APUSH Chapter 24 1932-1939

minimum wage 1938

$0.25 an hour for 44 hours a week

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Guiding ideas of the New Deal

-Capitalist solutions -Under consumption -Counter balance -Imbalance of wealth

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

When did the New Deal end?

1939

John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression. The

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

National Labor Relations Act

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Robert Wagner

A Democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.

Dorothea Lange

A famous photographer who wanted to be one at a young age, and, when the Depression started, landed a job to photograph the Dust Bowl, which have been recognized as showing the desperation and bravery during this time. She didn't stop documenting the suffering of people until her 1965 death, but her 1930s pictures are the most well-known.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

commercial bank

A financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes loans and provides other services for the public

Emergency Banking Act

A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)

A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining National Parks. The CCC proved to be an important foundation for the post-World War II environmental movement.

Mary McLeod Bethune

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Migrant Mother, Dorothea Lange

A photograph taken by Government paid photographer, captured the true essence of The Great Depression

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Codes

A systemized body of laws; a set of principles, as of ethics.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Popular Front

An alliance between the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals formed for the May 1936 French elections. It was largely successful, increasing the Communists in parliament from 10 to 72, and the Socials up to 146, making them the largest party in France.

National Association of Manufacturers

An association of industrialists and business leaders opposed to government regulation. In the era of the New Deal, the group promoted free enterprise and capitalism through a publicity campaign of radio programs, motion pictures, billboards, and direct mail.

National Union for Social Justice

An organization created by Charles Coughlin which denounced FDR's New Deal policies, it held weekly radio shows and discussed finance and politics

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Old Age Revolving Pension Plan

Conceived by California doctor Francis Townsend in 1934, this plan would give every retired American $200 a month, with the stipulation that it would have to be spent by the end of the month ; Townsend claimed this would revitalize the economy by putting more money in circulation. A national tax of 2 percent of all business transactions was supposed to finance this plan. A large number of Townsend clubs were formed to support this plan.

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

Okies

Displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs.

Who was against social security act

Economic conservatives, American liberty league, ama, coc, etc

Who supports social security act

Elderly and poor, progressives, leftists, unions

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)

English economist. He is most famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence "General Theory") and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.

Election of 1936

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

National Housing Act of 1937

FDR and his advisors tried to develop a comprehensive housing policy for poor, provided federal funds for slum clearance projects and for construction of low-cost housing

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

Franklin D roosevelt inagural speech

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

American Communist Party

Harsh and unrelenting critic of American capitalism and the government that ran it. Close with Soviet Union Soften attitude towards Roosevelt praise new deal and John Lewis. High membership mobilizes writers, artists and intellectuals social criticism. Close supervision by SU and took orders and followed party line strictly. American Communist Party abandon popular front and return to harsh criticism of American liberals. When SU told them to do this some obeyed and others gave up position.

John L. Lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Woodie Guthrie

He was a singer and a songwriter. His song were of tales of loss and struggle.

James M. Cox

He was the democrat nominee chosen to run for the presidency against Harding in the 1920 election. His vice-presidential running mate was Franklin Roosevelt.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Helped states to provide aid for the unemployed (1933)

Share Our Wealth Program

Huey Long's economic program that would have eliminated poverty by giving every family a minimum income; the program also called for providing an old-age pension to elderly people

Regimes rising in 30s

Japan, Germany, Italy

John L. Lewis, Sidney Hillman, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

John L. Lewis of the United MIne workers, and Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated clothing workers established this in 1935. This 2 million-member group welcomed all autoworkers, steelworkers and electrical workers

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Bourgeois Democracy

Of the rich, by the rich, and for the rich.

Where did FDR meet Democrat friends in the south?

Polio Therapy

hydroelectric power

Power generated from moving water.

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Southern Farm Tenants Union

Protested on behalf of farmers who did not qualify for allotment payments, e.g. sharecroppers. Argued that the AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented rather than owned their land. Many tenant farmers were displaced as landlords took advantage of allotment payments. The

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

Provided for price support to be mandatory on corn, cotton, and wheat, regulated supply and market demand

Social Security Act of 1935

Provided old-age pension (retirement), and a program of unemployment insurance (temporary aid to help people who lose jobs to find a new job), and federal welfare program (aid for very poor). Most famous and important legacy of New Deal. Has resulted (along with Medicare) with drastic reduction in poverty among elderly in the US

Alf Landon

Ran against FDR in the 1936 election. He was weak on the radio and weaker in personal compaigning, and while he criticized FDR's spending, he also favored enough of FDR's New Deal to be ridiculed by the Democrats as an unsure idiot.

Who is excluded from social security

Religious organizations, nonprofits like schools and hospitals

Anti-New Deal Coalition

Republicans break with FDR over support for New Deal

Huey Long assassinated, 1935

Senator from Louisiana that gained popularity by proposing a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum income of $5000 for every American family to be paid for by the wealthy. His challenge to FDR's presidency ended when he was assassinated....

Commodity Credit Corporation

Stabilized farm income and prices through loan supports and deficiency payments

Fireside Chats

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)

The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Farm Credit Act (1933)

This New Deal act provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure.

United Auto Workers (UAW)

This group was officially recognized after the Congress of Industrial Organizations organized a "sit-down strike" of assembly line employees in the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, in 1937. When the government refused to intervene between labor and management, the companies reluctantly went to the bargaining table and recognized this group as an official party with which to negotiate contracts. The group did not fare as well at the Ford plant, however, as they were driven away violently before they could strike.

American Liberty League (1934)

This was an American political organization formed primarily of wealthy business elites and prominent political figures with principles emphasizing conservative values such as individual liberties and private property rights.

Domestic Allotment

Under this system, producers of seven basic commodities (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products) would decide on production limits for their crops.

Florence Owens

Was the subject of Dorothea Lange's photo Migrant Mother (1936), an iconic image of the Great Depression.

"Soak the Rich" Tax

When you "soak the rich", you are looking to extract more money from "rich" people in the form of taxes and fees. "Soak the rich" is a general theory that can apply to state, federal or municipal taxes. Your basic definition of the term is - expecting higher-income earners to shoulder a higher tax burden in order to (in theory) generate higher tax revenues.

Predatory capitalism

Where your intention is to drive competitors out of business

Blue Eagle

Widely displayed symbol of the National Recovery Admin. (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform U.S. industry

Four horsemen of reaction

Willis Van Devanter James Clark McReynols Pierce Butler George Sutherland

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production

Dust Bowl, 1935

a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon.

Joseph P. Kennedy

a prominent American businessman, investor, and government official; father of JFK and all of his siblings; first chairman of the SEC; may have made fortune from bootlegging liquor

Underconsumption

a situation in which people are purchasing fewer goods than the economy is producing

inheritance tax

a state tax collected on the property left by a person to his or her heir(s) in a will

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

affordable electricity would improve the standard of living and the economic competitiveness of the family farm; created to bring electricity to rural areas like the Tennessee Valley; many opposed (1935)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures

Chamber of Commerce

an association of business people who attempt to protect and promote the commercial interest in a community

Brains Trust (

an unofficial advisory cabinet to President Franklin Roosevelt, originally gathered while he was governor of New York, to present possible solutions to the nations' problems; among its prominent members were Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, and Adolph Berle

New Deal Coalition

coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

Social Security

federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people

Food stamps

government-issued coupons that recipients exchange for food

Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration

headed by Mary McLeod Bethune. Provided job training and other benefits to minority students

National Council of Negro Women

is a non-profit organization with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African-American women, their families and communities

recession scare of 1937-1938

lost almost two-thirds of economic gain, hurt new deal politically

Wagner Act (1935)

officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

Union Party (1936)

organized by Dr. Townsend to oppose FDR

What illness did FDR have?

polio

Allotment

portion of land left unplanted

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

provided jobs on public works projects

New Deal Objectives

relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform

Farm Security Administration (FSA)

replacement of the Resettlement Administration that loaned more than $1 billion to help tenant farmers become landholders and established camps for migrant farm workers; also hired photographers to record rural towns and farmers, used to create a record of the difficult situations in rural America

John Colier

social reformer, native american rights activist- their original culture/government/societies, Indian new deal, head of the bureau of Indian affairs

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

investment bank

trades in financial assets and is not covered by deposit insurance