apush ch17
Frederick Jackson Turner
American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. defines american identity
Desert Land Act of 1877
An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States. - 640 acres sold for $1.25 if owner promised to irrigate
Ft. Laramie Treaty (1868)
An agreement between the United States and the Native American tribes of the Lakota nation, Yanktonai Sioux, Santee Sioux, and Arapaho; it was signed April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory. The United States government agreed to the abandonment of the Bozeman Trail and the recognition of the country north of the North Platte River and east of the Bighorn Mountains in northern Wyoming as "unceded Indian territory" in which no whites might settle. Additionally, all of present-day South Dakota west of the Missouri River was defined as the Great Sioux Reservation.
Assimilation Policy 1871
Policy of the US Government to "Americanize" the indian children. Many were sent to boarding schools, especially the Carlisle Indian School. Were not allowed speak their language, dress like an Indian, or practice traditions or customs. The generation of indian children were supposed to be like the white people
homesteaders
Settlers who claimed land on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act.
sioux expression
today is a good day to die
western women
tough- want suffrage and do hard labor against obstacles
sitting bulls death
undignified -arrested
roaidroad companies
union/central pacific
how was the railroad funded
us gvmnt gave land grants- 170 m acres worth $1/2 b
placer miners
used pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel
Red River War
was a short military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and forcibly relocate them to reservations in Indian Territory.
homestead act keeps alive dream that
west was a place for new beginnings
a century of dishonor
written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century
end of tribal life
the extermination of the buffalo herds
New farming technology
There were new plows, horse collars, water mills, wind mills, and new farming systems.
army pay
$13/ month
john muir
(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.
peace commission
-1867 to 1868 bc they lacked control over indians -most Plains Indians agree to 2 reservations 1) Oklahoma 2) Black Hill of the Dakotas
battle of little bighorn
-1876 -Sioux vs. American soldiers -Sitting Bull + Crazy Horse vs. Gen. Custer -after Sitting Bull's vision during sundance after slashing his arms 100 times
barbed wire
Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier. 1874
who was disregarded in the oklahoma land rush
cherokees
what # of acres went to homesteaders
1 in 9
miners on native land in the beginning
15k
Pacific Railway Act
1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)
transcontinental railroad
1869- allowed for migration west
how many acres in oklahoma land rush
2 million - 1889
buffalo population at peak
30 million
number of major railroad routes built
9
H.H. Jackson
A Century of Dishonor author
lode
A mineral deposit within a rock formation
ghost dance
A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. vivoka- prophet- that claims indians will be in charge again brought about by the dance
Timber Culture Act (1873)
Act which allotted 160 acres to individuals in certain Western states if they agreed to plant one fourth of it with trees.
exodusters
African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.
Sitting Bull
American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War
sioux war of 1865-1867
Began with Fetterman massacre and called into quesiton the Indian Policy (assimilation v. control); Ended with Peace Commision
What did the transcontinental railroad do?
Connected the East to the West, broke indians, expedited settlement, + fast access for shipment
Curtis Act 1898
Dissolved the Indian Territory and abolished tribal governments
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
Event at which *Colonel John Chivington* and his troops attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.
Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889
Former Indian territory was opened to white settlement in 1889. Possession was through a land run - whoever could stake their claim first. - Some 50,000 settlers competed in the race and it marked the last of the government lands being opened for settlement in the West. end of indian land
Little Big Horn 1876
General Custer and his soldiers attacked an army of Sioux Native Americans and lost
US v. Reynolds 1879
Granted the freedom of belief but not the effectively disfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment
Farming Bonanza
Homestead Act; Oklahoma Land Races; "Sooners"
Plains Indians
Included people from many Indian nations including Cheyenne, Arapahos, Piutes, and Sioux who were pushed to the plains by settlers. Came into great conflict with settlers because settlers did not respect the Indian land.
anti bigamy act
NO polygamy
One Big Reservation
Native American Land Policy enacted from the beginning of America to the beginning of large westward expansion/civil war (1776-1860). This policy stated that Native Americans were free to live in 'perpetuity' west of the Mississippi river. Later was changed as more settlers moved west, and future land policies were created, changing the Native American lands once again. (8.3)
Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867
The Kiowa, Comanche, Kiowa-Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho signed this treaty which stated that these Plains Indians would have to live on reservations, learn to farm rather than roam the prairies, and learn and live the white man's way of life. The Indians in return would be protected from white hunters, receive food and clothing, and have its own reservation.
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
The last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States. On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, surrounded an encampment of Lakota Sioux with orders to disarm the Indians and escort them back to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. Shooting broke out near the end of the disarmament, and accounts differ regarding who fired first and why. By the time it was over, twenty-five troopers and one hundred and fifty-three Lakota Sioux lay dead, including sixty-two women and small children. Many of the dead on both sides may have been the victims of "friendly fire" as the shooting took place at point blank range in chaotic conditions.
Buffalo Bill Cody
This former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and riflery
Mining Bonanza
This was the 1st magnet west for people who wanted to be rich. Individual prospectors were first to strike gold using placer mining. Mining became expensive and large corporations began to get involved. A 1859 strike at Pikes Peak sparked mass migration. In 1873, John W Mackay wanted to dig deep in the Mountains were they found a 54 ft wide "Big Bonanza" of gold. The Final Fling came from Black Hills in 1874-1876, which would not of happened without Cl. George Custer telling people there was gold. Hostility soon began against immigrants imposing $20 monthly tax to mine and then Congress Passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which stopped all Asian immigration for 10 years. Western mines contributed billions of $ to economy before ending in 1890.
Lost Bird
a baby they found after the massacre, survivor of Wounded Knee, adopted by General Colby
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers. 160/320 acres for farming + grazing- gets rid of reservations. boon to speculators/ slashed total indian acreage by 65%
reformers want
assimilation (equal / just treatment)
miners, settlers , and hunters
began to kill buffalo (9 million for skin) between 1872 and 1875 and leave animals w out skin instead of using all of it- by 1880s , only a few thousand are left
phoenix school
boarding/ military type school (discipline) taught indian children to become more american
life in mining towns
brothels / gambling
plains indians
by 1865- 2/3 of indians lived on plains, depended on buffalo and horses
time zones
by rr companies to regulate schedules
Golden Spike
connected the two railroad across the United States at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869
Cattle Bonanza
cowboys and ranchers -- OPEN RANGE
transmississippi west
crosses mississippi river after civil war
why did rr break indians
decrease buffalo bc/ of settlers and hunters- beginning of end
disadvantages for custer
didnt know size of indian army, didnt know terrain, outnumbered more than 4:1
western troops were in charge of
driving out indians to make room for settlers
reasons for war by journalist
excitement, americans needed land, and it would create jobs
buffalo provides
food, clothing, teepees, fuel, string, robes, trade, and tools
what happened to plains indians
forced to leave land and move into a reservation
oklahoma
formerly indian territory that was taken over by settlers eventually
homestead act reflects belief that
free land will help poor gain economic independence
alaska settled bc/
gold rush
problem w giving s dakota
gold was discovered
sioux victory pros and cons
good for short term but angers and shocks americans bc/ they love custer :((
us gov on indian policy
inconsistent
who finished laboor in prom point
irish + chinese
joined sitting bull in last few days of battle
lakota , cheyenne
rr attracts settlers bc/
land sales offices, agents recruit- 2.2 m immigrants move west + single women move w/ families (18% of land in wyoming -- SUFFRAGE) b/n 1870 and 1890 - english, irish, germans , + czechs encouraged to immigrate
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period bc/ of COMPETITION
tribes divided into smaller bands that were diverse- focused on
life, religion, and made it hard for the US to neogotiate
reason for instant cities
lodes of gold and silver -- governments , laws, + other services
1834
midwest is one big reservation for native americans
12 -33 -28
miles Custer fought days 1-2-3 to find indian trail
flooded into frontier
miners, ranchers, and farmers
polygamy defense
more freedom for women
People's Party
mormon political party
gvmnt sends in military bc
no control over indians and some attacked settlers
indian policy began w
non intercourse act by aj
problem w reservations
not raised the same as ancestors- not as true to culture/ eviscerating
do-gooders want
peace commission
labor of immigrants
persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill
mormons
polygamous, women suffrage, radical ideas
Edmund Tucker Act (1887)
reduced mormons rights, took land, set a limit on funds, reduced polygamy, allowed for entrance as a state
largest land owner in america
rr companies bc/ gvmnt donates land - subsidized
Carlisle School
school for Native Americans in Pennsylvania that sought to assimilate them into American culture
where did horses come from + help adaptation
spanish- allowed for travel in plains for indians
mining pros / cons
stimulated economy, environmental cost :(((, extracting was expensive !!, used immigrants
Concentration Policy
strategy that would provide white settlers with the most productive lands and relocated Indians to areas north and south of white settlements. Settlers were not satisfied, the wanted to restrict Indians to even smaller areas through relocation. 100k+ by 1860