APUSH Chapter 8

Treaty of San Lorenzo (p. 237)

(also known as Pickney Treaty) This treaty settled the boundaries and navigation rights along the Mississippi River. It also provided for the rights of deposit at the Port of New Orleans. In addition, it essentially removed Spain as a threat to further American settlement in the West. This treaty was unanimously ratified by Congress in 1796.

Alien and Sedition Acts (p. 239)

Alien Acts: These laws increased the residency requirement for citizenship from five to fourteen years, and gave the president power to detain and/or deport enemy aliens in times of war. Sedition Act: This law made it illegal to criticize the president or Congress, and imposed a heavy fine or a threat or imprisonment upon violators, such as editors of newspapers.

Jay's Treaty (p. 237)

Following the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793, this treaty did not settle the issue of British seizure of impressment of American sailors, but did call for the removal of British forts in the West. The treaty further angered Democratic-Republicans and the French, who increased their harassment of American ships. Spain soon became concerned by a possible cozy relationship between Britain and the United States and sought to clear up any misunderstandings regarding the boundary between Spanish Florida and the new nation.

nullification (p. 240)

In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty.

Judiciary Act of 1789 (p. 227)

This act established a Supreme Court consisting of one presiding chief justice and five associate justices. It also provided for the establishment of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal.

Tariff Act of 1789 (p. 228)

This act placed 8 percent tariff in imports, a rate much lower than Alexander Hamilton had desired.

Elastic Clause

This clause in the Constitution granted Congress "implied powers" to pass laws that were "necessary and proper" to run the country effectively. Alexander Hamilton used this clause to argue in support of the creation of the Bank of the United States.

James Madison

This delegate from Virginia was read in federalist, republicanism, and Lockean theory and became the leading voice of the Constitutional Convention, providing the cornerstones for the development of the Constitution. First, he expressed need for a powerful central government. Second, he believed in separation of powers - the executive, legislative, and judicial branches would all be independent but held accountable by each. Finally, he outlined the dangers of "factions" and the powers of strong national government would have to keep these views in check.

Report on Public Manufactures

This document, written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791, promoted the industrialization of the United States and advocated strong protective tariffs to protect infant industry.

XYZ Affair (p. 239)

This event occurred when John Adams sent a delegation to Paris in 1797 in order to negotiate an agreement whereby French vessels would stop seizing American vessels. As the delegation arrived in France, they were approached by three French agents who demanded a large sum of money as a loan and an additional bribe from the American delegation just for the opportunity to speak with French officials. The delegation refused to comply, and word of the incident quickly spread across the Atlantic. Federalists called for immediate military action. And undeclared naval war or "quasi war," ensued.

Whiskey Rebellion (p. 234)

This event took place as a result of the tax which was imposed on the whiskey backwoods farmers distilled to supplement their incomes. Some of these farmers violently protested the tax by tarring and feathering collectors of destroying public buildings. President Washington immediately sent a militia to quell this protest.

Bank of the United States

This institution, supported by Alexander Hamilton, was where the national treasury would its deposits. It would keep the funds safe and available as loanable funds. This institution was vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson.

Eli Whitney (and the Cotton gin)

This man invented the cotton gin in 1793. His invention made the process of removing seed from raw cotton much easier and faster, making cotton the number one cash crop of the South.

John Marshal

This man was not only Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, but he was also Thomas Jefferson's cousin and a staunch Federalist. During his career, he had ruled a law passed by Congress to be unconstitutional, thereby establishing the precedence of judical review. In this and subsequent decision by his court, the power of the Supreme of Court increased - it could check the authority of both the legislative and executive branch.

John Adams

This man was the first vice president and was later defeated by Thomas Jefferson in the presidential election of 1800.

Franco-American Accord of 1800 (p. 241)

This meeting took place between American envoys and French foreign minister Talleyrand and Napoleon. The goal of the meeting was to negotiate a settlement to prevent full-scale between the United States and France. The meeting ended with the termination of the Franco-American Alliance, an agreement whereby the United States would pay for damages inflicted on French vessels, and the avoidance of an all-out war with France.

The Convention of 1800

This meeting took place between American envoys and French foreign minister Talleyrand and Napoleon. The goal of the meeting was to negotiate a settlement to prevent full-scale war between the United States and France. The meeting ended with the termination of the Franco-American Alliance, an agreement whereby the United States would pay for damages inflicted on French vessels, and the avoidance of an all-out with France.

Republican (p. 230)

This new political party included Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, and Know-Nothings, all from either the North or WEst. This party was opposed to the expansion of slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Despite the loss of the election of 1856 to Democrat James Buchanan, members of this part made a great showing by running the exciting Californian John Fremont, who managed to win 11 or 16 free states in the Electoral College.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

This proclamation came about because of Alexander Hamilton's desire to maintain trade relationships with the British. Although Thomas Jefferson was a sympathizer to the French and wanted to uphold the provisions of the Franco-American Alliance, President George Washington made this proclamation. As a result, the French and the British set out to seize American ships crossing the Atlantic, taking cargo and impressing sailors into military service. These seizures violated the proclamation, forcing Washington to send Chief Justice John Jay in 1794 to negotiate.

Farewell Address

This speech was made by George Washington upon leaving the office of the president in 1797. In it, he warned the infant nation to remain neutral with regard to European affairs, to avoid entangling alliances, and to refrain from the formation of "Faction" or political parties.

French Revolution

This war, which took place between 1789 and 793, challenged America's sovereignty, since George Washington had to decided where her loyalties would lie. Giving revolutionaries assistance as they had done for the Patriots during the American Revolution would strain the already delicate relationship with Britain. Initially, Americans were pleased about the overthrow of the King and Queen of France, as it seemed an extension of the ideals of the American Revolution. It became clear, however, that this was a very different kind of war that was bloody and ruthless,

Democratic-Republicans

This was the new name for Anti-Federalists, such as Thomas Jefferson. This group sought to limit the powers of the central government in favor of greater states' rights, while the Federalists believed in a strong central government whose powers were supreme over the states.

Midnight judges

this term refers to the men President John Adams worked through the nights of his last days in office to appoint. These men would serve on the bench during Jefferson's administration. The appointment of these men was created by the Judiciary Act of 1801.