APUSH CH35

"Final Solution"

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people: Leads to the holocaust and deaths of millions of Jews and other undesirables Jews are defined as 'other' through legalized discrimination Once identified, they are separated from mainstream society Jews are encouraged to leave Nazi Germany Ghettoization: Jews are forcibly removed and placed in segregated sections of Eastern Europe Deportation: Jews are transported from ghettos to concentration camps Mass Murder: It is estimated that Nazi's killed about 11 million people. 6 million of which were Jews (2/3rds of the entire European Jewish population). The rest were 'enemies of the state', gypsies, or people with disabilities (undesirables).

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

(FDR following death) 1945 nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman to end WW2 sooner and reduce casualties. the nuclear attack on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States Army Air Forces on August 6, 1945 with the nuclear weapon "Little Boy," followed three days later by the detonation of the "Fat Man" bomb over Nagasaki during World War II against the Empire of Japan

Island-Hopping

(Liberate Pacific islands one at a time) A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Battle of the Bulge

(WWII battle in which German forces launched a final counterattack in the west) 1944-1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Battle of Midway (1942)

1942 Pivotal victory in the war; Battle from June 3-6 in which Japan sought to conquer Midway Island, In this battle the US destroyed Japanese aircraft carriers and ended Japanese offensive in the Pacific front; turning point - The victory halted Japanese advances in the Pacific.

Tehran Conference (1943)

1943 WWII conference between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill; its purpose was to develop a strategy for war against the Axis (open a second front) Meeting of the big three

Battle of Iwo Jima (1945)

1945 invasion of the first Japanese home island, known for fierce fighting and the famous photograph several thousand marines, and more than 20,000 Japanese soldiers were killed, this battle is also notable for the famous photograph of US marines lifting the American flag to a standpoint

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Omar Bradley

A general of the twentieth century. Bradley commanded the United States ground forces in the liberation of France and the invasion of Germany in World War II (D-day) 1944 played an important role in the Allied victory in World War II

D-Day (1944)

A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of World War II in Europe. The invasion opened a second front against the Germans and moved the Allies closer to victory in Europe.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Led to the death of majority of Jews, mass murder

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. Advertising campaign character who encouraged women to take factory jobs.

Vernon Baker

African American; Congressional Medal of Honor, He was a african american US Army officer who received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in WW II. He was awarded the medal for his actions on April 5-6, 1945 near Viereggio, Italy, when he and his platoon killed 26 enemy soldiers and destroyed six machine gun nests, two observer posts and four dugouts. He was the only living black World War II veteran of the seven belatedly awarded the Medal of Honor when it was bestowed upon him by President Bill Clinton in 1997.

George Patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. General in the United States Army who helped lead the Allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge 1944 and 1945 best known for his leadership of the Third United States Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy. he led a highly successful, rapid armored drive across France. and advanced his army into Nazi Germany by the end of the war.

Bataan Death March

April 1942, American and Filipino forces were forced to march 65 miles through the jungle to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route. (about 5000) to march with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war/invade on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War discuss the post-war map and division of Europe and particularly how Germany would be governed. Stalin promised to allow Poland to have a free government post-war.

Office of Price Administration

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships, used during WW2

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers. helped with harvest → increased tension → Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

Office of Research and Development

Mobilized science & technology for the war effort ; contracted scientist and universities to help in tech development Helped scientist and universities develop rockets, sonar, and radar

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher. Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for sending vital messages. Hard to understand.

Congress for Racial Equality (CORE)

Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V" campaign, and committed to achieving integration through nonviolent direct action and civil disobedience. World War II, CORE became a major force in the civil rights movement.

Office of War Information

Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine. established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943)

Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies. 1943

"Double V" Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad." Black-Americans' campaign to earn victory in the home front (fight discrimination at home) and victory overseas (fighting the enemy Axis powers)

Potsdam Conference (1945)

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. -This divided Germany into four zones to be administered by the US, UK, France and Russia, agreed the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and agreed war reparations against Germany.

Douglas MacArthur

U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. --served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

Chester Nimitz

United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy on the pacific front (1885-1966)

War Production Board (1942)

WW2 American federal agency that oversaw allotment of supplies and materials,for war established by an executive order. This gave president power to regulate use of raw materials. Office of War Mobilization Office of Price Administration Office of Research and Development

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored; White marines thought that the dress of "zoot suits" of the Mexican Americans was un-patriotic, represented effects of racial tensions during the time.

Korematsu v. US (1944)

citizens of Japanese descent could be interned and deprived of basic constitutional rights due to executive order Upheld as constitutional the internment of Americans with Japanese descent during WWII. Says that the government can intern (imprison) citizens during wartime emergencies 1944

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II