APush chapter18

man who proposed solutions to catastrophe of 1850 and said that North should enact a more feasible fugitive slave law to compromise

Henry clay (third compromise he's made)

Man who negotiated the Gadsden Purchase with Santa Anna so that they could buy some parts of Mexico to build the railroad for $10 million

James Gadsden

Country cocooned in isolationism for over 2 centuries

Japan

known as the "great nullifier" and championed the South in his last formal speech

John C calhoun

One of the most momentous measures to ever pass Congress

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Was known as the father of popular sovereignty, his views on slavery extension were not silent

Lewis Cass

Commanded the warships that POTUS Fillmore sent to Japan, finally entered Japanese shores after tense negotiations and threats to blow his way onto shore

Matthew Perry

who became president after Taylor died

Millard filmore

Why did the Kansas-Nebraska scheme contradict the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

Missouri Compromise forbade slavery in proposed Nebraska north of the 36' 30 line

What was the opposition to a railroad built in the North?

Nebraska, since it was unorganized land

which two states were open to slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty but were in favor of free soil

New Mexico and Utah

When American ministers in Spain, England, and France met to prepare confidential recommendations to get Cuba; offered $120 million for Cuba

Ostend Manifesto

His platform revived the territorial expansion (like Polk), and endorsed Compromise of 1850, including Fugitive Slave Law

Pierce

Weak and indecisive figure, but was enemy-less because of this and was a pro-southern northerner who was adopted into the slavery wing of Democrats

Pierce

a doctrine that stated that the principles of the Constitution, should themselves determine the status of slavery in their separate state

Popular sovereignty

Purely sectional and major party

Republcan

Man who delivered a counter-stroke to offset the Gadsden thrust for southern expansion westward, wanted a line of settlements across the country

Senator Stephen Douglass

argued that christian legislators must obey gods moral law and appealed to exclude slavery in the territories to an even higher law than constitution (cost him presidency)

Seward

who arose in opposition to California skipping the territorial stage

Southern politicians

Lusted for new slave land after the Compromise of 1850 closed Mexican Cession to the peculiar institution, i.e. Nicaragua

Southern slavocrats

Why did Scott lose the election?

Southern whigs betrayed him with their votes, and Free Soil candidate siphoned votes from the north that he could have won

who was most pleased by Websters speech

banking and commercial centers

How was the Whig party split?

between antislavery Whigs in the north and slavery Whigs in the south; southern whigs spat on Scott but liked his platform, northerners hated the platform but loved Scott

what did the fire eaters of the south do to try and protest the concession but failed

boycott northern good

how did taylor help the cause of concession

by dying suddenly

Suggested solution to the transportation issue, since CA and Oregon were across the nation and hard to get to (failed)

camels

why did politicians like popular sovereignty

compromise between abolitionist ideals and southern demands

why was the South worried about the admission of California

destroy delicate equilibrium in Senate

why did Free soilers condemn slavery

destroying chances of free white workers to rise from wage earning dependence to self employment

what did the advocates of popular sovereignty hope it would do

dissolve the issue of slavery into a local one instead of national

what area did Texas claim

east of Rio Grande and north to 42 parallel

Why was the railroad built starting in the south?

easy terrain to build on, route wouldn't pass through unorganized territory

Why was the 1852 election so significant?

ended the Whig party, foreshadowed the eclpise of national parties and rose fears of sectional political alignments

what happened when California was banging on the door for admission

fire eaters in the south were threatening secession

who was still fiercly against the concession even after it had already been passed

fire eaters of the south

Nickname for southerners

fire-eaters

Biggest and most durable offspring of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

formation of the Republican party (against slavery, hated the Kansas-Nebraska Act)

what was the cry of the free soilers

free soil. free speech, free labor, and free men

what kind of people did the Free soil party attract

industrialists, democrats, northerners, conscience whigs

why did the public like popular sovereignty

it accorded with democratic tradition of self determination

what did the Constitution of California have on it

it excluded slavery

what were the newcomers in California like during the Gold Rush

lawless men and virtueless women

what was Calhouns impassioned plea

leave slavery alone, return runaways, give south its right as a minority, restore political balance

how was the south relatively well off in 1850

majority in supreme court, equal in senate, could veto constitutional amendments

Success in China inspired

mission to pry open Japan

what did the 1850s allow the north to do in preparing for civil war

moral strength for its will to fight for the Union

Did Douglass sympathize with slavery?

no

Did northerners support the Kansas-Nebraska scheme?

no

Was the Ostend Manifesto supported once its existence was leaked?

no

New Mexico and Utah wanted to enter the Union as...

non slave states

why did Calhoun reject Clays proposed concessions

not providing adequate safe guards

where did slavemasters rest their arguments

on the Constitution

what did Massachusettes do in above toward nullification

penal offense for any state official to enforce Fugitive slave law

how did the South halt the drive towards abolition in DOC

permitted outlawing of slave trade in federal district

denied local jails to federal officials and hampered enforcement

personal liberty laws

With slavery and sectionalism down played, what did the election focus on?

personalities

filibustering means

pirate like

why did the Democrats have to look for a new representative in 1848

polk had pledged to only one term

why were industrialists interested in the Free soil party

polks reduction of protective tariffs

What did the treaty of 1848 help do? (it' significance later, 2 things)

provided legal cover for T. Roosevelt's assertion of American control of the Panama Canal Zone (1903), led to first transcontinental road

why were Democrats willing to join free soil party

resentful of polk settling for part of Oregon but insisting on all Texas

what was the one fatal defect of popular sovereignty

served to spread the blight of slavery

what did politicians think the wisest strategy was for the slavery issue

sit on the lid and ignore it

What helped antislavery legions of the North gain support?

slavocracy of Kansas

How did war beak out between Spain and the US? (2 reasons)

southerners set up filibustering expeditions to seize Cuba but they all failed and in one raid many were killed, Cubans took down US ship BLack Warrior

what did the Free soil party foreshadow

the Republican party

What made the US a Pacific (or would-be) power

the acquiring of Oregon and CA

Why did the rush to Sierra Nevada, CA for gold concern Central America's fate?

the narrow land served as an Atlantic to Pacific transportation route that could sever the two Americas, whoever controlled it held a sway over the maritime nations (US especially)

who got the better deal in the compromise of 1850

the north

why were the Southerners bitter about the new Law

the northerners would not execute the law

What was the issue of building a transcontinental railroad (ending in CA)

there was only enough money for one, so the argument was whether it began in the North or South; whoever had it gained superior wealth, influence and population

Why did the South want the railroad to begin with them?

they were behind the North economically

during the gold rush who made the most reliable profits

those who took care of the miners

how was President Taylors military ire aroused

threats of Texas to take Santa fe (he almost sent army against them)

what did California as a free state do to the South

tipped the Senate balance permanently against south

Purpose of war on SPain

to gain Cuba

Why did Douglass create this scheme? (personal reasons)

to gain popularity among Virginian voters, benefit his section, gain wealth

Impacts of Cushing's treaty

trade with China went up, opened opportunities for American missionaries, US was now aligned with Western powers and hurt China's cultural integrity

Solution to transportation issue

transcontinental railroad

Another legacy of Mexican war was

transportation problems

True or False: Kansas-Nebraska Act destroyed the Democratic party?

true

Biggest accomplishment of the Whig party

upholding the ideal of the Union through electoral strength in the South, aand with Webster and Clay

who did the free soilers have as their representative

van buren

what made Taylor pull through and become president in 1848

wartime popularity, and diversion of Democrats to Free soil party

What reinforced Manifest Destiny?

winning the Mexican War, Californian gold

Did Pierce support the Kansas-Nebraska bill?

yes

Was Douglass able to repeal the Missouri Compromise in order to make his Kansas-Nebraska scheme work?

yes

Did southerners support the Kansas-Nebraska scheme?

yes; wanted another slave state

who did the Whigs nominate as their representative in 1848

zachary taylor

what helped turn the tide in the North towards compromise

Websters seventh of march speech

Praised the Compromise of 1850 as a lasting arrangement

Whig

freshman senator from New York and spokesman for younger northern radicals came out against concession and did not realize that compromise brought the union together

William Seward

Brazen American adventurer who tried to grab control of Central American country (tried and failed to get Baja Caliornia). Installed himself as Pres of Nicaragua in 1856 and legalized slavery, was overthrown and killed

William Walker

Nominee of the Whig party (chosen over Webster and Fillmore), not a smart choice because of his haughtiness that turned people away

Winfield Scott

group of newer leaders who, unlike the Old Guard had not grown up with the Union

Young Guard from the North

what was California granted as because of the compromise

a free state

who saw webster as a traitor

abolitionists

what did the Free soil party also advocate that went beyond slavery

advocating federal aid and urged free government homesteads

How did the Democratic nominating convention of 1852 startle the nation?

after a deadlock, it went with the nation's second ever dark horse Franklin Pierce

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act encourage the Civil War?

antislavery northerners were angry at the act "made in bad faith" by Nebrascals, making future compromise with the south very difficult

Vital rights and privileges Cushings secured for the US, from the Chinese

"most favored nation" status afforded us any and all trading terms accorded for other countries, extraterritoriality allowed Americans accused of crimes in China to be tried before American officials,

Why did northerners criticize the Gadsden Purchase?

$10 million was too much money

how many slaves was the south losing per year because of the Underground Railroad

1000

caused the disquieting talk of secession to subside and peace loving people were determined that the compromise would be final on the issue of slavery

2nd Era of Good Feelings

Spain's once mighty New World empire that was sugar rich and had many slaves, coveted for annexation; Polk offered $100 million but Spain denied

Cuba

who upheld Clays compromise measures in the senate and urged reasonable concessions to the south

Daniel Webster

What prompted the treaty in 1848 between the US and now Colombia that guaranteed the right to cross the isthmus in return for our pledge to maintain perfect neutrality?

British encroachment (seizure of San Juan)

Massachusetts lawyer sent by Tyler to secure comparable concessions from Asia for the US (since Britain had secured the 5 ports if China in the Opium Wars)

Caleb Cushing

where did the South try and get more land to have slaves from so they could rebalance the senate

Carribean

Helped avoid full blown confrontation with Britain by promising that neither the US nor Britain would fortify/seek exclusive control of any future isthmian waterway

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

New Granada

Colombia

Why was Spain alone in the war v. the US?

Europe was too busy with the Crimean war

why was Taylor bent on vetoing any compromises passed by congress

Fallen under influence of higher law Seward

Man who made the Kansas-Nebraska scheme proposing the Territory of Nebraska be split into 2 territories, Kansas and Nebraska. Popular sovereignty would determine their stance on slavery

Douglass

party that formed because of their distrust of both Cass and Taylor and aroused the conspiracy of silence in the democratic and whig platforms, were IN FAVOR of the Wilmot proviso

Free soil party

Demise of the Whigs

Fugitive Slave Law

What other compromise did the Kansas-Nebraska act destroy besides the one of 1820?

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

new law that stirred opposition in the North, said the fleeing slaves had no right to trial and could not testify on their own behalf

Fugitive slave Law of 1850

what awakened antagonism towards the south

Fugitive slave law of 1850

who did the Democratic National Convention turn to after Polk

General Lewis Cass

what was Zachary taylors slogan that he had been heard saying during the Battle of Buena Vista

General Taylor never surrenders

most amazing of the "conductors" of the Underground Railroad who helped rescue more than three hundred slaves and earned the title of Moses

Harriet Tubman

Treaty Perry coninced the Japanese to sign that promised proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, US coaling rights in Japan, and consular relations; sparked Meji Restoration

Treaty of Kanagawa

First Formal diplomatic agreement between the US and China singed due to Cushing's charm and China's desire to balance out the British interference

Treaty of Wanghia

a virtual freedom train that consisted of an informal chain of stations through which scores of runaway slaves were spirited to free soil canada

Underground Railroad