Test 2 Quizzes
in classical conditioning, the conditioned response is
an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience
if a stimulus produces a response before training begins, that stimulus is
an unconditioned stimulus
when selma was five years old, she was terrified ad became hysterical when her older brother dropped a spider down her shirt. today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to make her agitated and uneasy. in this example of classical conditioning, having the spider dropped down her shirt by her older brother is
an unconditioned stimulus
after a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator beings presenting the conditioned stimulus by itself. which of the following is likely to occur?
extinction
what is the difference between extinction and forgetting?
extinction depends on experiences, forgetting depends on the passage of time
someone asks you for a word that starts with "el-" and you reply "elementary" using a word you had just heard, even though you don't remember hearing it. what type of memory test is this?
implicit
what is unusual about implicit tests of memory as compared to recall and recognition?
implicit tests often show memory even when people say they don't remember
what is one major difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
in operant conditioning, the response controls the presentation of a reinforcer
both proactive interference and retroactive interference
increase forgetting
according to thorndike, reinforcement is an event that
increases the probability of the preceding response
what was edward thorndike's research goal?
to find a simple behavioristic explanation of learning
habituation and sensitization can be thought of as learning
to notice or ignore events
in the experiment by peterson and peterson that demonstrated the decay of short term memory over 20 seconds, why did they ask their subjects to count backward by threes during the delay?
to prevent rehearsal
executive functioning is responsible for what?
shifting attention from one task to another
according to the information processing model of memory, human memory is most analogous to
a computer
in classical conditioning an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience is referred to as
a conditioned response
troy is trying to study and his sister is in the next room playing with some balloons. she counts "one two three" and just as she says "three" she pops one of the balloons with a pin. each time a balloon pops troy is startled and jumps. by the time his sister has popped six balloons troy begins to cringe when he hears the counting start, before he actually hears the balloon pop. in this example of classical conditioning, the cringing that troy experiences when he hears his sister start counting is
a conditioned response
in classical conditioning, an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience is referred to as
a conditioned stimulus
nicole was having dinner at appleby's with her boyfriend last year. when their food arrived he and she began to argue. the argument was serious and continued the entire evening. now nicole finds that every time she is in appleby's she begins to feel tense and upset. in this example of classical conditioning, being in appleby's is
a conditioned stimulus
elizabeth wants to train her cat to drop at the sound of the telephone, so she plans to pair the sound of the ringing telephone with a tasty piece of tuna. to use classical conditioning most effectively, elizabeth should present the tuna
a few seconds after the telephone rings
every time erwin cried, his father would immediately pick him up and he would stop crying. now almost as soon as erwin's dad gets home from work, he picks erwin up. based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for erwin's father, when the crying stopped it acted as
a negative reinforcer for picking erwin up
with operant conditioning, any event or stimulus that decreases the frequency of the behavior it follows is referred to as
a punishment
what is a prototype
a typical example of a category
research in the 1950s suggested that the capacity of short term memory is
about seven items
you are looking for a well camouflaged animal in a forest. finding it will require
an attentive process
in classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is
an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training
thorndike described "reinforcer" as
an event that "stamps in" a response and makes it more likely
in classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is
an observable reaction to an environmental even that is elicited without any prior training
you want to remember a shopping list of nine items. to aid memory, you group them as 3 fruits, 3 veggies, and 3 dairy items. this strategy makes use of
chunking
a psychology professor had just purchased a collection of papers by Ivan Pavlov. in the papers, pavlov discusses his research on learning. the papers are probably about
classical conditioning
a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. after several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. in this experiment, the tone is the ___ and the puff of air is the ___
conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus
your history professor gives you a list of the initials of all the us presidents and vice presidents and asks you to fill in the names. what kind of memory test is this?
cued recall
the hippocampus appears to be especially important for remembering
details
a dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears one sound but not another. this effect is called
discrimination
you plan to spend 10 hours studying before your test next week. what is the best strategy?
distribute the 10 hours in shorter study sessions across many days
remembering the events when you moved into your urgent home is what type of memory?
episodic
memory of a specific experience such as graduation from high school is known as
episodic memory
which of these was true of patient HM?
his main deficit was an inability to form new long term memories
when the drill sergeant shouts "fire" the artillery shoots, making aloud sound that makes you flinch. after a few repetitions, you flinch at the word "fire." what is the conditioned response?
flinching
if asked to tell your social security number without looking it up, you are being asked to perform which type of memory test?
free recall
many students who get the best grades read the text more slowly. why?
good students increase depth of processing by thinking about the material
what was hermann ebbinghaus's contribution to the study of memory?
he was the first to do experiments to measure memory
the patient HM suffered severe anterograde amnesia after damage to which brain area?
hippocampus
what type of memory consolidates most rapidly?
information that is important to you
what is distinctive of long term memory compared to short term memory?
its information is always available, regardless of interference
responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future. this is a brief statement of the
law of effect
a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior that results from experience is called
learning
tammy is just two years old. she recently touched her hand to a hot stove. the burn caused her a great deal of pain. her mom is fairly sure that because of positive punishment, tammy will be
less likely to touch the stove in the future
you forget where you parked your car so you scan the parking lot hoping to find yours among the others. your tai is like which type of memory test?
recognition test
according to the theory of operant conditioning, when the removal of a stimulus, after a response has occurred, decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again, the process if referred to as
negative punishment
if you wanted your best friend to spend less time talking about her boyfriend you might leave every time she started talking about him, saying that you just remembered that you had to be somewhere. in the framework of operant conditioning, your leaving would be
negative punishment
the preschool teachers have started taking away play time when the class behaves badly. the teachers have started using which of the following as a way to reduce the likelihood that children will behave badly
negative punishment
according to the theory of operant conditioning, when the removal of a stimulus after a response has occurred increases the likelihood of the response's occurring again, the process that is at work is referred to as
negative reinforcement
if you wanted your best friend to spend less time talking about her boyfriend, you might try frowning every time she started talking about him. in the framework of operant conditioning, your frowning would be
negative reinforcement
when ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory, what did he memorize?
nonsense syllables
the concept of working memory is roughly synonymous with
one's current sphere of attention
hindsight bias is the tendency to
overestimate how likely some event had seemed, after we know it already happened
one unusual feature of implicit memory is that
people can display implicit memory without realizing that they are using memory
why do cognitive psychologists usually rely on reaction times, etc instead of asking people to describe their thought processes?
people don't always know their own thought processes
change blindenes refers to the phenomenon that
people looking at a scene often fail to notice that something changes
people watched a video with no school bus. one group was asked if they saw the children getting off the school bus. later, both groups were asked if they saw a school bus. what happened?
people who heard the first question were more likely to say yes to the second one
felix the cat used t jump on the andersons' old couch every chance he got. last week the andersons bought a new couch, he got hit with a newspaper. felix quickly stopped jumping on the couch. based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Felix, being hit with the newspaper acted as a
positive punisher for jumping on the couch
according to the theory of operant conditioning, when the presentation of a stimulus, after a response has occurred, decreases the likelihood of the response's occurring again, the process that is at work is referred to as
positive punishment
the preschool teachers have started putting gold stars on a poster when the class has behaved well the entire day. if the class has received a gold star on a day, they will receive a special treat as a reward. the teachers have started using which of the following as a way to increase the likelihood that children will behave well?
positive reinforcement
the tendency to remember the first items on a list is the __ effect. the tendency to remember the last items is the __ effect.
primacy, recency
if hearing one word helps you think of another word we call that effect
priming
"once you learn to die a bicycle you never forget" pertains to __ memory
procedural
recall, cued recall, and recognition all measure which type of memory?
procedural
suppose you gradually learn that a certain pattern of wind, cloud, and humidity means that you should probably take an umbrella today. which type of memory is this?
procedural
your memory of the rules of basketball or golf is a type of
procedural memory
research has shown that classical conditioning will be most effective when the conditioned stimulus
provides new information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus
for thinking and problem solving, we uses system 1 for __ and stem 2 for __
quick automatic processes, slow processes that require attention
a lineup measures memory in what way?
recognition
after you witness a robbery, you have trouble describing the thief. the police show you several photographs and ask whether any of them was the thief. they are checking your memory by which method?
recognition
according to the encoding specificity principle, retrieval cues are best at stimulating memory if those cues
resemble what people were thinking about when they formed the memory
after wilbur fell off his motorcycle, he forgot just about everything that had happened during the last hour before his accident. what kind of memory loss is this?
retrograde
if it is important to remember certain details from a party last night, what would help?
return to the same location at the same time of day with the same people present
when you remember who a clock worlds, what type of memory is that?
semantic
someone asks you what time it is. you check your watch and answer. a few seconds later, after you have been distracted, someone asks what time you said it was. you have forgotten. according to the traditional information processing view, war type of memory was this?
short term
the magical number seven plus or minus two refers to the capacity of
short term memory
most people show the strop effect. what type of person would not show it?
someone who can't read
research has shown that the most effective classical conditioning association will form when the unconditioned stimulus occurs
soon after the conditioned stimulus
an investigator presents a conditioned stimulus followed by an unconditioned stimulus until an animal is classically conditioned. then she exposes the animal to an extinction procedure. if she waits awhile and then tests the animal again, what happens?
spontaneous recovery
the tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during original learning is known as
state dependency memory
a dog has been trained to salivate whenever it sees a large white square. now it salivates somewhat at the sight of a large gray square. the dog is displaying
stimulus generalization
you were stung by a bee and now you fear certain other insects. you are displaying
stimulus generalization
the depth of processing principle distinguishes between
strengths of various long term memories
to improve your probability of performing a learned skill well, or your probability of remembering something in a variety of circumstances you should
study or practice under a variety of conditions
what is a mnemonic device?
study or practice under a variety of conditions
classical conditioning involves learning
that one event predicts another
when natasha was five years old she was terrified and became hysterical when her older brother dropped a spider down her shirt. today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to make her agitated and uneasy. in this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is
the agitation natasha experiences experiences when she sees a rubber spider
the main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning
the animal's responses do no control the reinforcements
in pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the dog's salivating following the sounding of the the bell was
the conditioned response
what is the strop effect
the difficulty of saying the color of the ink instead of reading the word
anton was dancing with his new girlfriend at an elvis tribute. when the band started playing "can't help falling in love with you" his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss, which anton found very enjoyable. now anton finds that every time he hears the song on the rail, he becomes mildly excited. in this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is
the enjoyment anton experienced when his girlfriend kissed him
what is meant by working memory?
the information you are working with at the moment
sarah used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night. after the sixth daiquiri sarah became extremely ill. now sarah finds that even the smell of strawberries can make her feel nauseated. in this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is
the nausea that sarah feels when she smells strawberries
in operant conditioning, positive reinforcement occurs whenever
the presentation of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response's occurring again
one saturday adolf was sitting at home when the telephone rang. a local company was making promotional calls and told adolf he had just one a $1000 gift certificate. he felt a rush of excitement of the thought of what he could do with $1000. now adolf finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a small surge of excitement. in this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is
the ringing telephone
matthew used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night. after the sixth daiquiri, Matthew became extremely ill. now matthew finds that even the smell of strawberries can make him feel nauseated. in this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is
the strawberry daiquiris that matthew consumed
in pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, before the dog learned the association, the food functioned as which of the following
the unconditioned stimulus
the procedure for producing extinction in classical conditioning is to present
the unconditioned stimulus
drug tolerance for morphine or heroin develops quickly when
the user injects the drug repeatedly in a particular environment
what is true of flashbulb memories of highly emotional events?
they are extremely detailed but not always accurate
classical conditioning applies primarily to __ responses; operant conditioning applies primarily to ___ responses
visceral, skeletal
according to the depth of processing principle why are some memories easier to recall?
we thought about them more during the storage process
classical conditioning can be thought of as learning
what events signal
learning has occurred
when a change in behavior is relatively permanent
what does it mean to say that memory is a reconstruction?
when you remember, you fill in the gaps with reasonable guesses
what does the concept of spreading activation attempt to explain?
why you think of a particular word at a particular time
what is meant by a top down process in attention
you decide to shift attention from one idem to another
when you think about a particular word, which of these happens?
you prime yourself to think of related words
