APUSH Chapter 1
How societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean?
* California had little surplus, so tribes remained small, hunter-gatherer groups * Pacific Northwest had tremendous abundance from fishing, using large dugout canoes * Pacific Northwest had large populations, with status determined by giving away wealth at potlatch feasts
How extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated
* Columbus seizing Native Americans and enslaving them, on the model of African slavery from Portugal * Spanish forcibly assimilating Native Americans into Catholicism * French Jesuits living among Natives to convert them gently * Bartolome de las Casas demanding Native Americans were Christians and shouldn't be treated as slaves; suggested switching and Native Americans. to African slaves Juan de Sepulveda - Defended the Spanish Empire's right of conquest, colonization, and evangelization of the New World. - Wrote A Second Democritus: On the Just Causes of the War with the Indians - Claimed that Amerindians were "natural slaves" as defined by Aristotle 2. Bartolome de Las Casas - Spanish historian and Dominican missionary - Wrote Historia de las Indias - Exposed the oppression of native peoples by Europeans and called for the abolition of slavery 3. Animism - Encompasses the beliefs that there is no separation between the spiritual and physical (or material) world, and that souls or spirits exist, not only in humans, but also in some other animals, plants, rocks, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, or other entities of the natural environment, including thunder, wind, and shadows.
How European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity
* Columbus' discovery unleashed a slew of explorers * Portugal's acquisition of slaves, gold, ivory, and trade with India led to other countries challenging them for control * Cortés' and Pizarro's successes over Aztecs and Incas drove desire to copy them, both for gold and to convert natives to both Protestant and Catholic faiths * Spain and Philip II tried hard to prevent competition, especially with the Spanish Armada and the Counter-Reformation 1. "3 Gs" a. Gold, God, and Glory 1. Motivating factors behind the majority of exploration and conquest during the Age of Exploration
How the Columbian Exchange brought new crops and new sources of mineral wealth to Europe from the Americas and facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism
* Corn and potato caused European population explosion, which then led to increased migration, colonization, and imperialism * Gold and silver created enough surplus to allow for the development of capitalism in Europe and China, facilitating a global trading network - first true money supply since Roman Empire Columbian Exchange - Referred to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492. 1. Introduction of corn, potatoes, and tomatoes to Europe Feudalism to Capitalism - Increased foreign trade led to the emergence of a new class of merchants 1. Use of money and inflation began to undermine the feudal order 2. Peasants (poor) were freed from obligations (1st colonists)
How Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations
* Disease was the single most important factor allowing Cortés and Pizarro to conquer vast Aztec and Incan empires, making resistance to invasion very difficult * Approximately 90% of Native Americans died from European diseases, especially smallpox * Horses and large dogs were used as weapons against Native Americans * Pigs were set loose; they devoured Native American crops * European weeds infested Native American fields, making agriculture more difficult * Cattle also destroyed native vegetation, and eventually replaced bison
How American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt (i.e., Popé's Rebellion), led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest
* Our Lady of Guadalupe * Day of the Dead * The Day of the Holy Cross (May 3rd) [major Mexican holy day] * Maximón also called San Simón, is a folk saint venerated in various forms by Maya people of several towns in the highlands of Western Guatemala. The veneration of Maximón is not approved by the Roman Catholic Church. [source:Wikipedia] * Pueblo Revolt / Popé's Rebellion - Native Americans allowed to maintain their own territory and cut down on forced assimilation
How the Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined that status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire
* The "casta" system had specifically labeled categories which placed every kind of person on a social hierarchy that pinned them to a specific status. * Top rank were pure Spaniards born in Spain, called peninsulares; in descending rank, creoles (pure Spaniards born in the Americas), mestizos (Spanish and Native American), mulattos (European and African), zambos (African and Native American), Native Americans, and enslaved Africans. *Catholicism was required, as was the Spanish language
How Spanish colonial economies used the encomienda system to marshal Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources
* The encomienda system tried to replicate feudalism in the Americas, placing the Spanish at the top the social hierarchy, and forcing Native Americans to be peasants, grow crops, and tend animals in service to the Spanish lords * Native Americans were used as labor force in mines as well * The encomienda system was used by Father Junipero Serra to construct the chain of missions up the California coast (began 1769, so out of Period 1)
How in the Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages?
* Three Sisters allowed for moundbuilding (Cahokia) in Mississippi Valley * Eastern Woodlands tribes of Northeast didn't build mounds, and kept hunting and fishing as well (colder climates meant shorter, less productive growing seasons) * Food surpluses allowed for permanent villages and leaders, like Powhatan, or councils of sachems, like Iroquois Confederacy * Villages still moved within an area periodically, as soils were depleted.
How Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society
* encomienda system * casta system * forced assimilation by Catholic priests * Native American labor replaced by African slavery
Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas and stimulated European population growth. The Columbian Exchange brought new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. Introduction of new crops and livestock by the Spanish had far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns and economic, social, and political development in the Western Hemisphere. Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society.
Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
Contacts among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture . Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans . American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest
How contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian exchange
European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political and economic competition and changes within European societies.
How native populations in North America developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure?
Maize cultivation & other cultivation techniques led to use of agriculture by American Indians, which promoted a sedentary life. Provided a stable food supply that promoted population growth and consequently more sophisticated civilizations. The spread of maize through trade helped foster further American Indian settlement into North America.
Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
Native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time and developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. Maize cultivation in present-day Mexico and the American Southwest supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification. Societies in the arid Great Basin and grasslands of the western Great Plains developed largely mobile lifestyles. In the Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored permanent villages. Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.
Why native populations in the Great Basin and western Great Plains developed mobile lifestyles?
Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains * Spanish introduction of the horse transformed Plains Indians, allowing them to become better warriors, raiders, and hunters * Comanche and Sioux exerted control over large territories as a result * Bison herds more easily hunted, increasing food and supplies The nomadic lifestyle of native tribes populated much of the Western U.S., and the continued farming would eventually lead to complete soil exhaustion in the Great Plains.
How European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americans
The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. 1. Line of Demarcation - In 1493, the pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map, giving Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east. 2. Middle Passage - Millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. * Portuguese replaced Arabs in the slave trade (and were in turn replaced by the Dutch and then the English) * West Africans willingly captured other Africans to sell them to the Europeans, thus leading to widespread devastation of several cultures and kingdoms * When Native Americans proved to be particularly susceptible to disease, Spain shifted to Africans who were immune to most European and tropical diseases (at the urging of Bartolomé de las Casas in particular, who thought using African slaves would protect Native Americans from exploitation)
How maize cultivation in present-day Mexico and the American Southwest supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies?
Three Sisters - corn, beans, and squash * Corn provided starches, beans proteins, and squash vitamins * Allows for food surplus, which increases population and frees up people to be more than farmers - allows for artisans, soldiers, priests, kings, etc. * Without Three Sisters, little chance for anything above hunter-gatherer level * Supported Aztec and Mayan pyramid building, Mississippi Valley moundbuilders (Cahokia), Pueblo cultures of Chaco Canyon