APUSH Chapter 17-20

National Park Services

Created in 1916; made to help supervise the parks and monuments

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Joined National Urban League (1911), a union of agencies that assisted black migrants in the North

Vertical Integration

A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products. "Robber barons" or industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War

American Federation of Labor

Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers

Horizontal Integration

A business concept invented in the late 19th century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model

Wisconsin Idea

Promoted by Robert La Follette. Greater gov. intervention in economy, w/ reliance on (progressive economists) experts, for policy recommendations

Liberal Arts

Pioneered by Charles W. Eliot. Classes that developed each young man's "individual reality and creative power."

Free Silver

"free" bc under this plan, the U.S. Mint would not charge a fee for minting silver coins. Believed to encourage borrowing and stimulate industry.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

National American Realism

A literary and artistic movement, lasting roughly from the 1860s through the 1890s, in which writers and artists strove to offer accurate portrayals of everyday life. American realist writers such as William Dean Howells drew on the ideas of Europeans, particularly French writers Gustave Flaubert and Honoré de Balzac, and also used investigative journalism and nonfiction as models.

Naturalism

A literary movement that took place from the 1880s to the 1940s that used realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had an inescapable force in shaping human character. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (e.g. the environment or heredity) influencing the actions of its subjects.

Fundamentalism

A movement in American Protestantism that arose in the early part of the 20th century in reaction to modernism and that stresses the infallibility of the Bible not only in matters of faith and morals but also as a literal historical record, holding as essential to Christian faith belief in such doctrines as the creation of the world, the virgin birth, physical resurrection, atonement by the sacrificial death of Christ, and the Second Coming.

Social Gospel

A movement led by Walter Rauschenbusch in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries that preached the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems. Supporters of this movement wanted social justice for the poor, especially those poor living in urban areas. This movement linked Christianity with the Progressive reform while encouraging many middle-class Protestants to try and solve urban problems.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies, who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid a sever economic depression that had begun in 1873.

American Protective Association

A nativist society founded in 1887 that gained its greatest strength during the 1890s before withering away by 1910. It was an openly anti-Catholic organization.

Modernism

A nativist society founded in 1887 that gained its greatest strength during the 1890s before withering away by 1910. It was an openly anti-Catholic organization.

Mass production

A phrase coined by Henry Ford, who helped to invent a system of mass production of goods based on assembly of standardized parts. This system accompanied the continued deskilling of industrial labor.

Farmers' Alliance

A rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of the 1870s that spread across the plains states and the South. The Farmers' Alliance advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen, and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads

Trust

A small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity. Trusts quickly evolved into other centralized business forms, but progressive critics continued to refer to giant firms like United States Steel and Standard Oil as "trusts"

Gilded Age

A term coined by Mark Twain. Although this age seemed golden, it was clear that underneath it all was so much corruption, that it was only gilded.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Amended the Sherman Act. The definition of illegal practices was left flexible. Federal Trade Commission received broad powers to decided what was fair.

Interstate Commerce Act

An 1887 act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates

Management Revolution

An internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function

Materialism

Appealing to their special role as mothers. An intermediate step between domesticity and modern arguments for women's equality.

Comstock Act

Enacted March 3, 1873, was a United States federal law which amended the Post Office Act[1] and made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information. In addition to banning contraceptives, this act also banned the distribution of information on abortion for educational purposes. based on moral concepts

Federal Reserve Act

Established a national banking system for the first time since the 1830s; designed to combat the "money trust," it created 12 regional banks that regulated interest rates, money supply, and provided an elastic credit system throughout the country.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies; the law gave government power to regulate combinations "in restraint of trade." Until the early 1900s, however, this power was used more often against labor unions than against trusts.

Negro Leagues

Formed by African Americans as a result of being excluded from participating professionally in the American and National baseball leagues, the most popular American sport.

Industrial Workers of The World

Formed by Western Federation of Miners (WFM) and also called Wobblies. Supported the Marxist class struggle. Believed that resisting in the workplace and launching a general strike would help workers overthrow capitalism.

National Association of Colored Women

Found in 1816 by African American Women. Arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, promoted temperance, and took on public health campaigns.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Founded in 1874 and led by Frances Willard. First organization to fight domestic violence. Prompted leaders to think about industrialization's other negative effects on society. Backed up the Prohibition Party. Encouraged women to join the national debate over poverty and inequality of wealth.

National Audubon Society

Joint of state organizations. Women were vital and promotes boycotts of hats with plumage.

Mugwumps

Mugwumps were Republicans who supported the Democratic candidate, Blaine, in the 1884 election. Mugwumps were mainly from New York and Massachusetts. They advocated for secret ballots and literacy tests.

Sierra Club

Oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. The Sierra Club has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US, and is affiliated with Sierra Club Canada.

Omaha Platform

People should be expanded as rapidly and as far as the good sense of an intelligent people and the teachings of experience can justify, to the end that oppression, injustice, and poverty should eventually cease.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana; the Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, and that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The 1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States. It continued in effect until the 1940s

Homestead lockout

The 1892 lockout of workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract. Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill, but the National Guard soon suppressed this resistance and Homestead, like other steel plants, became a non-union mill

Pendleton Act

The Pendleton Act of 1883 was the federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams. This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class. It also created the Civil Service Commission.

Williams v. Mississippi

The court declared constitutional the use of poll taxes, literacy test, and residential requirements to discourage blacks and poor whites from voting. Court allowed poll taxes and literacy tests to stand

Deskilling

The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing, in which workers completed discrete, small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product. With deskilling, employers found they could pay workers less and replace them more easily

Solid South Lochner v. New York

The post-Reconstruction goal — achieved by the early twentieth century — of almost complete electoral control of the South by the Democratic Party. Democrats exercised almost complete control

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's progressive platform in the election of 1912; building on his presidential "Square Deal," he called for a strong federal government to maintain economic competition and social justice but to accept trusts as an economic fact of life.

Lodge Bill

Whenever 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner. Killed by William Stewart and his allies.

Young Men's Christian Association

Young Men's Christian Association, nonsectarian, nonpolitical Christian lay movement that aims to develop high standards of Christian character through group activities and citizenship training

Muller v. Oregon

a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health., 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on health and community concerns. It upheld Oregon law limiting womens' workday to 10 hours