared that a. all the slaves in the Confederacy were officially the property of the United States. b. the Union army had permission to confiscate any Confederate property, including slaves. c. slaves who joined the Union army as soldiers would earn their emancipation. d. any slave who came to Union lines, through either flight or capture, would be forever free.

d. any slave who came to Union lines, through either flight or capture, would be forever free.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 a. guaranteed suffrage for all adult freedmen. b. required freedmen, like immigrants, to wait five years for U.S. citizenship. c. declared freedmen to be citizens and gave them full access to the courts. d. asserted that all former slaves would receive equal protection under the law.

d. asserted that all former slaves would receive equal protection under the law.

Those who participated in the creation and implementation of Radical Reconstruction intended to a. achieve a new southern society in the North's image . b. bring the South back into the Union with minimal bitterness. c. rebuild the South's shattered infrastructure. d. create a new South with full equality and without racism.

d. create a new South with full equality and without racism.

President Buchanan responded to the secession crisis by a. ordering a naval assault on Charleston, which the Confederates repelled. b. ignoring the situation and leaving it for Lincoln to resolve. c. supporting the secessionists and helping the Confederacy to secure diplomatic recognition. d. declaring secession illegal but claiming that the federal government had no power to reverse it.

d. declaring secession illegal but claiming that the federal government had no power to reverse it.

Ratified in 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment a. prohibited state governments from using property requirements to disqualify blacks from voting. b. granted voting rights to all adult African Americans in every state. c. prohibited state governments from using literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting. d. forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.

d. forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.

In Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), the Supreme Court a. extended citizenship rights to Indians. b. granted all male Indians the right to vote. c. upheld the constitutionality of the Dawes Severalty Act. d. ruled that Congress could ignore all existing Indian treaties.

d. ruled that Congress could ignore all existing Indian treaties.

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by a. destroying the sense of family. b. separating adults but not children from their families. c. destroying 75 percent of black marriages. d. separating family members through sale and trade.

d. separating family members through sale and trade.

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of Worcester v. Georgia (1832), John Marshall and the Court majority issued a decision that a. upheld Georgia's rights to Cherokee lands. b. sanctioned the stationing of federal troops on tribal lands. c. declared the 1830 Indian Removal Act unconstitutional. d. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities.

d. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities.

The construction of the Erie Canal, the first great engineering project in American history, was successful for which of the following reasons

it increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its cost

Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Ciro's book Walden

it warned of the dangers that can arise from too many efforts to grow and create social reform

During the 1840s and 1850s, Roman Catholic churches in the United States were known for

providing community services and a sense of group identity for most Irish and many German immigrants

Which of the following Puritan ideas became a middle-class conviction with the secular twist during industrialization in the early 1800s

the Protestant work ethinc

The concept that the price of a product should reflect the work required to make it is known as

the labor theory of value

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of the textile industry in the United States

using British textile machinery as their model, American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology