APUSH Chapter 17 Brinkley

The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company, A) cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy. B) referred to workers as his "children." C) began hiring African American workers in his factories. D) ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing. E) refused to implement an eight-hour work day.

A) cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy.

The most famous writer of the success story in the late nineteenth century was ________.

Horario Algar

America's rise to industrial supremacy was not as sudden as has been suggested. T or F

T

Andrew Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth promoted philanthropy by the rich. T or F

T

Both the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor favored the concept of one big union. T or F

T

Lester Frank Ward was a sociologist who rejected applying Darwinian laws to human society. T or F

T

The economy began to fluctuate erratically beginning in 1873. T or F

T

During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from A) England, Ireland, and northern Europe. B) Italy and the Slavic countries. C) Mexico. D) Japan and China. E) Poland, Hungary, and Russia.

A) England, Ireland, and northern Europe.

The great railroad strike of 1877 was put down by both state militias and federal troops. T or F

T

The open-hearth process of making steel A) was first done in the United States. B) was ridiculed by established steelmakers such as Abram Hewitt. C) made the production of large-dimension pieces possible. D) was replaced by the Bessemer process. E) produced small quantities of high-grade steel.

C) made the production of large-dimension pieces possible.

Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? A) It relied partially on government subsidies for its growth. B) It included the nation's largest businesses. C) It became a national symbol of concentrated economic power. D) It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations. E) It was among the first to adopt new corporate form of organization.

D) It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations.

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century, A) federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices. B) most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one. C) rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up. D) one percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing. E) almost all corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements.

D) one percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing.

In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur? A) coal B) meatpacking C) oil D) steel E) railroad

D) steel

In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was A) Horatio Alger. B) Jacob Riis. C) Henry George. D) Russell Conwell. E) Herbert Spencer.

E) Herbert Spencer.

By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers A) was about $600. B) both allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living and remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles. C) remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles. D) allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living. E) None of these answers is correct.

E) None of these answers is correct.

Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States A) resulted in the construction of large commercial ocean freighters. B) emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction. C) largely replaced the iron industry. D) boomed as a result of the expanding U.S. Navy. E) barely developed at all.

E) barely developed at all.

In his books, Horatio Alger A) offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy. B) took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism. C) argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements. D) criticized child labor in American industry. E) emphasized the value of personal character in business.

E) emphasized the value of personal character in business.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the average income of an American worker was somewhat higher than the minimum required to maintain a reasonable level of comfort. T or F

F

In the Homestead strike of 1892, the Pinkertons were brought in on the side of labor. T or F

F

Most of the late nineteenth-century business tycoons began their careers in poverty or lower-class circumstances. T or F

F

Social Darwinism was an ideology that had its critics, but it did have a lot to do with the realities of the late nineteenth-century corporate economy. T or F

F

The Haymarket Square riot, which occurred in the city of Chicago, raised American fears of ________.

anarchy

The Haymarket Square riot of 1886 A) resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists. B) resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company. C) led to public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers. D) took place in Indianapolis. E) was the catalyst for several wide-ranging labor reforms.

A) resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists.

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in A) Michigan. B) Pennsylvania. C) Ohio. D) California. E) Texas.

B) Pennsylvania.

Eugene V. Debs played a leading role in what labor event? A) Haymarket Square riot B) Pullman strike C) Homestead strike D) Railroad strike of 1877 E) All these answers are correct.

B) Pullman strike

Edward Bellamy's 1888 book, Looking Backward, A) accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy. B) imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust. C) promoted the virtues of economic competition. D) described an America engaged in a second civil war due to concentrated wealth. E) depicted a world presided over by an industrialist-king modeled on J. P. Morgan.

B) imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States A) was unregulated by laws in most states. B) increased significantly. C) both increased significantly and saw more children working in factories than in agriculture. D) saw more children working in factories than in agriculture. E) None of these answers is correct.

B) increased significantly.

The great railroad strike of 1877 A) resulted in only two deaths around the country. B) began in the West and spread east. C) saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States. D) was launched in response to a wage cut. E) saw the federal government refuse to intervene.

D) was launched in response to a wage cut.

The theory of Social Darwinism A) was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies. B) argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes. C) argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth. D) was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism. E) contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth.

D) was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism.

At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by A) Uriah S. Stephens. B) Eugene V. Debs. C) John Peter Altgeld. D) Henry Clay Frick. E) Terence V. Powderly.

E) Terence V. Powderly.

In the late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon A) led the American Federation of Labor. B) created the ideas of laissez-faire capitalism. C argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers. D) became a strong advocate of Taylorism. E) led the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.

E) led the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.

In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations A) occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded. B) was deemed unnecessary, since so many American university laboratories existed. C) centralized the sources of research funding. D) developed similar research goals as in Europe. E) led to a diversification of research interests.

E) led to a diversification of research interests.

In 1917, automobile production in the United States A) was almost nonexistent. B) finally became feasible thanks to the innovations of Henry Ford. C) was the nation's largest industry. D) saw Charles and Frank Duryea build the first practical gasoline-powered car. E) saw nearly five million cars on American roads.

E) saw nearly five million cars on American roads.

The Pennsylvania Railroad was created by A) the state government of Pennsylvania. B) the United States military. C) steam engine manufacturers in the region. D) the Pennsylvania Steel Workers Union. E) the Pennsylvania Steel Company.

E) the Pennsylvania Steel Company.

A key to Henry Ford's success in the mass production of automobiles was A) a reduction in the size of his labor force. B) the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production. C) the training of highly skilled workers. D) his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories. E) the moving assembly line.

E) the moving assembly line.

The history of American business organization saw the "pool" replace the "trust." T or F

F

Carnegie Steel was a good example of vertical integration. T or F

T

Henry George sought to do away with social ills by levying a "single tax" on corporate profits. T or F

T

The open-hearth process made possible the production of steel in great quantities and large dimensions. T or F

T

There was significant use of air power in World War I, but commercial air flights did not seem like a possibility until Charles Lindbergh's flight in the 1920s. T or F

T

The taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relies to produce its primary product is called ________.

vertical integration

In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States A) obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America. B) lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market. C) faced a growing shortage of laborers. D) suffered from an entrepreneurial deficit. E) saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.

B) lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market.

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of A) horizontal integration. B) vertical and horizontal integration. C) vertical integration. D) central integration. E) diagonal integration.

B) vertical and horizontal integration.

Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry? A) J. Pierpont Morgan B) Henry Bessemer C) Henry Clay Frick D) James J. Hill E) Andrew Carnegie

D) James J. Hill

The Knights of Labor accepted both the eight-hour day and the wage system. T or F

F