apush ch17

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. defines american identity

Desert Land Act of 1877

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States. - 640 acres sold for $1.25 if owner promised to irrigate

Ft. Laramie Treaty (1868)

An agreement between the United States and the Native American tribes of the Lakota nation, Yanktonai Sioux, Santee Sioux, and Arapaho; it was signed April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory. The United States government agreed to the abandonment of the Bozeman Trail and the recognition of the country north of the North Platte River and east of the Bighorn Mountains in northern Wyoming as "unceded Indian territory" in which no whites might settle. Additionally, all of present-day South Dakota west of the Missouri River was defined as the Great Sioux Reservation.

Assimilation Policy 1871

Policy of the US Government to "Americanize" the indian children. Many were sent to boarding schools, especially the Carlisle Indian School. Were not allowed speak their language, dress like an Indian, or practice traditions or customs. The generation of indian children were supposed to be like the white people

homesteaders

Settlers who claimed land on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act.

sioux expression

today is a good day to die

western women

tough- want suffrage and do hard labor against obstacles

sitting bulls death

undignified -arrested

roaidroad companies

union/central pacific

how was the railroad funded

us gvmnt gave land grants- 170 m acres worth $1/2 b

placer miners

used pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel

Red River War

was a short military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and forcibly relocate them to reservations in Indian Territory.

homestead act keeps alive dream that

west was a place for new beginnings

a century of dishonor

written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

end of tribal life

the extermination of the buffalo herds

New farming technology

There were new plows, horse collars, water mills, wind mills, and new farming systems.

army pay

$13/ month

john muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

peace commission

-1867 to 1868 bc they lacked control over indians -most Plains Indians agree to 2 reservations 1) Oklahoma 2) Black Hill of the Dakotas

battle of little bighorn

-1876 -Sioux vs. American soldiers -Sitting Bull + Crazy Horse vs. Gen. Custer -after Sitting Bull's vision during sundance after slashing his arms 100 times

barbed wire

Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier. 1874

who was disregarded in the oklahoma land rush

cherokees

what # of acres went to homesteaders

1 in 9

miners on native land in the beginning

15k

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

transcontinental railroad

1869- allowed for migration west

how many acres in oklahoma land rush

2 million - 1889

buffalo population at peak

30 million

number of major railroad routes built

9

H.H. Jackson

A Century of Dishonor author

lode

A mineral deposit within a rock formation

ghost dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. vivoka- prophet- that claims indians will be in charge again brought about by the dance

Timber Culture Act (1873)

Act which allotted 160 acres to individuals in certain Western states if they agreed to plant one fourth of it with trees.

exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

sioux war of 1865-1867

Began with Fetterman massacre and called into quesiton the Indian Policy (assimilation v. control); Ended with Peace Commision

What did the transcontinental railroad do?

Connected the East to the West, broke indians, expedited settlement, + fast access for shipment

Curtis Act 1898

Dissolved the Indian Territory and abolished tribal governments

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Event at which *Colonel John Chivington* and his troops attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889

Former Indian territory was opened to white settlement in 1889. Possession was through a land run - whoever could stake their claim first. - Some 50,000 settlers competed in the race and it marked the last of the government lands being opened for settlement in the West. end of indian land

Little Big Horn 1876

General Custer and his soldiers attacked an army of Sioux Native Americans and lost

US v. Reynolds 1879

Granted the freedom of belief but not the effectively disfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment

Farming Bonanza

Homestead Act; Oklahoma Land Races; "Sooners"

Plains Indians

Included people from many Indian nations including Cheyenne, Arapahos, Piutes, and Sioux who were pushed to the plains by settlers. Came into great conflict with settlers because settlers did not respect the Indian land.

anti bigamy act

NO polygamy

One Big Reservation

Native American Land Policy enacted from the beginning of America to the beginning of large westward expansion/civil war (1776-1860). This policy stated that Native Americans were free to live in 'perpetuity' west of the Mississippi river. Later was changed as more settlers moved west, and future land policies were created, changing the Native American lands once again. (8.3)

Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867

The Kiowa, Comanche, Kiowa-Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho signed this treaty which stated that these Plains Indians would have to live on reservations, learn to farm rather than roam the prairies, and learn and live the white man's way of life. The Indians in return would be protected from white hunters, receive food and clothing, and have its own reservation.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

The last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States. On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, surrounded an encampment of Lakota Sioux with orders to disarm the Indians and escort them back to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. Shooting broke out near the end of the disarmament, and accounts differ regarding who fired first and why. By the time it was over, twenty-five troopers and one hundred and fifty-three Lakota Sioux lay dead, including sixty-two women and small children. Many of the dead on both sides may have been the victims of "friendly fire" as the shooting took place at point blank range in chaotic conditions.

Buffalo Bill Cody

This former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and riflery

Mining Bonanza

This was the 1st magnet west for people who wanted to be rich. Individual prospectors were first to strike gold using placer mining. Mining became expensive and large corporations began to get involved. A 1859 strike at Pikes Peak sparked mass migration. In 1873, John W Mackay wanted to dig deep in the Mountains were they found a 54 ft wide "Big Bonanza" of gold. The Final Fling came from Black Hills in 1874-1876, which would not of happened without Cl. George Custer telling people there was gold. Hostility soon began against immigrants imposing $20 monthly tax to mine and then Congress Passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which stopped all Asian immigration for 10 years. Western mines contributed billions of $ to economy before ending in 1890.

Lost Bird

a baby they found after the massacre, survivor of Wounded Knee, adopted by General Colby

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers. 160/320 acres for farming + grazing- gets rid of reservations. boon to speculators/ slashed total indian acreage by 65%

reformers want

assimilation (equal / just treatment)

miners, settlers , and hunters

began to kill buffalo (9 million for skin) between 1872 and 1875 and leave animals w out skin instead of using all of it- by 1880s , only a few thousand are left

phoenix school

boarding/ military type school (discipline) taught indian children to become more american

life in mining towns

brothels / gambling

plains indians

by 1865- 2/3 of indians lived on plains, depended on buffalo and horses

time zones

by rr companies to regulate schedules

Golden Spike

connected the two railroad across the United States at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869

Cattle Bonanza

cowboys and ranchers -- OPEN RANGE

transmississippi west

crosses mississippi river after civil war

why did rr break indians

decrease buffalo bc/ of settlers and hunters- beginning of end

disadvantages for custer

didnt know size of indian army, didnt know terrain, outnumbered more than 4:1

western troops were in charge of

driving out indians to make room for settlers

reasons for war by journalist

excitement, americans needed land, and it would create jobs

buffalo provides

food, clothing, teepees, fuel, string, robes, trade, and tools

what happened to plains indians

forced to leave land and move into a reservation

oklahoma

formerly indian territory that was taken over by settlers eventually

homestead act reflects belief that

free land will help poor gain economic independence

alaska settled bc/

gold rush

problem w giving s dakota

gold was discovered

sioux victory pros and cons

good for short term but angers and shocks americans bc/ they love custer :((

us gov on indian policy

inconsistent

who finished laboor in prom point

irish + chinese

joined sitting bull in last few days of battle

lakota , cheyenne

rr attracts settlers bc/

land sales offices, agents recruit- 2.2 m immigrants move west + single women move w/ families (18% of land in wyoming -- SUFFRAGE) b/n 1870 and 1890 - english, irish, germans , + czechs encouraged to immigrate

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period bc/ of COMPETITION

tribes divided into smaller bands that were diverse- focused on

life, religion, and made it hard for the US to neogotiate

reason for instant cities

lodes of gold and silver -- governments , laws, + other services

1834

midwest is one big reservation for native americans

12 -33 -28

miles Custer fought days 1-2-3 to find indian trail

flooded into frontier

miners, ranchers, and farmers

polygamy defense

more freedom for women

People's Party

mormon political party

gvmnt sends in military bc

no control over indians and some attacked settlers

indian policy began w

non intercourse act by aj

problem w reservations

not raised the same as ancestors- not as true to culture/ eviscerating

do-gooders want

peace commission

labor of immigrants

persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill

mormons

polygamous, women suffrage, radical ideas

Edmund Tucker Act (1887)

reduced mormons rights, took land, set a limit on funds, reduced polygamy, allowed for entrance as a state

largest land owner in america

rr companies bc/ gvmnt donates land - subsidized

Carlisle School

school for Native Americans in Pennsylvania that sought to assimilate them into American culture

where did horses come from + help adaptation

spanish- allowed for travel in plains for indians

mining pros / cons

stimulated economy, environmental cost :(((, extracting was expensive !!, used immigrants

Concentration Policy

strategy that would provide white settlers with the most productive lands and relocated Indians to areas north and south of white settlements. Settlers were not satisfied, the wanted to restrict Indians to even smaller areas through relocation. 100k+ by 1860