APUSH Exam Review (Unit 4-6)

Robert LaFollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations -Wanted power put back in the hands of people

Thomas Reed

Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line.

Billion Dollar Congress

Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

Gerald Nye

Republican of North Dakota headed a 1934-1936 Senate investigation, which concluded that banking and munition interests, whom it called "merchants of death", had tricked the US into war to protect their loans and weapon sales to England and France

Half- Breeds

Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that paid lip service to government reform while still battling for patronage and spoils

Stalwart Fraction

Republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling that opposed all attempts at civil-service reform

Repblican Stand-Patti Sm Enthroned

Republicans claimed credit for the farm prices rising after the depression of 1893

Greenback Labor party

National political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth; these followers also called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight hour work day

Committee for Public Information (themes)

National unity, an evil enemy, and war grand crusade for democracy and peace

Pearl Harbor

Naval Base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. The U.S. military suffered 18 ships damaged or sunk, and 2,400 people were killed.

Nuremberg trials (1945-1946)

Nazi`s were held on trial---accused of crimes against humanity. 12 were hanged, 7 got life, 3 were acquitted -A series of court proceedings held, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity. The Allies placed top Nazis on trial for war crimes. 12 of them received the death sentence, some were imprisoned. These trials established an important principle that individuals (political & military leaders) were accountable for their own actions in wartime.

In Unions there is Strength

New machines displaced employees and though in the long run more jobs were created, there were a lot of people injured on the job.

Silent Majority

Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions.

Cambodianzaing the Vietnam War

Nixon ordered American forces to join with the South Vietnamese in cleaning out the enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia

Nixon on the Homefront

Nixon presided over a significant expansion of welfare programs

Philadelphia Plan

Nixon's controversial affirmative action plan; required construction trade unions to establish "goals and timetables" for the hiring of black apprentices, effectively creating hiring quotas for minorities.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to achieve a solid majority vote in 1972 (he had been elected as a minority president) by courting southern voters; his plan included appointing conservative Supreme Court justices, soft-pedaling civil rights, and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance.

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual take over of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility for fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice.

Elkins Act of 1903-

No rebates to shippers/heavy fine

Election of 1912 (Republicans)

Nominate Taft

Election of 1900 Demoncrats

Nominate William Jennings Bryan Responsible for imperialism and silver Standaard Platform

Counter-Reconstruction

North preoccupied with own issues Begin to ignore Reconstruction Old South creeps back in Ku Klux Klan- The goal was to replace radical republicans with political leaders supporting white supremacy

First target (TR Progressive Reform)

Northern Southern Company Had monopoly on RR in the Northwest TR filed suit against the company

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era; traditional elements of Southern society were deeply resentful of profits made by them during this period

Unbalanced Economy

Not all industries flourished- agriculture/textiles/coal in really bad shape Overproduction and low prices Farmers hit again with a major drought in 1930

Indian Reorganization Act

"Indian New Deal" 1934 partially reserved the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life, Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government.

Harding as President

"Return to Normalcy" Nice guy, not great President Did try to have good/solid advisors Herbert Hoover- commerce, only progressive in the cabinet Andrew Mellon- Treasury Charles Evans Hughes- state 3. To trusting 4. Harding Admin=corruption/scandal

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

William McKinley

(1843-1901) The 25th President of the US who is best known for winning tough elections. He supported the gold standard and high tariffs. He succeeded in forging a republican coalition that for the most part dominated national politics until the 1930s. Led the US to victory in 100 days in the Spanish-American War. Assassinated in 1901.

Geneva Confrence

(1888-1956) served as the Secretary of State under Eisenhower; significant figure in the early cold war era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world.

The Forest Reserve Act of 1891

(1891) President Roosevelt used this act to protect some 172 million acres of timberland. Part of the Roosevelt conservation policy of conserving natural resources for the long term good of the public. It was to make big businesses mindful of their effect on the environment

Bonus Army

Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), this rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed them with tear gas and bayonets.

Daws Plan of 1924

(1924) proposed plan for German reparations after WWII: ("jumpstart") US loans helped Germany pay off France and Britain, who in turn would pay off their debts to the US

Clark Memorandum 1928

(1928) Sec. of State Clark pledged US would never intervene in L.A. affairs in order to protect US property rights - overturned the Roosevelt Corollary

Kellog-Brand Pact

(1928) declared war "illegal" except for defensive purposes (major loophole); no enforcement mechanism

London Conference 1933

(1933) attended by 66 nations; intended to confront the global depression by stabilizing national currencies(gold currency) and reviving international trade - undermined by FDR, a sign to Mussolini/Hitler that he wasn't going to intervene in European affairs

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

(1934) put forth by Cordell Hull; aimed at relief/recovery of US economy, included lower tariffs and authorized Congress to negotiate reciprocal trade agreements with other countries - reversed protectionist tariff put in place in Civil War, paved way for free trade post-WWII

Tydings- McDuffee Act of 1934

(1934) stated that the Philippines were to become free after 10 years; naval bases would remain, the isolationist US eager to get out of the Pacific

Spanish Civil War 1936

(1936-39) nationalists led by fascist Francisco Franco defeated democratic Republican loyalists for control of Spain; the US called for an arms embargo for both sides, Rome-Berlin Axis helped Nationalists win in a preview of WWII. Became a training ground for WWII. Franco wins and Civil War becomes a training ground

Quarantine Speech

(1937) Roosevelt's speech that condemned Japan and Italy, urged democracies to "quarantine" their aggressors through economic embargoes - criticized by isolationists who feared FDR might lead the US into war

Feedom Riders

(1961) organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement.

Griswold V. Connecticut

(1965) The Supreme Court struck down a state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives. The Court proclaimed a "right to privacy" that soon provided the basis for decisions protecting Women's Abortion Rights.

New York Times V. United States

(1971) Overturned the Justice Department's order to restrict free press in the interests of national security (the Justice Department aimed to block publication of the so-called Pentagon Papers). The ruling firmly protected freedom of the press. - defended the First Amendment right of free press against prior restraint by the government.

Smoking Gun Tape

(1972) Recording made in the Oval Office that proved conclusively that Nixon knew about the Watergate break-in and endeavored to cover it up. When the tape's existence became public knowledge, Nixon's Congressional support evaporated and the Supreme Court ordered he hand the tape to investigators.

Endangered Species Act

(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Regents of the University of California V. Bakke

(1978) Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.

Wilson delivers a war message

- Neutrality was no longer possible - Justifies US entry into the war - War not about conquest but domination - - War to end all wars - The world must be safe from democracy - The US will save the war

What caused the Great Depression?

- Over-speculation of stocks, - Banking collapse - Farming dust bowl

Rome-Berlin Axis

-(1936) Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

-(1939) treaty between Germany and USSR to stay out of each others' way before WWII - shocked the world as usually communists and fascists were enemies (Hitler wanted one front war, Stalin afraid of Hitler); secret clause: Poland to be divided between Germany & USSR, allowed for the German invasion of Poland without Russian interference

Mining Industry

-After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.

Margaret Sanger

-American the leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900s. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by an unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. Equal Rights Amendment.

7th Pan-American Conference 1933

-FDR's repudiation of TR's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating good neighbor policy towards L. American countries

Teller Amendment

-Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Federal Farm Loan Act

-Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest

Consumer Product Safety Commission

-works to reduce the risk of injuries and deaths from consumer products by developing voluntary standards with industry. issuing and enforcing mandatory standards; banning consumer products if no standard would adequately protect the public.

Foreign-Policy Flounderings

1. American troops were withdrawn from the Dominican Republican 2. American troops remained in Haiti until 1934 3. French and British were struggling after WWI, the postwar tariffs made it almost impossible for them to sell their goods to earn the dollars to pay their debts

Holding the Home Front

1. Americans on the home front suffered little from the war 2. The war lifted America out of the Great Depression 3. Millions of men and women worked in the homefront 4. WWII cost about $300 million for Americans 5. The national debt rose from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945

The Appeal of the Press

1. Andre Carnegie contributed $60 million for the construction of 1,700 public libraries all over the country 2. By 1900 there were about 90,000 libraries

The South in the Age of Industry

1. As of late 1900, the south produced a smaller percentage of the nations manufactured goods before it had in the civil war 2. The south remained rural 3. Cheap labor was the South's major attraction for potential investors and jeeping labor cheap became almost a religion among southern industrialists

Electoral Reform

1. Australian Ballot 2. Direct Primaries 3. Initiative 4. Referendum 5. Recall 6. Direct Election of Senators

The New Immigration

1. Between 1850 and 1870 more than 2 million immigrants came to America 2. By 1880 more than 5 million immigrants came to the country 3. Until 18880 most immigrants came from the British Isles and Western Europe (Germany and Ireland) 4. More than 300,00 Chinese immigrants came to America, faced nativism (especially the Irish and Chinese) 5. The "Old" European immigrants had adjusted to American life by building ethnic organizations, established farm communities or urban craft unions 6. The New immigrants came to America because the European population was booming (doubled after 1800 due to the fish and grain from America) 7. The US was pained as the land of a fabulous opportunity in the "America Letters" sent by friends and relatives already transplanted 8. Many immigrants never intended to become Americans in any case 9. A large number of them were single men who worked in the US for months or years then went home with their American money 10. In America, Catholics expanded their parochial school systems and Jews establish Hebrew schools 11. The children of immigrants grew up speaking English and often rejected the Old Country manners

Taft's Domestic Policy

1. Big business 2. Taft went after US steel 3. Conservation 4. Tariffs 5. Republicans lost ground in Midterm elections 6. Bull Moose Party 7. Progressive Rep formed the National Progressive League -began to push Robert LaFollete

Shaping the Postwar World (International Organizations)

1. Bretton Woods Conference 2. International Monetary Fund 3. World Bank 4. United Nations

Hitlers Belligerence and U.S. Neutrality

1. Britain and France declared war on Germany because Germany invaded Poland 2. Roosevelt declared neutrality

Warren Court (1953-1969) (Rulings)

1. Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) 2. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 3. Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) 4. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 5. Engel v. Vitale (1962) 6. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Bellowing Herds of Bison

1. Buffalo provided food for Native Americans 2. Much of the supply of the railroad construction gangs came from the buffalo steaks

The Lust for Learning

1. By 1870 more and more states were making at least a grade school education comp; story 2. Before the civil war, Private Schools and colleges were common 3. By 1900 there were 6,000 high schools 4. The success of public schools contributed to the falling of the literacy rate from 20% in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900

Hooked on the Horn of Plenty

1. By 1930, the depression had become a national calamity 2. Citizens lost everything

Sources of Stagnation

1. By increasing productivity American workers had doubled their average standard of living in 25 years since WWII 2. The 1970's did not have an increase in productivity 3. There was a sudden slump in productivity 4. The cost of living tripled years after Nixon's inauguration

The Radio Revolution

1. By the late 1920's technological improvements made radios long-distance broadcasting possible 2. The radio knitted the nation together 3. Sports were further stimulated 4. Politicians had to adjust their speaking techniques to a new medium, millions rather than thousands of voters heard their promises and pleas 5. Music was played in millions of homes

Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy

1. Carter restored all diplomatic relations with China in 1979 2. The US gave up control of the Panama Canal in 1999

Allied Diplomacy during the War

1. Casablanca Confrence (Jan 1943) 2. Moscow Confrence (October 1943) 3. Declaration of Cairo (issued December 1943) 4. Tehran Conference (Nov-Dec 1943) 5. Yalta Confrence (Feb 1945) 6. Potsdam Confrence (July-Agust 1945)

Cleveland and Depression

1. Cleveland took office again in 1893, the only President elected after the defeat

Old Grover Takes Over

1. Cleveland was the first Democrat to take the oath of Presidential office since Buchmann 28 years ago 2. Cleveland supported the Laissez-faire 3. Cleveland had two former confederates in his cabinet

Building the Panama Canal

1. Congress in June 1902 decided on the Panama route 2. Canal construction began in 1904

Conservation

1. Conservation Movement 2. John Muir 3. Forest Reserve Act 4. Management Act

The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928

1. Coolidge didn't want to run for another term 2. The Democrats nominated Alfred E. Smith 3. Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election by a landslide 4. Herbert had 444 electoral votes to Smith's 87 5. The Republicans flipped the house

Depression Speeds

1. Depression nationwide by early 1930 2. Negative economic cycle kept going

Industry in the Gilded Age

1. Dominated by the growth of railroads 2. Railroad industry uncertain 3. US population increasing and needs better infrastructure 4. Very expensive to build because you have to own the land to build the track on 5. US Gov steps in and offers to decrease the risk ( land grants and subsidies) 6.Got infrastructure, postal routes, military transport, etc. 7. The Gov gave railroad companies to build the track on 8. Sparked the Second Industrial revolution

Arms Race

1. Dominated the world in foreign and domestic policy 2.. USSR exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949 3. The US exploded its first hydrogen bomb in 1952, 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb 4. Race to have the best technology

Automobile Industry

1. Driving force behind economic boom- led by Henry Ford and introduced the assembly line 2. The auto industry surged as did the US economy

Monkey Business in Tennessee

1. Education in the 1920s continued to make strides 2. More and more states were requiring young people to remain in school until they were 16, 18, or until they graduated from high school 3. Religionists charged that the teaching of Darwin evolution was destroying faith in God and the bible while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in the jazz age

Eisenhower Republicans at Home

1. Eisenhower rolled back major parts of the New Deal 2. Halted further expansion of Government programs 3. Wanted to balance the federal budget

The Mass-Consumption Economy

1. Electrical power became a giant business in the 1920s 2. Sports became big business in the consumer economy in the 1920s

America Turns Outward

1. Farmers and factory owners began to look for the market outside of the US as agricultural and industrial production boomed 2. Many Americans believed that America had to expand or explode 3. Many Americans including Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge were interpreting Darwinism to mean that the earth belonged to the strong and fit (to Uncle Sam). 4. Americans joined in the demands for a mightier navy and for an American-built Isthmian canal between the Atlantic and Pacific 5. A number of diplomatic crisis or near- wars also marked the path of American diplomacy in the late 1880s and early 1890's 6. The American and German navies nearly came to blows in 1889 over the Samoans Islands in the South Pacific 7. The lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans in 1891 nearly brought America and Italy into war but the US agreed to pay compensation

The Farm Becomes a Factory

1. Farmers were becoming both consumers and producers in the world economy 2. Large-scale farmers were now specialists and business people 3. Large-scale framers were tied to banking, railroading and manufacturing

Deflations Dooms the Debtor

1. Farmers were no eneganed in one of the most competitive businesses, the price of their product was determined in the world market by the world output 2. Low prices and a deflated currency were the chief worries of the farmers (North, South and West) 3. By 1880 ¼ of all American farms were operated by tenants

Seeing Red

1. Fears of Red Russia continued to color American thinking for several years after the communists came to power in the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 2. The hysteria went so far that in 1920 five members of the New York Legislature were denied their sets because they were socialists

Unhappy Farmers

1. Floods added to the waste of erosion 2. A long succession of droughts doomed the Mississippi- West at the start of summer 1887 3. High protective tariffs went into the pockets of the manufactures 4. Farmers had to sell either low priced products in an unprotected world market 5. By 1890 farmers still made about ½ of the US population

FDR and Foreign Policy

1. Foreign Policy driven by US economic needs 2. Latin America 3. Clark Memorandum 1928 4. Good Neighbor Policy- 5. Formally recognized the Soviet Union 6. Tydings- McDuffee Act of 1934 7. Reciprocal Trade Agreements

The Fall of France

1. France was forced to surrender to Germany in 1940 after Germany took Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium 2. France's sudden collapse shocked American out of their daydreams

The Bloody Shirt Elects Grant

1. General Grant was the most popular northern hero to emerge from the war 2. The Republicans nominated Grant for the 1868 presidency 3. Grant won the 1868 Presidency with 214 electoral votes to 80 for Seymour 4. The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour

Mikhail Gorachev Reforms

1. Glasnost 2. Perestroika

Post-WWII/ Cold War Goals for the USSR

1. Greater security for themselves because Germany continued to invade the USSR 2. Defensible borders 3. Encourage friendly governments on its borders 4. Spread communism

The Republican Old Guard Returns

1. Harding only wanted the best minds in his cabinet 2. Charles Evans Hughes was the Secretary of State 3. Andrew W. Mellon was the secretary of Treasury 4. Herbert Hoover was the secretary of commerce 5. Albert B. Fall was the secretary of the interior 6. Harry M. Daughtery became the Attorney General

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

1. Harding wanted to improve Laissez-faire economics 2. Harding appointed four out of the nine justices to the Supreme court 3. Supreme Court restricted Government intervention into the economy 4. Antitrust laws were ignored or circumvented

Spurring the Hawaiian Pear

1. Hawaii attracted the attention of many Americans 2. Hawaii became an increasingly important center for sugar production 3. The State Department warned other power to keep their hand off from Hawaii 4. The US had the treaty with the Native Government giving them naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor

Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists

1. Hoover was distressed about what was going on around him 2. Hoover thought that the Government doling out doles would weaken or perhaps destroy the national fiber 3. As the depression continued, relief by local Government agencies broke down 4. Hoover assisted the railroads, banks and credit corporations in hope that of financial health was restored then unemployment would decrease

Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy

1. Hoover was interested in the Rio Grande 2. Economic imperialism became less popular 3. Hoover withdrew American troops in Haiti in 1934 4. Hoover abandoned the Monroe Doctrine

Impeachment

1. House filed charges of Impeachment that we willingly and knowingly broke the law 2. Senate failed to convict- May, 16 1868

US Looks the Other Way

1. Ignore 2. Japan into Manchuria 1931 3. Japan withdraws from Washington/Naval Treaties and leaves the Leauge of Nations 4. Italy takes Ethiopia 5. Germany rebuilding military 6. Actually, push the US further into isolation 7. Neutrality Acts were designed to keep US econ involved but out of rest

Appeasing Japan and Germany

1. In 1935, Hitler took Rinalnd and then occupied Austria in March 1938 2. Hitler then took Sudetenland (neighboring Czechoslovakia), the leaders of Britain and France wanted to please Hitler so they agreed to a conference

America's Course (Curse?) of Empire

1. In late 1898 the Spanish and American negotiators met in Paris 2. Cuba was free from Spain 3. The Americans took Guam and Spain gave America Puerto Rico 4. McKinley decided for the annexation of the Philippines 5. Instead, the Americans agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines 6. The US Speaker of the House resigned as a result of the territorial expansion 7. The Senate approved the treaty with Spain in 1899 by just one vote

Foreign Policy Context

1. Isolationist after WWI 2. The USA weakened the League of Nations by refusing to join 3. The US is the world's largest creditor nation post-WWI 4. Allies demand reparations from Germany 5. Great Depression=tolitarism

Support for the New Deal

1. It may have saved American capitalism 2. No revolution 3. Programs are still important today

The Blaine- Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884

1. James Blaine was nominated by the Republicans for the Presidency in 1884 2. The Democrats dominated Grover Cleveland

Japanese Laborers in California

1. Japanese residents made about 3% of CA's population 2. In 1906 San Francisco's school board ordered the segregation of Cheese, Japanese and Korean students to free more space for whites 3. Japanese saw this as discrimination against their children

Johnson- the Tailor President

1. Johnson never went to school but was apprenticed to tailor at the age to 10 2. He was born to impoverished parents in NC and was orphaned early 3. He taught himself to read and his wife taught him to write 4. Champion for states rights and the constitution

The Struggle for Civil Rights

1. Kennedy had campaigned with a strong appeal to black voters but to redeem his promises on civil rights 2. JFK needed support of Republicans to pass his social and economic legislation that believed would help African Americans

Chester Authur becomes President

1. Kinda freaked out by assassination and the motive of Guiteau 2. Switched sides in Civil service reform debate 3. Arthur didn't win friends in Rep Party with actions

The Great Society Congress

1. LBJ escalated the War on Poverty 2. Congress doubled the budget of the Office of Economic opportunity to $2 billion and granted more than $1 Billion to redevelop the gutted hills and hallowed of Appalachia 3. Created two cabinet offices- Department of Transportation and Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 4. National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities 5. Aid to education, immigration reform, and a new voting rights bill 6. Created Medicare and Medicaid

Businesses of Government (Harding Admin)

1. Less Government in Business, more business in Government 2. Trickle-down economics (Andrew Mellon) 3. Fordney- McCumber Tariff 1922 4. Return to Laissé Faire economics 5. Supreme Court Appointees 6. Dismantling of Wartime Economy 7. National debt was reduced

Refugees from the Holocaust

1. Many Jews attempted to escape from Hitler 2. In 1939 about 1,000 Jews went on a boat to Cuba, most were denied entry because they didn't have a Cuba visa so they went to Miami where FDR took them in

The Military Seesaw in Korea

1. McArthur invaded North Korea in 1950 all the way into China 2. McArthur wanted the U.S. to use the nuclear bombs in Korea 3. Truman fired McArthur in April 1950

Class Conflict- Plowholders Vs. Bondholders

1. Mckinley won the Presidency (Electoral College 271 to 176 and Popular Vote 7,102,246 to 6,494,559) 2. The outcome was a victory for big businesses, cities, middle-class values and financial conservatism 3. The Republicans had the White House for 16 years

A Second Front from North Africa to Rome

1. Millions of Soviet soldiers died 2. By the end of WWII, the Soviets lost 20 million soldiers 3. The Allies took Rome in 1944

Manpower and Womanpower

1. More than 6 million women worked outside of the house and half never worked for wages 2. Women still worked after WWII 3. In the Soviet Union and Britain, industrial employment was greater for women than the women in the US 4.At the end of WWII ⅔ of women war workers left the labor force 5. Many women were forced out of their jobs, but half of the women quit their jobs voluntarily because of family obligations 6. Millions of men were drafted into WWII

The Long Economic Boom 1950-1970

1. National income doubled in 1950 and almost doubled again in the 1960s 2. Transformed the life of the majority of citizens 3. The great majority of jobs created in the post-war era went to women 4. Women accounted for a quarter of the American Workforce by the end of WWII

A Cultural Renaissance

1. New York became the art capital of the world after WWII 2. Postwar America reaped its greatest cultural harvest in literature 3. The fruits of victory at home captured Americas literary imagination at the mid-century 4. Poets were highly critical of the character of America 5. Playwrights were also acute observers of the postwar American social mores

The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act

1. Nixon launched a two-week bombing of North Vietnam 2. The Vietnam war ended after 1973 after Vietnam called a cease-fire 3. After the Vietnamese called a cease-fire Nixon continued to bomb North Vietnam

Truman and Containment (1945-1953) and Koren Conflict (1950-1953)

1. North Koren Invasion in 1950 2. Truman and United Nations Intervention 3. North was backed by the Soviet Union 4. The South was backed by the U.S. 5. The United Nations voted to send in troops into Korea 6. In 2 weeks the U.S pushed the North Koreans back 7. General McArthur invaded North Korea as well as China 8. Truman fired McArthur 9. Seen as a success for the containment policy

Wilson's Foreign Policy

1. Not an imperialists 2. Reversed Dollar Diplomacy 3. Repealed Act allowing American ships to travel to Panama Canal for Free 4. Did want to keep what US already controlled especially in Latin America 5. Sent troops to Haiti after the President was killed to put down the rebellion 6. In the Dominican Republic he sent maries after DR refused to hand over control of their finances to the US, troops stay into 1934 7. Bought the Virgin Islands

Post-WWII/ Cold War Goals for the US

1. Open Markets, free trade between many countries 2. Wants to spread democracy (people involved in government) 2. Stop the spread of communism (aka containment)

Hoover's Reaction to the Depression

1. Pre-Crash- Agricultural Marketing Act 2. Federal Farm Board 3. Created a trickle-down program 4. President's Organization for Unemployment Relief A.. relied on volunteerism B. raised private funds for volunteering relief organization 5. Hawley-Smoot Tariff 6. Public Works 7. Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900

1. President McKinley's renomination by the Republicans was a foregone conclusion 2. The Democrats nominated Theodore Roosevelt 3. Mckinley won reelection and Roosevelt became the VP

A Carnival of Corruption

1. President's Grants cabinet had a lot of corrupt people in it 2. In 1874-1875 the Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues, Grants secretary was involved

Political Goals of Progressivism

1. Progressive State Govs 2. Were fairly successful

Progressive Roots

1. Progressive theorists were insisting that society could no longer afford the luxury of a limitless "let alone" (laissez-faire) policy 2. Socialists many of whom were European Immigrants inspired the strong movement for socialism in the Old World

Political Progressivism

1. Progressivism emerged in both political parties and at all levels of Government 2. One of the first objectives if progressives were to regain the power that had slipped from the hands of the people into one of those interests

The Golden Age of Gangsterism

1. Prohibition spawned shocking crimes 2. People bribed the police of illegal alcohol 3. Violent wars broke out in big cities between rival gangs (often from immigrants neighborhoods)

Affluence and Its Anxieties

1. Prosperity triggered a surge in home construction 2. Science and technology drove economic growth more than ever 3. The invention of the transistor in 1948 sparked a revolution in electronics especially the computer 4. Aerospace industries grew as well because of the Strategic Air command 5. The nature of the workforce was changing 6. The surge in white-collar employment opened special opportunities for women 7. As the 1950s progressed a quiet revolution was gaining momentum that was destined to transform, women's roles and the character of the American family 8. Women occupied the majority of the new jobs created after WWII

Consumer Protection

1. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 2. Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes

1. Railroad workers had hard times while they watched railroads continue to take huge products 2. In 1877 when the four largest railroads decided to cut employees wage by 10% the workers struck back 3.Work stoppages spread like wildfire from Baltimore to St. Louis 4. The failure of the great railroad strike exposed the weakness of the labor movement 5. Asian newcomers made about 9% of the CA population by 1880 6. Those who remained in America had extreme hardships

The Farmers Frontier

1. Railways played a major role in developing the Agricultural West through marketing crops 2. Settlers in the 1870's pushed farther west

Red Scare

1. Reached Panic Levels by 1919 2. Faded Away by 1922

Hitler a big Issue

1. Remilitarized Rhineland in 1936 2. Anschluss-March 1938 3. Moved on Czechosolvankia next- Sudetenland (German-speaking people) 4. March 1939- moves into the rest of Czechoslovakia 5. Hitler wants Poland (Problem=Soviet Union) 6. In September of 1939 Hitlers goes into Poland and takes it 3 weeks later

A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924

1. Republicans nominated Calvin Coolidge 2. Democrats nominated John W. Davis 3. The Progressives nominated La Follette 4. Coolidge won reelection with 386 electoral votes to Davis's 186 electoral college votes

The Nixon Landslide of 1972

1. Republicans nominated Nixon for the 1972 election 2. Democrats nominated George McGovern for the 1972 election 3. Nixon won the 1972 election with 520 electoral votes to McGovern's 17 electoral votes

FDR and the Three R's- Relief, Recovery, and Reform

1. Roosevelt declared a nationwide banking holiday from March 6-10 2. The three R's objectives often overlapped and got in each other's way 3. Congress gave the President blank check powers- some of the laws it passed expressly delegated legislative authority to the chief excutive 4. Many of the reforms passed by Roosevelt were overdue and in time they embraced progressive ideas (minimum-wage and development of natural resources)

Freedom for (from?) The Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians

1. Roosevelt formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

Becoming a Good Neighbor

1. Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America 2. Roosevelt didn't involve himself with Europe and withdrew from Asia 3. Roosevelt wanted to line up the Latin Americans to help defend the Western Hemisphere 4. American troops left Haiti in 1934 5. The US still held the naval base at Guantanamo Bay

Hoover's Humiliation in 1932

1. Roosevelt won the 1932 election by a landslide 2. Roosevelt had 472 electoral votes and Hoover had 59 3. One thing unique about the 1932 election was the shifts on Blacks from voting Republican to Democrat

Ideological Arguments

1. Social Darwinism= survival of the fittest 2. Had to dominate or get dominated 3. White man's burden

Raking Muck with the Muckrakers

1. Some of these Muckrakers most scandalous exposures were published as best-selling books 2. The muckrakers signified much about the nature of the progressive reform movement. 3. They sought not to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it

Consumer Culture in the Fifties

1. The 1950's witnessed a huge expansion of the middle class and the blossoming of a consumer culture 2. Fast food and new forms of leisure marked an emerging culture of consumption 3. By 1960 nearly every American family had a TV 4. TV catalyzed the spread of religion, professional sports 5. Popular music transformed in the 50's 6. Elvis Presley created Rock n Roll that became a rite of passage for millions of young people around the world

Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964

1. The Democrats nominated LBJ in the 1964 election 2. The Republicans nominated Barry Goldwater in the 1964 election 3. JBJ won the 1964 election with 486 electoral votes to Goldwater's 52 electoral votes 4. The Democrats won the majority in both the house and senate

Presidential Hopefuls of 1932

1. The Democrats nominated Roosevelt 2. The Republicans nominated Hoover

The Bull Moose Campaign of 1912

1. The Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson 2. The Republicans nominated TR 3. Wilison won the election

The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968

1. The Demoncrats nominated Hubert Humphrey in the 1968 election 2. The Republicans nominated Richard Nixon for the 1968 election 3. George Wallace ran as a third-party candidate in the 1968 election 4. Nixon won the 1968 election with 301 electoral votes to Wallace's 191 electoral votes 5. Nixon didn't have Congress or the Senate going into the Presidency

Little Brown Brother in the Philippines

1. The Filipinos assumed that they like the Cubans would be granted their freedom after the Spanish-American War 2. Washington excluded them from peace negotiations and wanted to stay in the Philippines indefinitely 3. Washington poured millions of dollars into the islands to improve roads, sanitation, and public health 4.Trade developed between the Philippines and the US especially sugar 5. American teachers set up a good school system in the Philippines and helped make English a second language 6. The Philippines go their freedom on July 4th, 1946 7. Thousands of Philipinos immigrated to the US

Receding Native Population

1. The Indian Wars in the West were save clashes 2. Sometimes whites would shoot peaceful Indians on sight just to make sure they would give no trouble 3. At Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864 Colonel J.M Chivington's militia massacred 400 Native Americans. They killed women and children as well 4. In 1866 a Sioux war party ambushed Captain William J. Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers. The Native Americans killed every last one of them 5. The taming of the Native Americans contributed to the white people's disease and the extermination of the Buffalo that doomed the Native Americans way of life

Desegregating American Society

1. The Jim Crow laws dictated African Americans way of life 2. Everything was segregated in the south between Blacks and Whites 3. Segregation tarnished America's international image

Criticisms of the New Deal

1. The ND failed to cure the GD unemployment never fell below 14% 2. It was WWII that actually pulled the US out of the depression

Binding the Country with Railroad Ties

1. The Northern Pacific railroad stretching from Lake Superior to Puget Sound reached its terminus in 1883. 2. The Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe that stretched from the southwestern desserts to CA was completed in 1884 3. The Southern Pacific ribboned from New Orleans to San Francisco 4. The Great Northern which ran from Duluth to Seattle

Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916

1. The Progressives renominated TR 2. The Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes 3. The Democrats renominated Wilson 4. Wilson barely won reelection

Golden MCKinely and Silver Bryan

1. The Republian candidate for the 1896 Presidential Election was William McKinley of Ohio (sponsor of the tariff bill of 1890) 2. The Republican platform wanted a gold stanadres, but McKinley leaned towards the silver standard 3. The Democrats nominated William Jenning Bryan of Nebraska 4.

Shattering the Two-Term tradition

1. The Republicans Nominated Wendell L. Willkie for the 1940 election 2. Roosevelt decided to run for a third term in 1940 3. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 449 electoral votes to Willkie's 82

Landon Challenges the Champ

1. The Republicans nominated Alfred M. Landon 2. The Demoncrats nominated Roosevelt 3. Roosevelt won the 1936 election with 523 electoral votes to Landon's 8 electoral votes 4. FDR primary won because he appealed to the forgotten man whom he never forgot

The Bicentennial Campaign

1. The Republicans nominated Gerald Ford for the 1976 election 2. The Democrats nominated Jimmy Carter for the 1976 election 3. Carter won the 1976 election with 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240 electoral votes 4. This was a narrow victory 5. The Democrats had majorities in both houses

Round Two of Ike

1. The Republicans nominated Ike in the 1956 election 2. The Democrats nominated Adlai Stevensoon in the 1956 election 3. Ike won with 457 electoral college votes to Stevension's 73 electoral votes 4. By the end of the 1950's many US satellites had been launched and the US had successfully tested its own IBM's

Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency

1. The Republicans nominated Richard Nixion in the 1960 election 2. The Democrats nominated JFK in the 1960 election 3. JFK was the first Roman Catholic to be nominated for President since 1928 4. JFK won the 1960 election with 303 electoral votes to Nixon's 219 electoral votes 5. JFK was the youngest person to be elected President and the first Roman Catholic 6. Under Einshower America grew economically and Geographically ( Alaska and Hawaii attained statehood in 1959)

The Hayes- Tilden Standoff 1876

1. The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes (Governor of Ohio) 2. The Democrats nominated Samuel. Tilden who raised to fame as the man who bagged Bid Tweed in New York

FDR- The Fourth-Termite of 1944

1. The Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey 2. The Republicans nominated Senator John W. Bricker 3. FDR was nominated for a 4th term 4. The democrats nominated Harry Truman for VP

The Solemn Referendum of 1920

1. The Republicans nominated Warren Harding 2. The Democrats nominated James Cox 3. Harding won the 1920 election

The Rough Rider Thunders Out

1. The Republicans nominated William H. taft 2. The democrats nominated Willim Jennings Bryan 3. Taft won the 1908 Presidency

Democratic Divisions in 1948

1. The Republicans won control of congress in 1946 2. The Republicans nominated Thomas Dewy for the 1948 election 3. The Democrats nominated Dwight Eisenhower 4. The progressives nominated VP Henry Wallace 5. Truman won reelection with 303 Electoral Votes to Deweys 189 6. The Democrats regained control of Congress as well

Churches Confront the Urban Challenge

1. The Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining strength from the New immigrants 2. By 1900 Roman Catholics had become the largest single denomination

Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People

1. The South lagged far behind other regions in public education 2.By 1900 44% of non-whites were illiterate

America Begins to Rearm

1. The Soviet menace spurred the unification of the armed services as well as the creation of huge new national security apparatus 2. Congress resurrected the military draft providing for the selection of young men aged 19 to 25 to serve in the Military 3. After WWII China went into its own Civil War and became communists 4. By 1950, 25% of the world population is communist 5. The U.S. exploded its first H-Bomb in 1952, 6.The Soviets exploded their bomb in 1953

The Continuing Cold War

1. The Soviets claimed a suspension of technological developments in 1958 and urged the Western World to follow 2. The Cold War shook American's Relationships with its hemispheric neighbors 3. Latin America resented the US giving millions to Europe

The United States and the Soviet Union

1. The US refused to recognize the Bolshevik revolutionary Government until 1933 2. Different visions of the postwar world separated the two superpowers 3. Stalin wanted spheres- like friendly governments outside the soviet border especially Poland 4. The US wanted an open world where everyone could trade freely and get along

Mining from Dishpan to Ore Breaker

1. The conquest of NA and the railroad were the life booms of the mining frontier 2. In 1858 the discovery of Gold in CO, many rushed to the west to find some gold for themselves 3. "Fifty-niners" went to Nevada in 1859 4. A great amount of gold and silver worth more than $340 was mined from 1860 t0 1890 5. Boomtowns grew from the desert 6. Mining played a vital role in conquering the continent, attracted population and wealth 7. Mining facilitated the building of railroads and intensifies the conflict between NA and whites 8. Mining frontier added to the American folklore and literature

The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South

1. The democratic south suppressed the blacks 2. Reconstruction ended in the south 3. Demoncrats (Redeemers) reassured political power in the South 4. Blacks who tried to assert their rights faced unemployment, eviction, and physical harm 5. A record number of blacks were lynched during the 1890s

Economic and Energy Woes

1. The economy suffered an inflations under the Carter administration where the inflation rate went over 13% by 1980 2. There were deffictis in the federal budget that reached $60 million in 1980

The Far West Comes of Age

1. The great west experienced a fantastic surge in migration from the 1870's to the 1890's 2. New Western States joined the Union 3. Colorado was admitted in 1876 4. North Dakota, South Dakota,Montana Washington, Idaho and Wyoming were admitted between 1889 and 1890 5. The morman church banned polygamay in 1890

The Prohibition Experiment

1. The legal prohibition of alcohol was popular in the South and West 2. Southern whites were eager to keep stimulants out of the hands of blacks 3. In the West, prohibition represented an attack on all the vices associated with the western saloon

New Deal or Raw Deal

1. The most damning indictment of the New Deal was that it had failed to cure the depression 2. Millions of men and women were still unemployed by 1939, it would take WII that this was solved

Narrowing the Welcome Mat

1. The nativists in America became worried that America was becoming a dumping ground of immigrants 2. Americans blamed the immigrants for the degradation of the Urban Government 3. Congress passed the first restrictive law in 1882 that banned paupers, criminals, and convicts 4. Later that year the Government banned the Chinese from immigrating to the US

Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK

1. The new KKK emerged fearsomely in the early 1920s 2. The KKK resembled the antiforeign nativist movements of the 1850s than the anti-black night riders of the 1860s 3. Anti- foreign, Anti-catholic, Anti-black, Anti-Jewish, Anti- Pacifist, Anti-Communist, Anti-Internationalist, Anti-evolutionist, ANti-bootlegger, Anti-gambling, Anti-adultery, and anti-birth control 4. By the mid-1920s the KKK had about 5 million members 5. The principal weapon was the blooded lash and the chief warning with the blazing cross

Storm-Cellar Isolationism

1. The post WWI chaos in Europe spawned the ominous spread of totalitarian 2. By 1935 Japan left the League of Nations and joined Germany and Italy in the Rome-Berlin Axis agreement 3. Americans were not afraid that totalitarian aggression would cause trouble as they were fearful that they might be drawn to it

Darwin Disrupts the Churches

1. The religious community split into two camps due to Darwin's Natural selection 2. The conservative minority stood firmly behind their scripture as the Word of God and they condemned it

Cubans Rise in Revolt

1. The roots of the Revolt were economic as sugar productions were the backbone of the island's prosperity which was crippled when the American Tariff of 1894 restored high duties on the product 2. Much was riding on the outcome of events in Cuba

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America

1. The standard of living rose sharply and free American workers enjoyed more physical comforts than any other industrial nation 2. No single group was more profoundly affected by the new industrial age than women 3. With the invention of the typewriter, women discovered new economic and social opportunities. 4. Most women workers toiled neither for the independence of glamour but for economic necessity and they earned fewer wages than men 5. In 1860 half of all workers were self-employed 6. Real wages were rising

The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse

1. The transcontinental railroad building was so costly and risky as to require government subsidies as it had in many industrialized nations 2. The government received the long term preferential rates for postal service and military traffic

Families and Women in the City

1. The urban era launched the era for divorce 2. Urban life also dictated changes in work habits and even in family size 3. Children as young as 10 years old worked in catered locations 4. On the farm having many children meant having more hands to help with harvesting but in the city, more children meant more mouths to feed 5. Birth Rates dropped 6. Women were becoming independent in the urban environment 7. The vast majority of working women were single 8. Women's jobs depend on their class ethnicity and race 9. Black women had few opportunities 10. Women were permitted to vote in local elections on issues related to schools 11. City life fostered the growth of women's organizations 12. In 1893, New Zealand became the first nation to grant women equal suffrage 13. Black women created their own women's associations

The Clash of Cultures on the Plains

1. There were about 360,000 Native Americans by 1860 2. Native Americans stood in the way of advancing west for the U.S. Gov 3. The Comanches had driven the Apaches off the central plains into the upper Rio Grande in the 18th century 4. The Sioux were displaced from the great lakes woodlands in the late 18th century 5. White soldiers undermined the foundations of Native American culture 6. For more than a decade after the civil war battle between NA and the U.S. Army raged into various parts of the west

Feminist Victories and Defeats

1. There were many legislative and judicial viictories for American feminist 2. For many feminists the most bitter defeat was the end of the ERA 3. Nixon vetoed a proposal to set up a nationwide daycare saying that it would weaken the American family 4. Women's labor force participation accelerated in the 1970's as careers like medicine, law and higher education opened up for women 5. This was when Women's shelters were created and support groups for abused women 6. More women became divorced single-parents in the 1970's as they were able to provide for their family on their own for the first time

The Advent of the Gasoline

1. Thousands of new jobs were created by new industries 2. The oil business grew 3. New roads were built and highways often paid for by taxes on gasoline 4. By the late 1920s Americans owned more automobiles than bathtubs 5. Autobuses made the possible consolidation of schools and to some extent churches 6. The automobile contributes to the improved air and environmental quality

The Urban Frontier

1. Throughout the world, cities were exploding 2. By the end of the century, the nation's first subway opened in Boston 3. Industrial jobs drew people from the farmers to the factories 4. Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones made the big life city more exciting 5. Stores such as Macy's and Marshall Fields in Chicago attracted urban middle-class shoppers and provided jobs for mostly women 6. The move to the city introduced Americans to new ways of living 7. County Jewellers produced little household waste, Bigs or domestic Animals ate food scraps on the farm 8. Rural women mended and darned worn clothing rather than throw it away 9. Household products were sold in bulk 10. In the city, goods came in bottles, boxes, bags, and cans 11. Criminals flourished in the city 12. As did the cities grow, so did the slums 13. The cities were dangerous for everyone, in 1871 about ⅔ of Chicago burned down in a fire that left 90,000 people homeless and destroyed 15,000 buildings 14. The elite began to leave the cities and went to the suburbs

Roots of Imperialism

1. Tradition (Imperialism is an extension of Manifest Destiny) 2. Economic Needs 3.International Competition 4. Strategic Issues 5. Ideological Arguments 6. American Missionaries 7. Sense of Adventure 8. Yellow Journalism

The Vietnam Nightmare

1. Vietnam had fought to become an independent nation from France 2. By 1954 the American taxpayers were paying about 80% of the French colonial war in Vietnam 3. The US backed South vietnam and continued to give them aid after the French colonial war

Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age

1. Voter turnouts reached heights unmatched before or since 2. Republicans had strict codes of personal morality and believed that the government should play a role in regulating both the economic and moral affairs of society

Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive

1. When the civil war ended Texas had 7 million cattle 2. The creation of railroads allowed cattle being shipped alive to stockyards, the meatpacking industry business came to life which boosted the economy 3. Meatpackers could ship their products to the East Coast 4. The winter of 1886 to 1886 left thousands of cattle starving and freezing 5. The only escape for stockmen was to make a cattle raising business, Breeders learned to fence their ranches and learned or organize 6.

New Directions in Foreign Policy

1. Wilison hate imperialism 2. Wilison declared war on dollar diplomacy by saying that the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in Latin America and China 3. In 1917 Wilison purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark

Wilson's 14 Points

1.No secret treaties or alliances .2.Freedom of the seas 3. Free trade 4. Reduction of arms 5. Adjustment of colonial holdings 6-13. Est new borders- self-determination 14. League of Nations- collective security

Japanese Aggression

1.Take all of China by 1937 not pretty 2. Japan says sorry, but the US pulls Americans out of China 3. Japan saw the US not defending anything like a weakness 4. FDR worried and recognized the threat

Garfield and Arthur

1.The Republicans nominated James A. Garfield in 1880 and his running mate was Chester A. Arthur 2. The democrats nominated Winfield Scott Hancock 3. A few months into office Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau because he was denied a Government Job 4. Guiteau was found guilty of murder than was hanged

Revolution by Railways

1.The railroads emerged as the nation's biggest business employing more people than any other industry and gobbled up about 20% of investment dollars from foreign and domestic advisors 2. Trains hauled raw materials to factories and sped them back as finished goods for sale across the continent 3. The US becomes the largest integrated national market in the world 4. Railways were a boom for cities and played a leading role in the great cityward movement of the last decades of the century

Jackson State Massacre

10 days after the Kent State shooting, this black school in Mississippi had state troops enter dormitories and began shooting wildly. Killed 2 and wounded 12.

Lincoln's 10% plan

10% of the voters in your states have to swear an oath to the U.S. and obey the emancipation proclamation, some thought it wasn't harsh enough

Postwar Reconstruction (African-Americans)

13th Amendment 15th Amendment Freedmen's Bureau KKK and White League Disenfranchisement Plessy vs. Ferguson Jim crow laws in the south

Dealing with freed slaves

13th amendment The Freedmen's Bureau- to provide social, economic, educational services, to freed slaves and poor white people.

Work Hours

14 to 16 hours 6 days a week No sick days of holidays

Homestead Act

1862- Allowed people to get as much as 160 acres of land in return for living on it for years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30, or it allowed people to get land after only six months residence for about $1.25 and acre. It got people to move to the Great Plains; however, it really was not a great deal, because the plain life was not so great. Families often were destroyed by droughts, grasshoppers, lack of supplies, or debt, or all of the above

Credit Mobilier

1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members

Joseph Stalin

1879-1953, Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. In July 1941, Stalin completely reorganized the Soviet military, placing himself directly in charge of several military organizations. This gave him complete control of his country's entire war effort; more control than any other leader in World War II.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 halted Chinese immigration to America; Started when people of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers; In order to appease them Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act

Samoan Criss

1889 US and German Navies almost fight over control of the Islands Resolved in 1900- treaty with US, German and Britain US gained American Samoa Port at Pago Pago

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890. A battle between the US Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 US soldiers died. Was more like slaughter, as the Natives were mostly unarmed and were surrendering. Tensions erupted violently over 2 major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Practice" which the US gov't had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up b/c of the Dawes Act. This slaughter was the last act of violence against Native Americans, and women and children were killed too.

Management Act

1897 along with National Reclamation Act (1902) set the federal government on the path of large-scale regulatory activities; government playing a large role in the economic development of the West, especially concerning agriculture improvements; separating departments (forest reserves switched from Dept. of Interior to Dept. of Agriculture)

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Newlands Act of 1902

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Root-Takahira agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Zimmermann Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilize against Germany, which had proven it was hostile, was significant to the history of World War I because it forced United States President Woodrow Wilson to reverse his initial position on American involvement in the European conflict and commit the United States to the war against Germany.

Espionage Act

1917) United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies.

Charleston

1920s dance for, which appears in several Gershwin orchestral works

Warren G. Harding

1921- 1923, President called for a return to normalcy following WWI. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and he wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to "normalcy".

Grain Stabilization Corporation and Cotton Stabilization Corporation

1930. Created by the Federal Farm Board. Both agencies were suffocated by copious amounts of farm produce as wheat dropped to 57 cents a bushel and cotton to 5 cents a pound

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for a promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Munich Conference

1938) result of German demand of Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia); gave the province to Germany under the precedent that Hitler would not make any more territorial demands in Europe

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war. made it clear that America was supporting Britain in the war. "Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister/"Joint Declaration." Period 7

Atlantic Charter-

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. signaled the deepening alliance between the two nations. In the fall of 1941, Hitler ordered his German U-Boats, or submarines, to attack American ships.

United Nations Conference (1945)

1945, Meeting of Western Allies during WWII held in San Francisco that created the United Nations charter. It had established the economic structures to promote recovery and enhance FDR's vision of an "open world." It encouraged wartime spirit and cooperation and peace settlement.

NSC- 68

1950; a secret policy statement proposed by the National Security Council that called for a large, ongoing military commitment to contain Soviet Communism. It was accepted by Truman after the N Korean invasion of S Korea. Was a key document in the cold war because it marked the militarization of America's Foreign Policy but it reflected the possibilities of postwar America.

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality - Promoted black separatism, black nationalism, and black supremacy

Brown Vs. Board of Education

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Suez Canal Crisis

1956 *International waterway through Isthmus of Suez *Egypt had been receiving aid from the Soviets, leading Eisenhower to promise money to Egypt to curtail the Soviets *Eventually, Eisenhower took back his offer and Egypt attempted to nationalize the Canal *Britain, France, and Israel invaded to gain control of the canal *Fearing escalation, Eisenhower forced France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw

Hungarian Uprising

1956 rebellion by the Hungarians against their Soviet-controlled government; their desperate appeals for aid from America went unanswered and they were brutally crushed; exposed the rigid futility of the US policy of "massive retaliation."

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Gideon V. Wainwright

1963 Supreme Court case that established the right of all criminal defendants to an attorney, even if they cannot afford one

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.

Milliken V. Bradley

1974 Supreme Court case that ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, which was a victory for anti-busing proponents who felt that Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was an injustice

Malaise Speech

1979) National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

1979-1981) The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile.strengthened the prestige of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the political power of theocrats who opposed any normalization of relations with the West. The crisis also led to American economic sanctions against Iran, which further weakened ties between the two countries.

Paul Lawrence Dunbar

1st African American to make a living off his writing, Author of "We Wear the Mask," "Douglas" and "Slow through the Dark" Theodore Dreiser. American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Apollo 11 (1969)

20 July 1969: the Apollo 11 mission landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon → something no nation had done before

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

WWII Aftermath

30 million soldiers died (405,000 Americans) 25 million civilians, 15 million in USSR alone 30 million lost homeland Overall between 46 to 50 million people died Massive destructions of cities

Wade-Davis bill

50% of the voters in the states in your states have to swear an oath to the U.S. and obey the emancipation proclamation, follow and enforce the 13th amendment. The Federal Gov had to approve a state constitution. Lincoln through it was too harsh and vetoed it

Pullman Strike

A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages

Roosevelt Corollary

A 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Freedom of Speech/Schenck v. U.S.

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. Freedom of Speech/ Limited freedom of speech Period 7

Schenck V. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that the government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. (1919) that speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected under the First Amendment. This decision shows how the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment sometimes sacrifices individual freedoms in order to preserve social order.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Lusitania

A British ship that was sunk by a German U-boat Caused the U.S. to enter into WWI Ship/Turning Point in WWI Period 7

Douglas MacArthur

A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines. oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led United Nations forces in the Korean War Big Chief/ Dugout Doug Period 6-8

Albert Einstein-

A German Jew, Stated that matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains enormous amounts of potential energy.

Joseph Goebbels

A Nazi propagandist who instigated (because of his speech), Kristallnacht, a night in Germany where 7,000 Jewish shops and almost all synagogues were ransacked, at least 90 Jews lost their lives, and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the state's wages for work projects and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

Horatio Alger

A Puritan author who wrote many books about how virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor.

Senator Joesph McCarthy

A Republican Wisconsin senator who went "red-hunting" for communists in what came to be known as McCarthyism in the 1950s. He was able to use his governmental position in order to accuse other government officials and citizens of communism.

Joseph McCarthy

A Republican Wisconsin senator who went "red-hunting" for communists in what came to be known as McCarthyism in the 1950s. He was able to use his governmental position to accuse other government officials and citizens of communism.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A Supreme Court case that had the legal justification of racial segregation, "Separate but Equal" Established the legalization of Racial Segregation in the United States Separate but Equal/Ferguson Period 7

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

A U.S. agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments.

USS Maine

A U.S. ship that blew up in 1898 killed 268 men America declared war on Spain Battleship Maine/ US Navy Ship Period 6

Interstate Commerce Act

A United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry Was able to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry Commerce Act/ Railroad Act Period 6

Ho Chi Minh

A Vietnamese revolutionary nationalist leader. He organized Vietnamese opposition to foreign occupation, first against the Japanese and then the French. Became leader of North Vietnam. He led the war to unify the country in the face of increased military opposition from the United States.1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

J.P Morgan

A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks Started the United States Steel Corporation John Pierpont Morgan/Chase Bank Period 6

J. Pierpont Morgan

A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A banking company that provided insurance to personal banking accounts these assured people that their money was safe and secure. FDIC/Glass-Steagall Act Period 7

Little Big Horn

A battle between Native Americans and American troops over gold discovered at the Native American reservation Killed 6 Sioux Indians and worsened the relationship between Native Americans and the Federal Government Custer's Last Stand/ Montana War Period 5

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization found in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus(Preston)-Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

Silent Spring

A book was written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Silent Spring

A book was written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. explained how indiscriminate application of agricultural chemicals, pesticides, and other modern chemicals polluted our streams, damaged bird and animal populations, and caused severe medical problems for humans Quiet/ Environment Movement Period 8

American Plan

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike wave after World War I.

Washington Naval Conference

A conference with major naval powers in the world agreed to limit the number and size of battleships that a nation could own discussed naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia. Washington Arms Conference/Washington Disarmament Conference Period 7

Spanish-American War

A conflict between Spain and America over territory in Latin America and the far east Secured the U.S. as a Pacific Power and ended Spain's colonial expansion in the Western Hem Guerra Hispano-estadounidense/Guerra Hispano-Americana Period 6

13th Amendment

A constitutional amendment in that prohibited all forms of slavery and servitude A transformative movement in American History after the Civil War. Abolition of Slavery/ End of Slavery Period 5

14th Amendment

A constitutional amendment that stated that anyone who is born in the United States is a U.S. citizen. All citizens were under equal protection by law Amendment of 1868/ Modification Period 5

"Lost Generation"

A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude-Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post-World War I Europe.

Great Society

A domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs included over 60 programs that ideally worked to help those citizens in need especially those in poverty. Some of these programs include Medicare and Medicaid that offer health insurance/care for people like senior citizens and those from low-income families. Domestic Programs/ War on Poverty Period 8

Birth of a Nation

A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans. It also glorified KKK members and carpetbaggers.

Homestead Act

A federal law that promoted westward expansion by allotting 160 acres of free public land to the people One of the most important laws that promoted westward expansion Property Act/Farmstead Act Period 5

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

Settlement Houses

A house where immigrants came to live once they came to the U.S. Offered Education, healthcare, and childcare Colonial Settlement/Colony Period 5

Hawaii

A joint resolution passed in 1898 that the Hawaiian Islands were a part of the U.S. Extended U.S. territory into the pacific Newlands Resolution,"/House Joint Resolution Period 6

American Federation of Labor

A labor union formed in the U.S. by Samuel Gompers in 1866 Became one of the most powerful unions in the United States AFL/AF Period 6

Tenure in Office Act

A law passed in 1867 that limited the ability of the U.S. President to remove certain officials that congress approved Prohibited the President to remove civil officers without approval from the senate The Four Years Law/ An Act to Limit the term of office Period 5

Public Utility Holding Company Act

A law that was passed by the United States Congress to facilitate regulation of electric utilities, by either limiting their operations to a single state, and thus subjecting them to effective state regulation, or forcing divestitures so that each became a single integrated system serving a limited geographic are

Dawes Act

A law that was signed by President Cleveland allowed the Federal Government to break up tribal lands Wanted to assimilate Native Americans into American society Dawes General Allotment Act/Dawes Severalty Act Period 6

General Lew Wallace

A lawyer, soldier, and author, he wrote "Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ", in response to the enlarging wave of Darwinism.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A leader in the Philippines who helped overthrow Spanish rulers in the Philippines Led a revolutionary movement "Kapitan Miong"/ "Heneral Miong" Period 6-8

John Lewis

A leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920-1960 He played a major role in coal mining history and a huge force in founding the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) that led to the United Steel Workers of America. Jonny/Jonathan Period 8

Booker T. Washington

A man born into slavery and became one of the leading African-American intellectuals of the 19th century and founded Tuskegee University A most famous black man in America from 1895 to 1915 The Great Accommadtor/ Booker Taliaferro Washington Period 4-7

John D. Rockefeller

A man who founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870 By 1877 he controlled 95% of all oil refineries in the United States Doc Rockefeller/ Oil King Period 7

Suicide Cliff

A mass suicide leap of surviving Japanese soldiers and civilians after the Marianas fell to the US attackers.

Trust

A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies. interlocking directorates.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. - 6 million Jews died

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. successfully resolved the issue of World War I reparations that Germany had to pay. Dawes Act/ Dawes Plan Period 7

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities; LBJ issued a 1965 executive order requiring this policy to be followed by all federal contractors.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market-based economy and society

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of the West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Big Stick Diplomacy

A policy used by President Roosevelt that symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary wanted to show critics in the United States that he could control the economy Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine/Roosevelt Corollary Period 7

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. Social Protest/ Alabama Protest Period 8

Populists

A political group which began to emerge in 1891. They gained much support from farmers who turned to them to fight political unfairness. They used a progressive platform.The platform also called for a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, a shorter workweek, restrictions on immigration to the United States, and public ownership of railroads and communication lines. The Populists appealed most strongly to voters in the South, the Great Plains, and the Rocky Mountains.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition -type of government that glorified the state and aggressively sought to expand through conquest and social Darwinist ideology

(Albert Beveridge)

A prominent Republican senator who strongly endorsed imperialism and a strong United States navy. The country, argued Beveridge, had to find new markets for American goods, new places to invest American capital, and new work for American labor. During Theodore Roosevelt's term, Beveridge also joined the Progressive camp and fought for legislation to limit child labor.

First 5 of the Fourteen Points

A proposal to abolish the secret treaties please liberals of all countries Freedom of the seas appealed to the Germans as well as to Americans who didn't trust British Sea power A removal of economic barriers among nations that had been long the goal of liberal Nationalist everywhere A reduction of armament burdens gratifying to taxpayers in all country s An adjustment to all colonial claims in the interests of both Native and colonizers

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Henry George

A reformer who wrote Progress and Poverty that advocated for solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land Proposed a single tax that the state tax away all economic rent Harry/Hen Period 6

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb started by Albert Einstein

Pacific Railway Act of 1862

A series of laws that promoted the construction of the *Transcontinental Railroad* authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

Lochner v New York

A setback from labor reformers, this 1905 Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. It held that the "right to free contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.

Roosevelt Corollary

A statement by Teddy Roosevelt that claimed the US has the right to intervene in domestic affairs in the Western Hemisphere justified American intervention throughout the Western Hemisphere. Big Stick,/Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Period 7

Miranda Warning

A statement of an arrested person's constitutional rights, which police officers must read during an arrest. The warning came out the Supreme Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona in 1966 that accused people have the right to remain silent, consult an attorney, and enjoy other protections.

Scientific Management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe.

Australian Ballot

A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. Developed in Australia in the 1850s, it was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule

Forgettable Presidents

A term applied to the US presidents between Grant and Roosevelt. (Hayes, Cleveland, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley).

Fourth Party system

A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896 to 1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues such as industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns such as civil-service reform and monetary policy.

Conspicuous Consumption

A theory developed by Thorstein Veblen that much spending occurs to display wealth and status rather than for goods and services This theory questioned the wealthy values Consumption/Expending Period 6

Automobiles

A type of industry that grew as a result of the assembly line Allowed leisure drives to become more common and became available with all socioeconomic classes Auto/car Period 6

Australian Ballot

A voting system that allowed for voters to vote privately Introduced to the US during the Progressive Era Secret Ballot/Massachusetts Ballot Period 5-7

Jacob Coxey

A wealthy Ohio Populist who led a 500-strong "army" to Washington, D.C. in 1894 to demand a public works program to create jobs for the unemployed in the midst of a devastating four-year depression. Helped establish paper money and led a protest of unemployment from Panic of 1893. Also led a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946

Tehran Conference (Nov-Dec 1943)

A. First meeting of the Big Three B.. Allies agree to invaded Western Europe in 1944 C. Stalin reaffirmed Soviet commitment against Japan d. Ideologies clashed

1920's Setbacks and Hopes (African-Americanss)

A. Race Riots after WWI B. Lynchings C. KKK returns D. Marcus Garvey E. Harlem Renaissance

Agricultural Adjustment Act

AAA (1933) Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion.

Youth International Party (Hippies)

Abbie Hoffman Radical Hippies were known for theatrical protests and tactics

Australian Ballot

Able to vote for who you wanted because at this time period people would get killed for who they voted for (African-American)

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Homestead Act 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

Unconditional surrender

Agreement between Winston Churchill and FDR on the end of the war; one of the most controversial moves of the war. the Allied position which critics of the Casablanca Conference claimed prolonged the war by forcing the Germans to fight to the last bunker and man.

Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty

Agreement between the US and the revolutionary government of Panama granting America the right to build a canal, 10 miles of land for $40 million in Panama

ABC-1 Agreement

Agreement with Britain that adopted the strategy to defeat Germany before concentrating on Japan

Bracero Program

Agreement with Mexico that allowed thousands of Mexican agricultural workers across the border to harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957

Aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights.

Big Sister Policy

Aimed to rally Latin American nations behind the United States and open Latin American markets to American traders.

Humans Develop Wings

Airplanes gave birth to another industry

What's the Big deal about Railroads

Allow for the growth of cities New Markets The US now a truly national/continental economy Was able to ship goods to cities Growth in Agriculture Mining RR brought people west easily The population boom in the West Increase of immigrants coming to the US (The Irish and Chinese) Establishment in time zones

Platt Amendment

Allowed the U.S. to maintain influence in Cuba after Cuba gained independence Was an attempt to please both countries Provision/Treaty Period 7

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Lodge Reservations

Amendments to the proposed Treaty of Versailles, sponsored by Wilson's hated senatorial opponent, that attempted to guarantee America's sovereign rights in relation to the League of Nations

The Progressive Era

America increasingly upset by an excess of Gilded Age Greenback Labor Party Legacy of Populism 2. Result- Progressive Era (Will lead to New Deal) -Reshaped society, politics, government and economy 3. TR key in Reform but didn't start the call for changes

Conscription Law

America's first peacetime draft, provision was made for training each year 1.2 million troops and 800,00 reserves. The act was later adapted to the requirements of a global war

A. Philip Randolph

America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

Enola Gay

American B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.

Guadalcanal

American advance on an island, Japanese troops eventually evacuated with large losses.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. He was killed in a coup in 1963.

Daniel Burnham

American architect and planner who helped bring French Baron Haussman's City Beautiful movement to the United States

Maine

American battleship sent on a "friendly" visit to Cuba that ended in disaster and war

Henry Ford

American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. created the Model T in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the automotive industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous business leader Crazy Henry/Father of the automotive industry Period 5-8

Henry Ford

American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents., The pioneer in the manufacturing of affordable automobiles with his Model T, which was built using assembly-line methods.

Julia and Ethel Rosenburg

American communists. They were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the USSR

Caring for the Consumer

American consumers wanted safer canned products

Good Neighbor Policy

American foreign policy toward Latin America under the Franklin Roosevelt administration. This essentially means that the United States would leave domestic affairs in Latin America to themselves. lowered tariff walls between the U.S. and Latin America and resulted in freer trade. U.S. exports to Latin America increased, and U.S. investment in the region rose. Militarily, the Good Neighbor Policy eventually brought all of Latin America over to the side of the Allies during World War II.

Eli Whitney-

American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.

Joseph Pulitzer

American newspaper editor and publisher who helped to establish the pattern of the modern newspaper. ... In his time he was one of the most powerful journalists in the United States.

Theodore Dreiser

American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. His novels featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code, and literary situations that more closely resemble studies of nature than tales of choice and agency. Dreiser's best-known novels include Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925). In 1930 he was nominated to the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature. Part of the Lost Generation

John Singer Sargent

American painter in England; drew flattering but superficial likeness to British nobility that made him "highly prized"

Sanford Dole

American plantation owner in Hawaii (Dole Pineapple) who led a revolt against the queen of Hawaii and was later elected as president of the Republic of Hawaii. He was president until the US annexed Hawaii 4 years later.

My Lai

American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, which also led to more opposition to the war.

Wilson presents a speech to congress- Jan 8, 1918

American war objectives/what we fight for Rally the allies Keep Russia in the war

New Visibility for Women

American women began to carve a larger space for themselves in the nations political and intellectual life

Hawaii

Americans involved since 1820s American sugar farmers dominated local economy US rights to Pearl Harbor in 1887 McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 Annexation suggested Hawaiian Republic- Dole as President First Full-fledged imperialistic debate

Impact of WWI

Americans lost 112,432 men total (deaths, disease and wounded) 10 Million dead on all sides 20 million civilian casualties About 230,000 wounded

Hawks

Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

Sand Creek Massacre

An 1864 attack on the Native Americans when 700 Federal troops attacked a village of 500 Native American people Marked a turning point between the Federal Government and Native Americans the Chivington massacre/ the Battle of Sand Creek Period 5

Ida B. Wells

An African American campaigner for the Women's rights movement, she also was a journalist and speaker during the Civil Rights movement She went on to found and become integral in groups striving for African American justice. Lola/ Ida Bell Wells-Barnett Period 6 and 7

W.E.B. Dubois

An African-American male scholar who advocated for black social and economic equality Co-Founded the NAACP Wille/ William Edward Burghardt Du Bois Period 6-8

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s. became nationally recognized as a leader and a spokeswoman for the American feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Gloria Marie Steinem/ Mother of Women's rights movement Period 8

John D. Rockefeller

An American industrialist and philanthropist, in 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company. Often forced rival companies to sell out by drastically lowering his own prices. At one point he controlled 90% of the oil business. He became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire.

United States Housing Authority

An agency designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction

Mark Hanna

An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

United Nations

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights issues.

National Security Council

An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant.

The Sierra Club

An organisation founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of American's great mountains and wilderness environments. National Park Service. A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehension oversight of the growing system of national parks.

Colored Farmers National Alliance

An organization of Southern black farmers formed in Texas in 1886 in response to the Southern Farmers' Alliance, which did not accept black people as members. It helped launch the Populist Party

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

Governor George Wallace

An outspoken defender of segregation. As the governor of Alabama, he once attempted to block African American students (including James Meredith) from enrolling at the University of Alabama. He ran as the presidential candidate for the American Independent Party in 1968."segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever")

Edith Wharton

Author in the late 19th and early 20th century. Wharton is best known for her novel Ethan Frome. Wharton was from one of New York's wealthiest families, and her writing has been criticized as being too elite and her subject matter as being confined to the exclusive society in which she lived.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Author who wrote The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise, both of which appealed to young readers, wrote This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby, both of which captured the society of the "Jazz Age" including an odd mix of glamour and cruelty. One of the 20th-century's literary stars, his writing chronicled the Jazz Age. He wrote "This Side of Paradise, and his novel "The Great Gatsby" is considered an American masterpiece. (Married a woman named Zelda!)

Food Stamp Act of 1964

Authorized a food stamp program to permit low income households to receive "a greater share of the Nation's food abundance

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public, including hospitals, theaters, and restaurants. It gave the Federal Government power to end segregation in schools and other public places

Hatch Act of 1939

Barred Federal administrative officials except for the highest policy ranking officers from active political campaigning and soliciting. Forbabed the use of Government funds for political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Battle between French colonial forces in Indochina and Viet Minh guerillas; the Vietnamese nationalists were ultimately victorious and Vietnam was divided into two halves, with the North controlled by a communist regime led by Ho Chi Minh and the South governed by pro-Western Ngo Dinh Diem.

Battle of Midway

Battle where Japan hoped to occupy a strategic island northwest of Honolulu, but Japan failed after losing four vitally important carriers. And 1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Calvin Coolidge

Became President when Harding died; he was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true Republican and industrialist and believed in the government supporting big business.

Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents Attacked the "cult of domesticity." Betty Friedan/ Change in Gender Roles Period 8

The Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity."

New Immigrants

Between 1880 and 1920, over 20 million people entered the United States. These newcomers comprised an estimated fifteen percent of the total population. The arrival of these newcomers evoked a complex response from the "natives'' already living there. Many Americans reacted with anxiety and hostility to the staggering numbers of new arrivals. Many newcomers stayed in the port cities where they had debarked. Still others, however, went on to other cities and regions, including southern New England. Some took jobs in factories.

Sec of State James Blaine (Garfield/Harrison)

Big Sister Policy - Called Pan Americans Conference in 1889

Yalta Confrence (Feb 1945)

Big Three to discuss post-war Europe Fee elections World Organization in the US Germany divided into occupied zones

Black Panther Party

Black civil rights group who advocated for violent retaliation to inequality and for separatism amongst blacks and whites. carrying weapons in the streets of Oakland, California. Just as the civil rights movement had achieved its greatest legal and political triumphs, more riots erupted.

Mary McLeod Bethune

Black woman appointed by FDR to head national youth administration; resulted in many blacks deserting Rep party for democratic FDR

W.C. Handy & "Jelly Roll' Morton & Joseph King Oliver

Blacks of the jazz music that gave birth to its bee bopping sounds

Watts Explosion

Blacks were enraged by police brutality and burned and looted their own neighborhoods for a week. Despite increasing reinforcements, the forces of order were unable to regain control of the streets. By the third day, the blacks had armed themselves by looting accessible gun stores, enabling them to fire even on police helicopters. The Watts explosion marked increasing militant confrontation in the black struggle. In response to the voting rights act of 1965

What Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, and negating "separate but equal"

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Wilson send in Army under Gen John J. Pershing (Mexico Crisis)

Carranza was upset and sent his troops Wilson withdraws troops in 1917 because he was about to enter into WWI

The Turn toward the Market

Carter supported deregulation and the liberation of the market forces

Korematsu v. the U.S

Case where the Supreme Court held up the constitutionality of Japanese relocation.was a Supreme Court case about the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship. The court sided with the government making these camps constitutional.

Civil Rights Cases

Cases by the Supreme Court that narrowly defined civil rights guaranteed by 14th Amendment - said blacks were protected against state action to limit their rights but not against individual actions - declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.

Work Conditions

Child Labor No safety regulations Many desperate for jobs, little pay

Jones Act of 1917

Citizenship to Puerto Ricans, got CA to soften policy on Japanese (CA had a law that Japanese couldn't own land)

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) (Social and Political Developments)

Civil Right Act of 1964 March to Selma (March 1965) Voting Rights Act of 1965

This Act stated that public accommodations could not be segregated.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Military Industrial Complex

Cold War and Arms race implications Warning of a military corporate response Relation between the building of arms and the military

Arms Race

Cold war competition in the 1950's between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons The idea behind the cold war-- each side builds arms upon arms Weapons Competition/ Proxy-War Period 8

Land-Grant Colleges

Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century, and many of today's public universities derive from these grants.

Code Talkers

Comanche and Navajo Indians used in the war to transmit messages in the order that they would not be intercepted. And Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

Multiple-use resource management

Combined recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection and summer rock grazing on federal land.

Standard Oil

Company of oil refineries that eventually became a virtual monopoly for all refineries through a trust, which consolidated power into 9 trustees in the group that allowed one very large company without one actually owning another. (First Example of a Monopoly)

Bilingual Education Act of 1968

Congress enacted the Bilingual Education Act to provide local school districts with federal money for the establishment of English language programs for students whose primary language is Spanish

Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917 but withheld full self-rule

Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954)

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.

New Freedom

One of President Willison's policies favored small businesses and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. proposed: lowering tariffs to increase foreign competition and lower prices. Self- Government/Independence Period 7

Letter from Birmingham Jail

One of the most prominent black civil rights leaders, King called for black assertiveness and nonviolent resistance to oppression. He is famous for his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," written when he was in jail during the protests, which promotes the doctrine of civil disobedience, a method of protests that urges blacks to ignore all laws that they believe are unjust. The letter then circulated around the world

Battle Over Treaty

Opposition to Treaty intense (Republicans) Isolationists hated the League of Nations The treaty did not pass in the Senate, the US didn't join the League of Nations and didn;t sign the treaty

Hydrogen Bomb

Ordered by Truman, the first U.S. H-bomb was exploded in 1952. The Soviets exploded their first H-bomb in 1953, and the nuclear arms race entered a dangerously competitive cycle Atom bomb/ H-bomb Period 8

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court's judicial activism in criminal rights.

Railroad Consolidation

Cornelious Vanderbilt- steel rails and Robber Barron Even with government help RR business risky Larger railroads bought small ones Entire regions would be dominated by one RR company (Jay Gould and Russell Sage) The government would work with railroads

King of Business

Cornelius Vanderbilt Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller JP Morgan Nouveau Riche

Tweed Ring

Corrupt New York City political machine led by "Boss" Tweed, that used tactics such as bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections; in 1871, the New York Times published evidence of Tweed's corruption and illegal activities, leading to his arrest and conviction.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Created in 1949, an organization whose members include the United States, Canada, most Western European nations, and Turkey, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all.

Pendleton Act of 1883

Created the *Civil Service Commission* to ensure that hiring of federal employees was based on examinations and merit rather than political patronage. *Historical Significance:* Significantly reduced federal patronage from powerful office-seekers thus forcing politicians to look increasingly to corporations for campaign funds.

insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista dictatorship in 1958 and assumed control of the island country. His connections with the Soviet Union led to a cessation of diplomatic relations with the United States in such international affairs as the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oversaw his country through the end of the Cold War and through nearly a half-century of trade embargo with the US

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Organization formed by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela in 1960 to protect their oil interests; developed a stranglehold on the Western economies over the next two decades, as America went from being an "oil power" to becoming a net oil importer.

Unstable Banking System

Over Speculation and mismanagement in real estate

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936

Paid farmers to plant soil-conserving plants like soybeans or to let their land lie fallow

Municipal Reform

Decrease ties between Government and Business and Political Machines Created City Commissions Hired City Managers, non-political position Built more playgrounds and parks

Department of Commerce and Labor

Department established by Roosevelt to deal with domestic economic affairs. Later split into two departments for better management.

TR Legislation

Department of Labor and Commerce Elkins Act of 1903- No rebates to shippers/heavy fine Hepburn Act of 1906- ICC can set max RR rates, gave the ICC jurisdiction and enforcement, expanded the power of ICC

"Bad Neighbor" Policy (1900s)

Derogatory name for for Teddy's Roosevelt Corollary. Latin America irritated at US's imposing sphere of influence in the Caribbean Sea. A spin on "Good Neighbor Policy."

Securities and Exchange Commission-

Designed as a stock watchdog administrative agency and stock markets henceforth were to operate more as trading marts than as casinos

One country that falls into communism will cause surrounding nations to also fall

Domino theory

Griggs v. Duke Power Co

Duke Power Co had been intentionally discriminating against African Americans After the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the company implemented the requirement of a high-school diploma to prevent African Americans from gaining employment Supreme Court state the requirement of a diploma was unintentionally discriminating against African American applicants

Criminal Syndicalism Laws (1919-1920)

Passed by many states during the red scare, their nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest

Election of 1952

Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) with Nixon as his VP (California business scandal) verses Adlai Stevenson (D) (Truman chose not to run again because he was unpopular because of the Korean war)...IKE wins with slogan "I LIKE IKE"

A period of lessening tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union.

Détente

National Security Act of 1947

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Tenure of Office Act

Passed to limit Johnson influence, can't fire appointments without Senate approval

Paul Volcker

Paul Volker head of the Federal Reserve hoped to stop inflation by pushing interest rates to 20 percent . hurt auto & building industries.-Paul Volker head of the Federal Reserve hoped to stop inflation by pushing interest rates to 20 percent . hurt auto & building industries

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Pediatrician and author of "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care," which instrumented parents on modern child-rearing, replacing traditional means of passing along such knowledge. He is often said to have the bible of the baby boomer generation.

Carpetbaggers

People from the north who came to the south

Direct Election of Senators

People get to vote for their senators

Direct Primaries

People have a role in choosing their candidate for President.

Anti-Imperialists

People who are opposed to colonialism and territorial expansion They believed that imperialism violated republicanism Peaceful/ Peaceable Period 7

Racketeers

People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence. Racketeers invaded the ranks of labor during the 1920s, a decade when gambling and gangsterism were prevalent in American life.

Depression nationwide by early 1930

People with nothing to do with the economic crash suffering ¼ of the labor force out of work by 1932 Personal income down by half between 1929 and 1932 Bank failures=everything lost Rural and urban families left the homeless Can't pay rent or mortgage Hoovervilles

Panic of 1873

Economic crisis caused by unbridled capitalist expansion; overeager promoters had developed more railroads, mines, factories, and agricultural ventures than the market could bear, and bankers made too many imprudent loans to finances these enterprises; when they were unprofitable, the loans went unpaid, causing financial chaos.

Long term goals under the three R's

Permanent recovery and reform of current abuses

Suppressing Dissent

Espionage Act 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 Led to 2,000 executions (lots of socialists and anti-war union) What about the first amendment Led to the pardons of thousands of people after the war

National Banking Act of 1863

Established a system of national banks and created the United States National Banking System. Encouraged the creation of a national currency backed by bank holdings. Created the (federal-state) dual system that is now the defining characteristic of US banking and economy.

Adamson Act

Established an 8 hour workday for all 1.7 million employees on trains in interstate commerce with extra pay for overtime

Containment

Established by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II.

Agricultural Marketing Act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

Christian Right/Moral Majority

Political action committee founded by evangelical Reverend Jerry Falwell in 1979 to promote traditional Christian values and oppose feminism, abortion, and gay rights. The group was a major linchpin in the resurgent religious right of the 1980s.

24 Amendment

Poll taxes prohibited. The right to vote cannot be denied based on the paying or non-paying of a poll tax.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women She pressed the United States to join and support the United Nations and became its first delegate. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights and oversaw the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. "First Lady of the World"/Anna Period 6-8

Blustery Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy

Franz Boas

Father of modern anthropology who questioned traditional ideas about racial inferiority; disproved the theory that the size of a black man's head and smaller brain was the cause of low intelligence

John Dewy-

Father of progressive education was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education.

"He may be a communist"

Fears that if communities took over the daughters would go away with them

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions. outlaws "every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade," and any "monopolization, attempted monopolization, or conspiracy or combination to monopolize."

Hiroshima

First site of the atomic bomb attack on Japan on August 6, 1945. About 134,000 people died and 70,000 of them wounded

Policy of Boldness

Foreign policy promoted by Secretary of State Dulles, which condemned "containment" of communism, promising to both "roll back" communism's gains and "liberate captive peoples", while also cutting military spending by building up a fleet of superbombers equipped with nuclear bombs; in practice, the policy was too aggressive for minor crises such as the failed Hungarian uprising and also proved to be staggeringly expensive.

Committee for Public Information

Founded by George Creel Mostly Propaganda Established censorship of the press in some case s Produced movies, books, billboards, and posters Had three themes- National unity, an evil enemy, and war grand crusade for democracy and peace Hired people to spy of their neighbors for anti-war views and pro german views Dissent= disloyalty and unpatriotic German Americans and Immigrants persecuted Name changes so they would not get persecuted

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869 as a secret society that believed that hat fraternity was harnessed to labor reform, They intended to set up factories and shops that would lead to a commonwealth Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor/ K of L Period 6

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocates of prohibition in the United States found common cause with activists elsewhere, especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.

Greenback Labor Party

Founded in 1878, the party was primarily composed of prairie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873. The party fought for increased monetary circulation through the issuance of paper currency and bimetallism (using both gold and silver as legal tender), supported inflationary programs in the belief that they would benefit debtors, and sought benefits for labor such as shorter working hours and a national labor bureau. They had the support of several labor groups and they wanted the government to print more greenbacks.

Students for a Democratic Society

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led to thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. SDS/Free Speech Movement Period 8

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led to thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Geneva summit conference in 1955

President Eisenhower attempted to make peace with the new Soviet Union dictator, Nikita Khrushchev, following Stalin's death. Peace negotiations were rejected.

Nouveau Riche

French for "new rich." Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s.

Civil Rights Movement Selma March and More

From Selma to Montgomery (Alabama)

Jones Act of 1916-

Gave Philippines territorial status and promised independent government once the Philippines established a Government

Which president never won a presidential election?

Gerald R. Ford

U boats

German Submarines used in WWI

Sussex pledge

German pledge to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking

Enigma

Germans' codes.

Sussex

Germany agreed not to sink unarmed passenger ships without warning. They violated this in 1916 when they torpedoed this French passenger ship. Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations because of this.

Treaty of Versailles ( treaty provisions)

Germany loses all colonies Germany had to pay reparations Germany gave up Alsace- Lorraine Demilitarized Rhineland New Nations- Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia (self-determination) Limits on German Navy/Army and Arrangements War guilt clause

End to the War to end All Wars

Germany ready to talk by November 1918 Food shortages Inspired by the 14 Points Armistice signed in Compiegne Forest War to end on the 11th hour, 11th month, and 11th day

Central Powers (Triple alliance)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

Geronimo

Geronimo, the leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land. Geronimo had an enormous hatred for the whites. He was, however, eventually pushed into Mexico where he surrendered

Office of Price Administration

Government agency created to control ascending prices and provide rationing. And WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation. Eventually brought ascending prices under control with regulations

National War Labor Board

Government agency that imposed ceilings on wage increases; contested by many labor unions. And Helped resolve labor disputes that might slow down war production.

Spiro Agnew

Governor of Maryland who ran as Vice President with Richard Nixon in 1968. He was known for his tough stands against dissidents and black militants. He strongly supported Nixon's desire to stay in Vietnam.He was known for his tough stands against dissidents and black militants. He strongly supported Nixon's desire to stay in Vietnam. He was forced to resign in October 1973 after having been accused of accepting bribes or "kickbacks" from Maryland contractors while governor and Vice President.

Dust Bowl

Great Plain where a severe drought hit, killing all of the crops of the region. The topsoil turned to fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained. caused farmers to lose their livelihoods and their homes. Deflation from the Depression aggravated the plight of Dust Bowl farmers. "The Dirty Thirties,"/ Dust storms Period 7

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

Great Society War on Poverty 24th Amendment 25th Amendment

Foreign Developments (Reagan)

Grenada Mikhail Gorachev

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation -Civil Rights activists who traveled across the South on a crusade to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers; their efforts were frequently met with protests and violence; when southern officials failed to come to their aid, JFK dispatched federal marshals to protect the riders.

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

What action began the us involvement in Vietnam?

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding Administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. Fall was found guilty and sentenced to one year in jail

W. E. B. Du Bois

Harvard educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a talented tenth. William James. Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy. Help founded the NAACP in 1909

Second Open Door Note

Have to respect the territorial rights of China. which asked all powers to preserve Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. Secretary Hay's goal was to prevent European and Asian nations from using the Boxer Rebellion as an excuse to carve up China into individual colonies

Compromise of 1877

Hayes elected president while federal troops would be removed from the south, puts an end to reconstruction

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

He and his wife visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. The Gen. warned him not to come b/c he would get killed. Conspirators, members of the Black Hands, waited in the streets for him to kill him b/c they wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom. Gavrilo Princep eventually succeeded in shooting both the archduke and his wife.

Cold War Fears

He may be a communist Duck and Cover

Milton Friedman

He was a famous American economist. He strongly promoted the idea of free trade and condemned government regulation and socialism.

March 31, 1968

President Johnson issued an address to the nation stating that he would freeze American troop levels and gradually shift more responsibility to the South Vietnamese themselves. Bombing would also be scaled down. He also declared that he would not be a candidate for the presidency in 1968

Alliance for Progress (1961)

President Kennedy's program through which the United States provided aid for social and economic programs in Latin America.

Charles Lindbergh

He was the first person to fly to Paris France on a transatlantic flight. He flew around the Eiffel tower and arrived in Paris.

Jimmy Carter

President of the United States who was a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, he defeated Gerald Ford in 1976. As President, he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979.

Gerald Ford

President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency.

Henry James

Henry James was an American-born British writer. one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. son of Henry James, Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James. The turn of the screw

The Farmers Take their stand

Prices sagged in 1868 and a host of farmers unsuccessfully sought relief from low prices and high indebtedness by demanding an inflation of currency with paper money

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I.

Public Works (Hoover)

Hoover Dam- the gigantic Colorado River project voted by Congress under Coolidge, begun under Hoover, and completed under FDR. It was used for irrigation, flood control, and electricity Hired people to work on Government projects Short term fix, as soon as the people were done they didn't have jobs Didn't solve the depression problem

Crash of 1929

Hoover inaugurated in March 1929 The economy still seemed great but still ignoring problems 2. Stock market peaked in September 1929 A. Black Tuesday- October 29, 1929, everyone tries to sell their stock, but no one buy it 3. Crash marked the beginning of the Great Depression

Good Neighbor Policy-

Hoover/FDR's Latin America foreign policy that proclaimed non-intervention and cooperation; resulted from the turmoil of the 1930s. Didn't intervene in Latin American affairs

Senate Trial

House Charges pretty weakly Johnson argued Texture act was unconstitutional

Hepburn Act of 1906

ICC can set max RR rates, gave the ICC jurisdiction and enforcement, expanded the power of ICC

Eugenics

Idea of Social Darwinism, believe in sterilizing certain groups of people so the human race can get better

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.

Trickle-down economics (Andrew Mellon)

If you reduce taxes and keep Government out of businesses, the businesses are going to have more money

Interstate Highway System 1956

Ike backed the interstate highway act of 1956, a $27 billion plan to build forty-two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways.

Marianas

Important islands that allowed the United States to fire directly on Japan's home islands.

Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963)

In 1963, Wallace promised "to stand in the schoolhouse door" to prevent the integration of the University of alabama. After a brief confrontation, Wallace yielded to federal authority, and two African American students peacefully desegregated the state university.

War Powers Act of 1973

In 1973, Congress passed this law which requires that soldiers sent into military action overseas by the President be brought back within sixty days unless Congress approves the action. -48 hours advance notice -60-day military authorization, 30 days withdraw

AFL-CIO-

In December 1955, the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations ended their twenty-year rivalry and merged to create this, under the leadership of George Meany

Stonewall Rebellion

In June 1969, police officers raided this Inn, which was a gay nightclub in New York, and began arresting patrons for attending the place. Gay onlookers taunted the police and then attacked them. Someone started a fire in the Inn, almost trapping people inside. This marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement. New organizations also began to rise up, like the Gay Liberation Front, which was founded in New York.

Anthracite Coal Strike

In May 1902, The United Mine Workers Union called a strike to gain higher wages and shorter hours, and recognition as a union. The mine owners refused to talk to UMW leaders. After months TR acted, called the two sides to the white house and threatened to take over the mines. Won reluctant acceptance of an arbitration commission to settle the dispute. Granted miners a 10 percent wage increase and reduced their working day from 10 to 9 hours.

Federal Reserve Act 1913

Private Bank under Government Control Created 12 Regional Federal Banks that were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board Federal Reserve Board appointed by President Could issue paper money- made currency Flexible Monitored the economy Economy more stable

Initiative

Progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass state legislatures and propose legislation themselves

Modernism

In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, and fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the twentieth century, modernism blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

In response to the many immigrants coming into America from Europe. Congress passed it in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in a public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.

Voter Education Project

Project supported by Robert Kennedy, the SNCC, and other civil rights groups which aimed at registering the South's historically disenfranchised blacks to vote

Jones Act

Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Strategic Air Command

Proposed by secretary of state John Foster Dulle , An air fleet of bombers armed with nuclear bombs. This would allow President Eisenhower to threaten countries such as the Soviet Union and China with nuclear weapons.

Battling for Black Rights

In the following decade since the emancipation African Americans began to migrate to the South

Muller v. Oregon

In the landmark case Muller v. Oregon (1908), crusading attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies. This victory had the benefit of protecting women workers, but because of its argument, closed some jobs to women.

Dismantling of Wartime Economy

Including Government support for labor and began to break up strikes instead Labor membership declined

What caused the slump in productivity in the 1970's?

Increase of the workforce in women and teenagers Declining investment in new machinery Heavy cost of compliance with Government imposed safety and health regulations The general shift of the American economy from manufacturing to services The Vietnam war Increase in oil prices Tax increase Military and Welfare spending

D-Day

Invasion of France through Normandy, Germans were misled by expecting the blow to fall further north.s the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war.

Cotton Picker

Invention caused the migration of many southern blacks to the northern factories.

Loyalty Review Board

Investigated more than 3 million federal employees some 3,000 resigned or were dismissed because they were thought to be spies.

Taft's Foreign Policy (In the Caribbean)

Investment in Latin America increased significantly, not enough and troops sent in troops into Nicaragua, Cuba, Honduras and DR

Queen Liliuokalani

Queen of the Hawaiian Islands; opposed the annexation of Hawaii to the US; became Queen after King Kalakaua died in 1891; in 1893, she was kicked out of the government; Hawaii was desperately needed as a naval base.

ROSE

R- Railroads O-Oil S- Steel E- Electricity

Imperfect Railroad Industry

RR= scandal and corruption (Credit Mobilier- A company that built railroads, had friends in congress. Bribed Congress to give them the contract to build railroads ) Pools-a group of companies join forces and set rates etc Ignore supply and demand

Regents of University of California v. Bakke

It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy It helped define the boundaries of the equal protection clause and said that racial quotas were unconstitutional. 438 U.S. 265,/Bakke Decision Period 8

social gospel

It was a Protestant liberal movement led by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch that applied Christian principles to the numerous problems that affected the late 19th century the United States as a result of industrialization. The movement preached and taught religion and human dignity to the working class in order to correct the effects of capitalism. In 1908 the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America adopted a social creed that called for many improvements in society

Operation Rolling Thunder

It was a concentrated bombing campaign on key strategic targets in North Vietnam, such as bridges, roads, railway lines, and supply depots. marked the first sustained American assault on North Vietnamese territory and represented a major expansion of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. nonstop bombing in the north for 3 years

The Grange

It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses. to advance methods of agriculture, as well as to promote the social and economic needs of farmers in the United States. actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office.

Jack London

John Griffith "Jack" London was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist. A pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction, he was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone, including science fiction.

Which two Presidents were impeached?

Johnson, Clinton

William Jennings Bryan

Joined the prosecution in the " Monkey Trials" (Scopes Trial) against the teachings of evolution in schools, he was supposed to be an expert on the Bible, but was made to look silly in the case and died soon afterward

Kent State University

Kent State was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.

William Cody Sinewy-

Killed over 4,000 animals in 18 months while employed by the Kansas Pacific

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Laid down binding rules for sanitary meatpacking and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Warning Signs Real Estate

Land being purchased all over the US Often bought without seeing the property first Florida major part of "American Paradise" Problem-much of land useless and worthless Investors losing millions/killed local economies too

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that banned racial discrimination in most private facilities that were open to the public, strengthened the federal government's power to end segregation in schools and other public places, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to eliminate discrimination in hiring.

J. Robert Oppenheimer-

Lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Growth of Big Businesses

Liquid Capital Available Natural Resources Increased Immigration American Advancements Telephone- Alexzander Gram Bell Thomas Edison- Light Bulb Huge 5. New Business Practices

Big Four

Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S

Edward Bellamy

Looking Backward. Envisioned a utopian socialist society where the government-owned the means of production and distributed wealth equally among all citizens. The competition was irrelevant. The book inspired the creation of hundreds of Bellamy discussion clubs.

Election of 1912 democrat

Looking good because the Republicans are split Nominate Woodrow Wilison (conservatice that shifted to Progressive)

New Morality

Lots of Social changes in the 1920s Consumption, immediate gratification, and urbanization

National Security Act of 1947

Major reorganization of US military after WWII to fight Cold War. It creating the Department of Defense (replacing Dept. of War) in a new building - the Pentagon. Also established the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government's foreign fact gathering (spying) and subvert governments and popular movements seen as contrary to the interests of US government elites.

Nuclear test ban Treaty (1963)

Reacting to Soviet nuclear tests, this treaty was signed on August 5, 1963 and prohibited nuclear testing undersea, in air and in space. Only underground testing was permitted. It was signed by all major powers except France and China.

Zimmerman Note

March 1, intercepted a message from Germany to Mexico and proposed that Mexico should attack the US. When they win WWI Germany will help get Mexico to get all of the lands they lost to the US

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

V-E (Victory in Europe) Day

Marked the unconditional surrender of the German government after Hitler's suicide.

What Plan provided financial assistance to recover economies in Europe?

Marshall Plan

April 4, 1968

Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot and killed by a sniper in Memphis, Tennessee. Black voter registration eventually increased, and by the late 1960s, several hundred blacks held elected office in the Old South.

Kent State Massacre

Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence.

Election 1900 Results

McKinley wins easily Presidency cut short a . Mckinley assisted in Sep. 1901 B. shot by an anarchist while visiting the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY C. Dies 6 days after shooting

McCarthyism (Tatics)

Media and Television Political tests and loyalty oaths Blacklisting

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the Creation of the International Money Fund and the World bank

Six-Day War 1967

Military conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, including Syria, Egypt, and Jordan. After numerous military threats presented by Egypt, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack on Egypt's airforce The war ended with an Israeli victory and territorial expansion into the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. The 1967 war was a humiliation for several Arab states, and the territorial disputes it created formed the basis for continued conflict in the region.

Unions and Strikes

Most did not take unskilled laborers

New Southern Governments

Mostly Republican Governments

Regionalism

Movement sought to chronicle the peculiarities of local ways of life before the coming wave of industrial standardization.

Rebuilding the South

Much of the south was destroyed The south economy was in ruins No more slave labor

Strategic Defense System (DSI)

Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.

Japan post WWII

Rebuilt with the help of the US due to the threat of communism; develops a 2nd industrialization Democracy The US remained for 7 years in Japan Constitution renouncing militarism

Union League

Reconstruction-era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before the government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Long Drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans. -When texas cowboys (Black, White and Mexican) drove heards numbering from 1,000 to 10,000 until they reached a railroad terminal

The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872

Reform-minded citizens banded together to form the Liberal Republican Party out of disgust towards President Grant. They wanted to purify the Washington's administration as well as end military reconstruction

Warning Signs (stock market)

Regular Americans putting savings into the stock market Buying on margin- Borrowing money to get into the market Quick Profits encourage even more people to invest even more $ Lots of over-speculation- the value of stock more than company worth

New Freedom Platform

Regulated Competition Doesn't include social legislation Pro small business

Three R's

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

McCarthyism (Supportive Demographics)

Republican Blue Collar workers

Hiram W. Johnson

Republican Governor of California in 1910, this dynamic prosecutor of grafters helped break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics and then, like La Follette, set up a political machine of his own

Samuel Gompers

This man, the large-term president of the American Federation of Labor, who believed that people should work with what they had at the level they were at, and not try to rise further in the government.

Knights of Labor

This new organization began as a secret society in 1869 and became public in 1881. This group was similar to the National Labor Union in that it fought to include all workers in one union, including skilled and unskilled workers, women and men, whites and blacks. It was certainly a very non-restrictive organization but it failed in the early 1900s.

Populist Party

This was also known as the People's party or the Farmers' party. It was a political group that gained much support from farmers who turned to them to fight political unfairness. They used a progressive platform. James B. Weaver ran as their presidential candidate in 1892. They had an impressive voter turnout.

Gold Standard Act

This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money.

Farmers Alliance

This was the first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. It sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.

White House Meeting (Anthracite Coal Mine Strike in 1902)

Threatened troops against owners Owners agreed to talks Workers get a 10% increase and a 9-hour workday

TR's Perversion of Monroes' Doctrine

To Latin Americans, it seemed as though the revised Monroe Doctrine was cloak behind which the U.S. sought to strangle them

Water Cure

Torturous method employed by US soldiers to simulate drowning by forcing water down one's throat in order to gain information from Filipino combatants

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Trade agreement under which countries met periodically to negotiate tariff reductions that were mutually advantageous to all members, but contained loopholes that enabled countries to avoid trade-barrier reduction agreements.

Progessives problems they wanted to solve

Trusts Political machines Working/Living conditions Anti-Socialism Consumer Protection Voting Reform Conservation Banking Reform Female Suffrage Prohibition

Battle of the Philippine Sea

US advance that sank many Japanese carriers. The Japanese navy never recovered from these massive losses of planes, pilots, and ships.

First Steps to Imperialism

US had to overcome some overseas moves prior to 1890 Sec of State William Seward (Lincoln/Johnson) Acquired Alaska in 1867 US Navy occupied Midway Islands Pushed trade with Japan

Iran- Contra Affair

US sold weapons to Iran in exchange for American hostages. (RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by the Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved. The scandal erupted during the Reagan administration when it was revealed that US government agents had secretly sold arms to Iran in order to raise money to fund anti-communist "Contra" forces in Nicaragua.

"cash and carry"

US trading policy instated by Neutrality Act of 1937: the non-belligerent foreign country must pick up US goods, pay for them, then leave (so no threat of US trading ships being shot down)

Federal Housing Administration

United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying. The goals of this organization are: to improve housing standards and conditions; to provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans; and to stabilize the mortgage market.

William Randolph Hearst

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (the New York Journal)

Schenck Vs. United States

Upheld the constitutively of the Espionage and Sedition Act, it is constitutional to limit free speech if the speech presents a clear and present danger.

Thomas Edison

Was one of those who invented the movie, but in 1902, the real birth of the movie came with The Great Train Robbery

Kellogg- Briand Pact

Was signed on August 27, 1928, by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense.

Now What??

What do you do with the southern states? How do you rebuild? The southern economy? Southern infrastructure What do you do with the freed slaves? Who should control Reconstruction?

Suez Crisis

When Egyptian president Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, British, French, and Israeli forces staged a joint assault on Egypt, cutting off Western Europe's oil supply; when the United States, who had been kept in the dark about the plan, refused to release emergency oil supplies, the allies were compelled to withdraw troops and the United Nations was forced to intervene.

Wabash Case

When many Midwestern legislators tried to regulate the railroad, the Supreme Court ruled that individual states had no right to regulate interstate commerce

Paris Peace Conference

Wilson arrives/throws down 14 points in January 1919 Ignored by George/ Clemenceau and Orlando Wilson left pushing the league of Nations The rep at home not crazy about the league/treaty Neither were the European powers The League of Nations was created in the 10th point in the Treaty of Versailles Wilson pushed for a League of Nations

Back and Forth

Wilson demands Germany not HIIT unarmed ships March-1916- sunk French ship Sussex Wilson demands threats

An Idealist amid the Imperialists

Wilson received many welcomes from France, England and Italy

Attempts at Peace

Wilson tries to encourage peace in Europe Peace without victory Germany had unrestricted sub warfare (will sink every ship) Wilson cuts diplomatic relations

WAVES

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service

No Women Voters

Women played a big part in the abolitionist movement and had pointed out that both women and blacks lacked basic civil rights

Progressive Women

Women played a large role in the progressive movement and the push for social justice. Women were middle-class and well educated . Society would not let them work. Some of them became settlement house workers., 19th century notion of "separate spheres" and notion that the women's place = the home female progressives defended political activism; political activism was not in a separate sphere, it was just an extension of their traditional roles in the home and as wives and mothers took up reform attempts that reinforced genders norms (ex: the caretaker) campaigned against chid labor, liquor, sanitation, etc

Women's Loyal League

Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

Freedom Summer

a 1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi. Over 700 mostly white volunteers joined African Americans in Mississippi to fight against voter intimidation and discrimination at the polls.

Space Race

a competition of space exploration between the United States and the Soviet Union. This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities. The Cold War/Proxy- War Period 8

Open Door note

a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China

Pan Americans Conference in 1889

a conference held largely as the result of the efforts of U.S. Secretary of State James G. Blaine, established the International Union of American Republics (later called the Pan-American Union), with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. Subsequent conferences dealt with such matters of common concern as arbitration of financial and territorial claims, extradition of criminals, the codification of international law, copyrights, patents and trademarks, and the status of aliens and diplomatic personnel

Pragmatism

a distinctively American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. People who thought this embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge.

War Powers Act

a federal law intended to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. President has to report to congress 48 hours after a foreign conflict or enlarging troops in a foreign country

Containment Doctrine

a foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary

Berlin Wall

a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain.

World War II

a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis was the biggest and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries. Sparked by the 1939 Nazi invasion of Poland, the war dragged on for six bloody years until the Allies defeated Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945. WWII/ The Second Great war Period 7 and 8

War Refugee Board

a group established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped 20,000 Jews who might otherwise have fallen into the hands of the Nazis.

Settlement Houses

a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, the instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889.'

Brown v Board of Education

a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. marked a turning point in the history of race relations in the United States. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka/347 U.S. 483, Period 8

Resumption Act of 1875

a law in the United States which restored the nation to the gold standard through the redemption of previously unbacked United States Notes and reversed inflationary government policies promoted directly after the American Civil War.

Higher Education Act of 1965

a law providing federal financial aid through needs-based scholarships and low-interest student loans for college students

Bloody Sunday

a march in Selma, Alabama on March 7, 1865. -State troopers and county posse men attacked the unarmed marchers with billy clubs and tear gas after they passed over the county line, and the event became known as Bloody Sunday. -they contributed to the passage that year of the Voting Rights Act. Led to many deaths

Marshall Plan

a massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947. Gave $12.5 Billion to 16 EU countries in 12 years

Jane Addams

a middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses; college-educated (one of first-generation); established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants); condemned war and poverty; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Phyllis Schafly

a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s. successfully campaigned against ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Muckrakers

a nickname was given to young reporters of popular magazines where trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing. Busybody/Gossip Period 7

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

a night when the Nazis killed or injured many Jews and destroyed Jewish property.a night in Germany where 7,000 Jewish shops and almost all synagogues were ransacked, at least 90 Jews lost their lives, and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.

Pullman Strike

a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States Sleeper Car/ Wagon Lit Period 7

Ida M. Tarbell

a pioneering journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company; the most eminent woman in the muckraking movement

Fascism

a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism. No tolerance of opposition.

Nye Committee 1934

a pre-WWII committee formed by Gerald Nye who thought the US shouldn't enter the war; believed US entered WWI to increase profits for ammunition makers; resulted in Neutrality Acts of 1935/7

"Interlocking Directories

a process of placing men from your company on the board of directors of other competing companies to gain influence and reduce competition

City Manager System

a professional city manager who is hired (usually by the city council) to run each department of the city. Meant to check the power of the mayor and the city council

Affirmative Action

a program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education, the term grew from an executive order issued by JFK in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices. The purpose of affirmative action is to establish fair access to employment opportunities to create a workforce that is an accurate reflection of the demographics of the qualified available workforce in the relevant job market. Political Justice/ Social Justice Period 8

Victoria Woodhull

a radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s. Anthony Comstock. vigorous nineteenth-century crusader for sexual purity who used federal law to enforce his moral views.

Manhattan Project

a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb influenced other nuclear programs, not only in the Soviet Union but in the United Kingdom and in France, among other countries. Manhattan Engineer District/MED Period 7 and 8

Depression of 1893

a serious economic depression during the Gilded age. The panic was marked by the collapse of shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, along with the protectionist McKinley Tariff of 1890, have been blamed for the panic.

Sonar

a system that measures the locality of underwater objects by sending out acoustic pulses allowed Allied forces to decimate German U-boats Sound Navigator/Submarine Navigation Period 7

Jazz

a time of cultural change; generally refers to the arts such as writing, music, artwork, and architecture, American Jazz music emerges from African American church and community, African-American Music/African-American rituals Period 7

Flappers

a young woman in the 1920s who wore her hair bobbed wore makeup, dressed in flashy, skimpy clothes, and lived a life of independence and freedom Now considered the first generation of independent American women, flappers pushed barriers in economic, political, and sexual freedom for women. Dancer/Rebellious Women Period 7

WWI Results (In the US)

a. End of the War Industries Board B. Esch-Cummis Transportation Act of 1920- Returned railroads to their owners C. Red scare D. Women's changing role (suffrage),were granted the right to vote in 1920 E. Prohibition f . Natibitism G. Volunteerism/Patriotism H. Return to Isolationism I Economic growth

Fordney- McCumber Tariff 1922

a. Significant protective tariff- rates up to 10% B. part of isolationist policy c. does help American Businesses but hurts foreign relations D. Europe struggles to rebuild

Grandfather Clause

allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before Reconstruction. These clauses consisted of poll taxes and literacy tests that were primaries for whites only.

Radar

allows you to locate planes even when the weather is not good

20th Amendment

also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Meuse- Argonne offensive

also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshal Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender;

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

amnesty and pardon" to any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) as well as individuals (almost always plantation owners) whose property was worth over $20,000, a state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted, state required to repeal secession ordinances be readmittance, ratify 13th amendment, disowned Confederate debts

Black Panthers

an African-American organization established to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation. believed that black people should govern themselves. Their aims were: organize the working class, self-defense, economic improvements and improve conditions in northern ghettos. black-coated leopards/Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, Period 8 and 9

George of Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

an American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels. The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans.

Bayard Rustin

an American leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights. Rustin worked with A. Philip Randolph on the March on Washington Movement, in 1941, to press for an end to racial discrimination in employment.

Julian bond

an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement, politician, professor, and writer. While he was a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, during the early 1960s, he helped establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Battle of Britain

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out the extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.was a turning point in World War II; if the RAF had not held off the Luftwaffe, Hitler would have likely moved forward with his Operation Sea Lion invasion of the British Isles. This would have been devastating to the British people and all efforts to stem Hitler's rise to power

New Deal

an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. improved the lives of people suffering from the events of the depression. In the long run, New Deal programs set a precedent for the federal government to play a key role in the economic and social affairs of the nation. Three R's/ Relief Period 7

Compromise of 1877

an agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden; under its terms, the South accepted Hayes's election. In return, the North agreed to remove the last troops from the South, support southern railroads, and accept a southerner into the Cabinet. The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered to mark the end of Reconstruction.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, that called for greater individual freedom and responsibility -Condemned corporatism, racism, poverty, Vietnam war (The Establishment)

Helen Hunt

an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians.

Communism

an economic ideology that advocates for a classless society in which all property and wealth are communally-owned, instead of by individuals

Cuban Missile Crisis

an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents.

Randolph Bourne

an intellectual who championed alternative conceptions of the immigrant role in American society advocated greater cross-fertilization among immigrants, believed cosmopolitan interchange was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality, a weaving back and forth, with the other lands, of many threads of all sizes and colors," US should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age

Horace Kallen

an intellectual who championed alternative conceptions of the immigrant role in American society defended newcomer's right to practice their ancestral customs, vision- the US should provide a protective canopy for ethnic and racial groups to preserve their cultural uniqueness, stressed the preservation of identity, believed pluralism

League of Nations

an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s UN/ World Peace Organization Period 7 and 8

Naturalism

an offshoot of mainstream realism,this late 1900 literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments

Lyndon B. Johnson

as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 and assumed the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda LBJ/ Lanslide Lyndon Period 8

Closed Shop

as the idea that all jobs were reserved for union members. It helped keep out lower-wage and incompetent workers. ... Trade Unionism was the act of forming unions whose members are workers of a single trade. This practice was more successful than unions that consisted of unskilled workers.

A. Mitchell Palmer

attorney who "saw red" too easily, earned the title of the "Fighting Quaker" by his excess of zeal in rounding up suspects (6,000 people), the drive was to root out radicals

John Galbraith

author of Affluent Society, claimed that we had a "society of scarcity" which meant that overpopulation would lead to lack of resources

Internment of Japanese/Executive Order

authorized the Army to evacuate any persons they considered a threat to national security over 120,000 Japanese people were forced to relocate to one of ten different internment camps around the United States. Concentration Camps/Relocation of Japanese Period 7

Interstate Highway Act of 1956

authorized the construction of over 40,000 miles of interstate highways in the United States and ultimately became known as the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System, $27 billion plan to build forty two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries Strikes against any government-operated industry were made a criminal offense. War Labor Disputes Act /Anti-Strike Act Period 7

James Meredith

became the first black American to attend the University of Mississippi after being blocked several times by segregationist politicians. An icon of the Civil Rights Movement, Meredith receded from public view following his brace steps toward educational integration.

Harlem Renaissance

black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously New Negro Movement/Black Literary Renaissance Period 7

National Recovery Administration

by far the most complicated of the programs, was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. There were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.

With more money to spend and more products to buy, ___ became an American way of Life.

consumerism

yellow dog contracts

contracts employees signed, giving them low wages and conditions like not joining unions

Three C's

control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources

War Industries Board

controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations It was intended to restore economic order and to make sure the United States was producing enough at home and abroad.

Wilderness Act of 1964

created the National Wilderness Preservation System and recognized wilderness as "an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain."

Alexander Graham Bell

created the telephone that revolutionized the way Americans communicated.

The dramatic increase in car ownership in the 1950s contributed to all of the following except

decreased usage of national parks.

International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (World Bank

designed to revive postwar international trade, it drew on the resources of member nations to make economic development loans to governments for such projects as new dams or agricultural modernization

Jubilee Jim Fisk and Jay Gould

devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell gold from its reserves.

Secretary of State Hull

during FDR's presidency; believed in the reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in Good Neighbors.

Immigration Act of 1924

established a quota system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America The system restricted the new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia. It also reduced the annual total of immigrants National Origins Act/ Johnson-Reed Act Period 7

Five Power treaty

established a ratio of battleships each county could have. For every 5 ships, the US has, Britain can have 5, Japan can have 3, Italy and France can have. 1.5 ships. US/GB wouldn't intervene in the Pacific

Bureau of Budget

established by the Budget and Accounting Act; reviews funding requests from government departments and assist the president in formulating the budget

Civil Works Administration

established late in 1933, and it was designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Many of its tasks were rather frivolous (called "boondoggling") and were designed for the sole purpose of making jobs.

Truman Doctrine

established that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. ... Truman asked Congress to support the Greek Government against the Communists.

Elijah Muhammad

established the Black Muslims, a blend of Islam and black nationalism. Encouraging blacks to celebrate their African heritage, live a life of self-discipline and self-help, and strive for a separate all-black nation.

Loyalty Review Board

established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government.

Gunnar Myrdal

exposed the contradiction between America's professed belief that all men are created equal and its terrible treatment of black citizens in his book An American Dilemma (1944)

Election of 1884

few fundamental differences separated the two parties; Americans sunk to low levels; Grover Cleveland (Democrat) won the election with 219 electoral votes and 4,879,507 popular votes; James G. Blaine (Republican) lost the election with 182 electoral votes and 4,850,936 popular votes

Sputnik

first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program

National Labor Union

formed in 1866 that attracted 600,000 members including the skilled, unskilled, and farmers. It pushed social reform, an eight-hour day, and arbitration of labor disputes. Union Pacific. Had a total about 600,000 members

Learning by Doing

formed the foundation of progressive education with its greater permissiveness. Dewy believed that the workbench was as essential as the black board and that education of life should be the primary goal of the teacher

James B. Weaver

former Civil War general who ran for president with the Greenback Party (1880) and the Populist Party (1892).

Women's club movement

gave a broad civic entry to middle-class women; literary clubs that educated women in "poem and prose" but eventually became a meeting hall for social issues and current event

Tydings-McDuffie Act

gave full self-government to the Philippines, except for the control of its foreign policy by Washington for 10 more years. Gave the Filipinos independence after a 12 year period of economic and political tutelage. The US agreed to relinquish its army bases but naval bases were reserved for future discussion

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916

granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court

Medicare/Medicaid

health care for the aged, a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over Created by LBJ. Medicaid. a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them (low-income families) Medicare Advantage/ "premium-free Part A." Period 8

Democratic National Convention Riots

in Chicago, tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters battle police in the streets, while the Democratic Party falls apart over an internal disagreement concerning its stance on Vietnam.

Kamikazes

in World War II, Japanese pilots who loaded their aircraft with bombs and crashed them into enemy ships

Guglielmo Marconi

in the 1890s, had already invented wireless telegraphy and his invention was used for long-distance communication in the Great WAr

Crop-Lien

in this system, Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery. (a form of debt slavery)

Public Works Administration

intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River).

Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)

it was an update of the 1965 Immigration Act and outlawed the hiring of undocumented immigrants, but offered legal status to aliens who had lived in the U.S. for five years.

Horizontal integration

joining with competitors to monopolize a given market, A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with one's competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

Yellow Journalism

journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers; popularized in the late nineteenth century by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Conservation Movement

late 1800'stried to preserve natural resources and stop the destruction of resources/land, Reached pinnacle with President TR and the founding of 1st national park, Yellowstone

Walter Rauschenbusch

leading protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems. Became a pastor of a German Baptist Church in NYC

Dennis V. United States

made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. ( upheld the Smith Act of 1940)

Liberal Protestants

members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth

U.S. Steel Company (1901)

more commonly known as U.S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer with major production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe. J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel on March 2, 1901 (incorporated on February 25) by combining Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company

Hoovervilles (Shantytowns)

named after President Hoover, who was blamed for the problems that led to the depression, sprung up throughout the United States. were pants pockets that had been turned inside out, symbolizing a lack of money. newspapers that homeless people used to protect themselves from the cold.

birds of passage

new immigrants that came to make money and went back to their own country

Clayton Antitrust Act

new law also declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal under federal law. The act prohibits anti-competitive mergers, predatory and discriminatory pricing, and other forms of unethical corporate behavior. Consume/ Unfair Period 7

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Neutrality Acts of 1935

no armed shipping to any belligerent nation

Russian Revolution

no longer a tsarist regime and US wouldn't be allied with cruel dictatorship, Russia pulls out of WWI

Adkins V. Children's Hospital

no more minimum wage for women because women could vote

Passive Resistance

nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or moral beliefs.

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Workingmen's Compensation Act

of 1916- 6. granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court

Wilson hoping for easy ratification

of the treaty) Wilson forces debate allowing time to take the case to the American people Wilson starts to go all over the country to give his case to the American people Wilson has a stroke- paralyzed on one side ( the country was being run by his wife) The Cabinet and the American people didn't see Wilson for months

Franklin D. Roosevelt

often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of Prohibition.

Bayard Rustin

one of Martin Luther King's aids though most of his involvement in the movement was kept secret because of his morals arrest and supposed homosexuality. He was very involved in the planning of the March on Washington (1963) introduced King to the ideas of Ghandi.

Johnson Debt Default Act

outlawed private loans to governments that had defaulted on their debts to the US, in response to the many Allied countries in Europe which had defaulted on their loans.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting

Winslow Homer

painter who was resistant against foreign influences and brought rugged realism and boldness of conception; known for paintings of the sea

McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

passed by reeds billion-dollar congress; keep revenue; protect Republican industrialists; boosted rates to highest peacetime level ever

Dingley Tariff Bill

passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits. Replaced the Wilson-Gorman law and raised more revenue, raising the tariff level to whopping 46.5 percent.

Clean Air Act

passed in 1963 to help regulate automotive and industrial emissions, protected endangered species. Imp: caused a shift between caring about increased production to caring more about increasing quality of life, more importance on the wellbeing of the planet.

Child Safety Act, 1966

prevents the marketing and selling of harmful toys and dangerous products

Title IX of Education Amendments

prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions

Court Packing Plan

proposed by FDR that advocated adding a new justice to the Supreme Court for every justice over the age of 75 in order to get "young blood" into the system Congress rejected the Presidents plan to pack the Supreme Court. The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937/ Supreme Court Reform Bill Period 7

Court-Packing Plan

proposed by FDR that advocated adding a new justice to the Supreme Court for every justice over the age of 75 in order to get "young blood" into the system (in reality, he just wanted more democrats so that his legislature wouldn't all be overturned). This didn't pass Congress

Sit-Ins (1960)

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates; included a 2 percent income tax on incomes of more than $2,000; income tax was declared unconstitutional a year later

Civilian Conservation Corps

provided employment in fresh-air government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men. They reforested areas, fought fires, drained swamps, controlled floods, etc.

GI Bill

provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans Sent more than eight million World War II veterans to school between 1945 and 1956. Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944/ Colmery Veterans Educational Assistance Act Period 7

GI Bill

provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. sent more than eight million World War II veterans to school between 1945 and 1956. It also backed home loans, gave veterans a year of unemployment benefits, and provided for veterans' medical care.

Fordney- McCumber Tariff Law

pushed tariff rates on manufactured goods to an all-time high, helped US manufacturers by enabling them to keep prices high and increase profits (raised it to 60%)

Federal Reserve Bank

reformed the banking system and created the federal reserve board which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank and had the power to issue paper money. plays a crucial role in preserving the health of the economy Federal Bank/ The Fed Period 7

Mugwumps

reformers who could not tolerate James G. Blaine and switch to the Democrats; a word of Indian derivation meant to suggest that they were "sanctimonious" or "holier-than-thou"

Short Term goals under the three R's

relief and immediate recovery in the first two years

Black Tuesday

selling frenzy on Wall Street--days before stock prices had plunged to desperate levels. Investors were willing to sell their shares for pennies on the dollar or were simply holding on to the worthless certificates. marked the beginning of the Great Depression the Wall Street Crash of 1929/ Oct. 29, 1929 Period 7

Pendleton Act

so called Magna Carta of civil service reform; made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal; established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull"; caused politicians to be forced to look elsewhere for money, but it helped drive them into "marriages of convenience" with big-business leaders

Eisenhower Doctrine

stated that the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression. Ike Policy/ Continuation of the Cold War Period 8

Axis Powers

states opposed to the Allies during the Second World Wa Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. Rome-Berlin Axis/ Against Allies Period 7 and 8

Election of 1888

tariff protection vs. tariff reduction divided the political parties; Benjamin Harrison (Republican) won the election with 233 electoral votes and 5,447,129 popular votes; Grover Cleveland lost the election with 168 electoral votes and 5,537,857 popular votes

Abstract Expressionism

term applied to new forms of abstract art developed by American painters such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de Kooning in the 1940s and 1950s. It is often characterised by gestural brush-strokes or mark-making, and the impression of spontaneity.

The steel rail

that Vanderbilt helped popularize when he replaced the old iron tracks of the New York Central with tougher metal

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

that provided the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured individual deposits up to $5000, thereby eliminating the epidemic of bank failure and restoring faith to banks.

Elkins Act

the 1903 legislation that attacked railroad rebates and became the first effective railroad legislation, a 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates.

Aldrich-Vreeland Act

the 1908 response by Congress to the 1907 panic which authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral

Robert Frost

the 1920's San Francisco poet who wrote hauntingly about his adopted New England

Capper- Volstead Act

the 1921 act of Congress which exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.

Landrum- Griffin Act

the 1959 labor legislation that required unions to show more financial accountability and outlawed secondary boycotts, also expanded some anti- labor structures in the Taft- Hartley Act

Island Hopping Campaign

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan. Leapfrogging/ Traveling around Period 7 and 8

Roe V. Wade

the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction.

PATO Strike (1981)

the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was a United States trade union that operated from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following a strike which was broken by the Reagan Administration.

Secretary Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle-down economics (Hamiltonian economics) and that the economy would heal itself. He reduced spending gave tax cuts to the wealthy

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision reversed the previous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson(1896).

United States v. Wheeler

the Supreme Court ruled that tribes have independent legal standings and made termination illegal. Native Americans have unique sovereignty that cannot be regulated by state governments.

Containment/Truman Doctrine

the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces Shaped foreign policy for the next 20 years Truman's Address/Offical declaration of the Cold War Period 8

Charles Evans Hughes

the able and the audacious reformist Republican governor of New York had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust.

The Affluent Society

the books sought to clearly outline the manner in which the post-World War II United States was becoming wealthy in the private sector but remained poor in the public sector, lacking social and physical infrastructure, and perpetuating income disparities. described conditions in the United States after World War II. Prosperity/Post-WWI Period 8

Trusts

the combination of companies to form monopolies, A group of corporations run by a single board of directors, A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

Black Tuesday

the day the stock market crashed. The British raised their interest rates in an effort to bring back capital lured abroad by American investments, Oct. 29, 1929. The day the stock market crashed. Foreign investors dumped their insecurities after the British raised their interest rates. Over 16,000,000 shares of stocks were sold on this day

Red Scare

the fear that communism would take over America, especially after the rise of the Bolsheviks in Russia. Many Americans were afraid of any communistic ties Fear of Communism/ McCarthyism Period 7

Thurgood Marshall

the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. Mr. Civil Rights/ First African-American to serve on the Supreme Court Period 7 and 8

Thurgood Marshall

the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education.

Big Four

the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy. an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations.

Holocaust

the genocide of European Jews during World War II in Germany 6 million Jews died Shoah/Genocide of Jews Period 7 and 8

Hoover Dam

the gigantic Colorado River project voted by Congress under Coolidge, begun under Hoover, and completed under FDR. It was used for irrigation, flood control, and electricity

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

the independent federal agency in the executive branch. Created in 1964, this agency works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance.

Economic Recovery Tax of 1981

the largest tax reduction in the US history. Rates of individuals with the lowest incomes fell from 14 percent to 11 percent, while those of individuals with high incomes dropped from 70 to 50 percent. The law gave corporations tax breaks and cut taxes on capital gains, gifts, and inheritances.

Clean Air Act

the law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry. regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources CAA/ 42 U.S.C. Period 8

Westinghouse air brake

the marvelous contribution to railroad safety and efficiency which was generally adopted in the 1870s

Marshall Plan

the massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power It helped to restore the economy of western Europe. ... European economic recovery meant that the sale of U.S. goods to European countries would increase. European Economic Plan/ The Plan Period 8

Treaty of Versailles

the peace settlement signed after World War, It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson The treaty forced Germany to surrender colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific; cede territory to other nations like France and Poland; reduce the size of its military; pay war reparations to the Allied countries; and accept guilt for the war. Peace Treaty/ First Treaty of Versailles Period 7

Detente

the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. did not end the Cold War, it produced some significant achievements release from tension/Peace Period 8

William James

the philosopher on Harvard faculty, wrote Principles of Psychology, The Will of to Believe, Varieties of Religious Experience, and Pragmatism; 1842-1910: Helped to express a philosophy of the nation. Henry George. He was a journalist-author and an original thinker.

survival of the fittest

the process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection; seen in evolution and in Social Darwinism, by Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer

Plessy V. Ferguson

the supreme court ruled that segregated public places facilities were legal as long as the facilities were equal

Isololationism

the traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders. Many American didn't want to get involved in WWI Remoteness/Selfishness Period 7

Benjamin Harrison

the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress'' and defeated the GOP in the 1890 midterm elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

Grand Army of the Republic

this was an organization formed by the Union veterans at the end of the American Civil War in 1866. Its main goal was to aid fellow veteran's families and to try to obtain pension increases. In 1890, they had over 400,000 members. They also adopted Memorial Day in 1868. The Republican party was influenced by them greatly until 1900.

Colored National Labor Union

this was the colored counterpart of the National Labor Union, and supported Republicans. They didn't often work with the National Labor Union, because of their persistent racism, but they held many of the same values in regards to labor laws.

Square Deal

to Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policies that focused on the "Three C's": Control of corporations, Consumer protection. Conservation of natural resources. It aimed at helping middle-class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting the business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. The Three C's/Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program Period 7

National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966

to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor vehicles and road traffic safety. The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles

Radio

used by American free enterprise for advertising commercials, Politicians' speech could be heard by millions now. Communication/Walkman Period 6

Stock Watering

used in order to increase the weight of cows. Forced a cow to bloat itself with water before it was weighed for sale. It enabled railroad stock promoters to inflate their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value

"dry farming"

using shallow cultivation methods. Unfortunately, after some time this created a finely pulverized surface soil that contributed to the "dust bowl." A Russian species of wheat was used that was drought resistant.

Rough Riders

volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. ... Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested and fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man

Free Silver

was a major economic policy issue in late-19th-century America. Its advocates were in favor of an expansionary monetary policy featuring the unlimited coinage of silver into money on demand, as opposed to strict adherence to the more carefully fixed money supply implicit in the gold standard.

H.L Menken

was a patron to many young writers in the 1920's. "Bad Boy of Baltimore". He criticized many subjects like the middle class, democracy, marriage, and patriotism in his monthly AMERICAN MERCURY."Bad Boy of Baltimore" found fault in much of America in the monthly American Mercury.

SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)

was a second series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. about nuclear arms reduction. The talks, though never ratified by the Senate due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, both sides agreed to limit strategic launchers and weapons.

Depression of 1893-

was a serious economic depression during the Gilded Age. The panic was marked by the collapse of shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures.

Ida B. Wells

was an African American campaigner for the Women's rights movement, she also was a journalist and speaker during the Civil Rights movement. She is known as a great leader for her passionate defensiveness of democracy.

Charles W. Chesnutt

was an African-American author, essayist, political activist and lawyer, best known for his novels and short stories exploring complex issues of racial and social identity in the post-Civil War South.

American Protective Association

was an American anti-Catholic secret society established in 1887 by Protestants, especially Irish Protestants from Canada. It was strongest in the Midwest and came under heavy attack from Democrats until its collapse in the mid-1890s. advocated immigration restrictions, a free public school system to counter the growth of parochial schools, and a slower naturalization process for immigrants.

Louis Sullivan

was an American architect who used steel frames to design skyscrapers. He was also the founder of what is now the Chicago School of Architects. His most famous pupil was Frank Lloyd Wright, who later became a famous architect. Together with his partner Dankmar Adler, he produced over 100 buildings.

Henry Adams

was an American historian and a member of the Adams political family, descended from two U.S. Presidents. As a young Harvard graduate, he served as secretary to his father, Charles Francis Adams, Abraham Lincoln's ambassador to the United Kingdom

Sit-Ins (1960) (importance)

was an integral part of the nonviolent strategy of civil disobedience and mass protests that eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965

Chateau- Thierry

was fought on July 18, 1918 and was one of the first actions of the American Expeditionary Forces under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing. It was a battle in World War I as part of the Second Battle of the Marne, initially prompted by a German offensive launched on 15 July against the AEF, the newest troops on the front.

John T. Scopes

was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. His trial was watched all over the country. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernist. In the outcome, he was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad.

Dawes Severalty Act

was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland in 1887. The law divided communal tribal land into lots to be owned by individual Native Americans. ... The act did this by forcing Native Americans into a Eurocentric lifestyle so that they would assimilate to the culture of white America.. Only those Native Americans who accepted the individual plots of land were allowed to become US citizens. The remainder of the land was then sold off to white settlers.

Mikhail Gorachev

was the Soviet leader that was installed as chairman of the Soviet Communist Party in March 1985. He was amicable, energetic, and most of all committed to reforming the Soviet Union. He championed two policies: glasnost and perestroika.

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley

was the chief chemist of the Department of Agriculture, and with his famous "Poison Squad" performed experiments on himself. He reinforced the attacks by Collier's magazine on the vendors of potent patent medicines, who sold large quantities of adulterated or habit-forming drugs.

Chief Joseph

was the chief of the Wal-lam-wat-kain band of Nez Perce during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly remove his band and the other "non-treaty" Nez Perce to a reservation in Idaho led many of them past American troops, towards Canada, to avoid retribution Red Napoleon/ Younge Joseph Period 6 and 7

Blacklisting

was the term for the business practice of creating lists of people who were suspected communists, they couldn't get any jobs in Holywood. About 250 people were blacklisted

What hotel did five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's quarters

watergate

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. The case lasted for six years until 1927 when the men were electrocuted

Palmer Raids

were attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Because the raids targeted entire organizations, agents arrested everyone found in organization meeting halls, not only arresting non-radical organization members but also visitors who did not belong to a target organization, and sometimes American citizens not eligible for arrest and deportation.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice The Republicans nominated TR

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice during the 1912 election he called for the end of special protections for businesses in government. Nationality/Patriotism Period 7

Reed V. Reed-

Ruled that an Idaho law preferring men over women was unconstitutional and in violation of Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment.

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where T.Roosevelt mediated the Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the Nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

First Trial of the Century

Sacco and Vanzetti convicted of murder Not much evidence Became martyrs for leftist cause

Mark Twain

Samuel Langhorne Clemens better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) the latter often called "The Great American Novel".

Social and Cultural Developments (Reagan)

Sandra Day O Connor Supreme Court Appointment AIDS. Inflation Fell. National Debt tripled

Teapot Dome

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money -Albert fell solid oil reserves to private companies- got cash, cattle, and land in return.

Nagasaki

Second site of the atomic bomb attack on Japan on August 9, 1945. 80,000 people died or went missing

Pentagon Papers, 1971

Secret document papers, leaded by Daniel Ellsberg, published by the New York Times in 1971, showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States that led to the Vietnam war. Revealed the government misleading the people of its involvement in Vietnam, both about the intentions and the outcomes of the conflict. - From Eisnhower to Nixon

John F. Dulles

Secretary of State under Eisenhower. he came up with a plan of massive retaliation. said that if the Communists gave the US any trouble, "we'd nuke them." said that massive retaliation would put the world one step away from ( or on the "brink" of) nuclear war

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial (1945-1946)

Series of trials in Nuremberg, Germany, in which an international military tribunal convicted Nazi leaders of war crimes accused of committing crimes against the laws of war and humanity. The first international war crimes tribunal in history revealed the true extent of German atrocities and held some of the most prominent Nazis accountable for their crimes.

Sharecropping

Sharecropping was a system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedman's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations. They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords

Mary Baker Eddy

She founded the Church of Christ (Christian Science) in 1879. Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. (No need for a doctor, if you have enough faith you can heal yourself). Wrote a widely purchased book, "Science and Health with a key to the Scriptures".

Roaring Economy

Short post-war recession in 1920/1921

Payne-Aldrich Bill

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Payne- Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

Signed by Taft, it bolstered the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and supported labor reforms. It gave the ICC the power to prosecute its own inquiries into violations of its regulations.

Motion Pictures

Silent movies that were shown across the country Provided Another form of entertainment for American citizens Film/Movies Period 6

Neoconcervatives

Small influential group of thinkers who were supporters of Ronald Reagan; acting against the 1960's liberalism; took tough anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy; championed free-market capitalism w/o gov't restraints; questioned liberal forms of welfare programs and affirmative action policies; encouraged traditional values, individualism, and the centrality of the family.

Neoconservatives

Small influential group of thinkers who were supporters of Ronald Reagan; acting against the 1960's liberalism; took tough anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy; championed free-market capitalism w/o gov't restraints; questioned liberal forms of welfare programs and affirmative action policies; encouraged traditional values, individualism, and the centrality of the family.

Open Door Note-1899

Started by Sec. of State John Hay with the Open Door note and stated that any Imperial country could go into China for access but none of them could control it. Created "spheres of influence." Gave everyone the same economic opportunities here. Russia was criticized after the Boxer Rebellion for taking control of a Chinese area in Manchuria. Hay tried to keep American-Chinese trade policies by keeping China intact from the Boxers (rebels)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Started out in the House as a protective measure designed to assist farmers. It acquired about 1000 amendments after being pushed through the Senate. It raised the tariff on foreign goods from 38.5% to 60%

Stokley Carmichael and Black Power

Stokley Carmichael was a SNCC Leader Black Power was a call for blacks to unite politically and economically in black-only organizations to protect their racial identity as they fought for equality. - SNCC, A black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr. but later changed his attitude.

island hopping

Strategy used by American troops in the Pacific in order to bypass some of the most heavily fortified ports and capturing nearby islands.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Adkins V. Children's Hospital

The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision of Muller v. Oregon.

Neutrality Act of 1939

The 1939 act banned U.S. ships from carrying goods or passengers to belligerent ports but allowed U.S. sales of munitions on a "cash-and-carry" basis.. policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States who led the U.S. during WWI One of the most racist Presidents in U.S History The Professor/ Schoolmaster in Politics Period 7

Harry Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. First President in the Cold War

Huey Long

The 40th governor of Louisiana and US senator from 1932-1935 He created a "Share Our Wealth" movement in 1934 to lessen the effects of the Depression. The idea was to distribute wealth more evenly by capping personal incomes at 12 million dollars every year and providing pension benefits to all American citizens. The Kingfish/ Huey Pierce Long Jr. Period 7

Cold War

The 45-year diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union Divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Hot War/Korean War Period 8

Amnesty Act

The Amnesty Act of May 22, 1872, was a United States federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy.

Feminism Movement

The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan (1963) National Organization of Women (NOW) Gloria Steinem Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Roe v. Wade (1973)

Blanche K Bruce

The First African-American to serve in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881 He was born a slave in Virginia and was a Republican Senator Black Senator/ First African-American Senator to serve a full term Period 5 and 6

Engel V. Vitale

The First Amendment to the Constitution protects the right to religious worship yet also shields Americans from the establishment of state-sponsored religion. - This is a case about whether public schools may also play a role in teaching faith to God through the daily recitation of prayer.

Government Finally Acts

The Grange/Farmer's Alliance/Populist Party put on the pressure States gov respond with first RR Regulation Munn v Illinois - ruled against the railroads Wabash St. Louis and Pacific Railway Co. Illions- Federal Government said state governments cant regulate commerce and nullified Munn Any future regulation is up to the Government

Problems Increasing

The Great depression in Europe caused these dictators to rise

Japan's High Tide At Midway

The Japanese invaded New Guinea and landed on the Solomon Islands

Unhorsing the Knights of Labor

The Knights became involved in a number of day strikes in 1886 which half of them failed

David Reisman

The Lonely Crowd. Book written by David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what was right and wrong.

Lusitania

The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans.

Peace Accords, 1973

The Paris Peace Accords of January 27, 1973 intended to establish peace in Vietnam and an end to the Vietnam War. It ended direct U.S. military combat, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam.

Taft Splits the Republican Party

The Republicans lost baldy in the congressional elections in 1910

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

The Purchase of Alaska

The Russians wanted to sell Alaska in 1867

WWI Resuls ( In the world)

The US became the economic and political world leader Russian-Revolution first communist country Old Empires declined Germany was devastated by the Treaty of Versailles France and Britain began to decline

China

The US now throughout itself as a Pacific Power China divided into Spheres of Influence by 1895

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

International Competition

The US wanted to compete with Europe (Germany biggest competition)

Thunder Across the Sea

The US was neutral

Berlin Airlift

The United States' response to the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin which food and supplies into after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city. This was a big win for the U.S.

Imperialists

The belief of the domination of other countries, socially, politically, and economically Wanted to minimize the nation's military and political vulnerability Empire/Colonialism Period 7

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights

Mechanization of Agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.654)

Progressive Reformers

The early 20th-century reform movement, seeking to return control of the government to the people, Wanted to address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption. Ongoing/ Developing Period 7

Democratic Party Re-Alignment (shift of who votes Democrat) Hint: 1932

The election of 1932 when FDR won in a landslide against President Hoover B.Many Republicans voted for FDR C. Demoncrats/ Party shift D. Period 7

Yalta Conference

The establishment of the United Nations Division of Germany into 4 zones (Britain, France, US, and USSR) Free elections allowed in the states of Eastern Europe Russia promises to join the war against Japan No agreement was reached on Poland

Operation Dixie

The failed attempt by the CIO to unionize southern textile and steelworkers; hard to unite because workers feared racial mixing and women only worked part-time. Its purpose was to preserve the gains made by organized labor in the previous decade and, more importantly, to protect its members from the textile industry's tendency to leave organized regions such as New England

Reaganomics

The federal economic policies of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

ABM -( Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty.

The first major achievement of the Nixon-Kissinger detente with the Soviet Union, which led to restrictions on defensive missile systems.

The Jazz Singer-1927

The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

World War I

The first world war in Europe due to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and, in its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for World War II The Great War/ First World War Period 7

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially.

Fireside Chats

The informal radio talks President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had with Americans during the Great Depression. They not only unified America with these nationwide speeches, but he roses American spirits by encouraging Americans through the Great Depression. Cozy chat/one-on-one Period 7

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes for migration included decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK.caused such a dramatic demographic change that by 1970 over 50% of African Americans lived in the Northern areas whereas only 10% lived there in 1900.

Vietnam Protest

The new left launched an Anti- War movement on college campuses Used physical force The biggest reason for the protest was the drafting of men, drafted 50,000 men for Vietnam by 1967 (over the age of 18) The poor were more likely to get drafted than the middle class, you can defer if you were in college Thousands of people are going to fly to Canada Alot of media go to Vietnam to broadcast what is happening in Vietnam

Rockefeller Grows and American Beauty Rose

The oil business boomed by 1870 kerosene was America's 4th most valuable export

Frederick Taylor

The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense. Was signed on August 27, 1928, by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. Pact of Paris/General Treaty for Renunciation of War Period 7

Interlocking directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

Braceros Program

The program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. spawned and institutionalized networks and labor market relationships between Mexico and the United States Manual laborer/"Bracero Program. Period 7

Nifty Fititeies (Teenagers and Rebellion)

The quiet generation Attracted to the lifestyle of rock and roll, television and movie stars Rise in juvenile delinqiuency

Cornelius Vanderbilt

The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just and not considered a "Robber Baron"

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Bolshevik Revolution

The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar.

Miracles of Mechanization

The sheer size of the American Market encouraged innovator to invent mass-production methods

Sunbelt

The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by the warm climate and recently, rapid population growth. Rustbelt. Decay of the once-bustling factory-based economy regions of the northeastern United States.

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Berlin Airlift

The successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city. was a tremendous Cold War victory for the United States Berlin Blockade/ Berliner Luftbrücke Period 8

Reservation System

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

Electoral Count Act

This act set up an electoral commission consisting of fifteen men selected from the Senate, the House, and the Supreme Court. Historical Significance: Created a fair way to count the ballots.

Haymarket Square bombing, 1886

This attack, led by anarchists, was the result of building labor tensions, and led to the executions of five people and the imprisonment of three others, though they were later pardoned by John P. Altgeld.

Louis Brandeis-

This brilliant lawyer and later a justice of the Supreme court spoke and wrote widely about the "curse of bigness." He thought the government should help small businesses.

"Dust Bowl"

This is the term given to the Great Plain where a severe drought hit, killing all of the crops of the region. The topsoil turned to fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained. Drought and wind triggered the storms, dry-farming techniques also caused this

Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act

This law banned "yellow-dog," or anti-union, work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to quash strikes and boycotts. It was an early piece of labor-friendly federal legislation.

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966

This law requires that product labels identify the product, the net quantity of contents, the size of a serving if the number of servings is stated, the manufacturer, the packager or distributor, and additional requirements concerning descriptions on packages, savings claims, components of nonfood products, and standards for partial filling of packages.

Gov. John P. Altgeld

This man pardoned who he believed to be innocent anarchists who were imprisoned for the Haymarket Square bombing. Some people got angry and others were very supportive, but either way he largely faded into the background after he was not elected for a second term.

Fourteenth Amendment

(1868) granted citizenship to blacks with no interference in their civil and political rights, all citizens were guaranteed the right to vote, citizenship would be the same in all states, states that did not give freedmen the vote would have reduced representation in Congress, former Confederate officials could not hold public office, forbade the payment of the confederate debt

Herbert C. Hoover

(1874-1964) A Quaker-humanitarian tapped to head the Food Administration during World War I. During the 1920s, he became the secretary of commerce, promoting economic modernization and responsible leadership by business to hold off further expansion of government power.

Forest Reserve Act

(1891) President Roosevelt used this act to protect some 172 million acres of timberland. Part of the Roosevelt conservation policy of conserving natural resources for the long term good of the public. It was to make big businesses mindful of their effect on the environment

Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Chicago Race Riot

(1919) black populations expanded to white neighborhoods, and found jobs as strikebreakers, and they were triggered by an indecent at a beach lead to black and white gangs killing fifteen whites and 23 blacks

Ruhr Crisis

(1923) France invaded Germany's industrial region when Germany couldn't pay its debts; this resulted in Germany hyperinflation.

Panay Incident

(1937) Japan bombed and sank a US gunboat and 3 Standard Oil tankers on Yangtze - 2 Americans killed; the river was international, Japan testing the US -- Roosevelt angry, Japan apologized & promised no further attacks; public called for the withdrawal of US from China

McCarthyism

. a campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-1954. hundreds of Americans were accused of being "communists" or "communist sympathizers"; they became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committees, and agencies Joesph/ McCarthy/ Anti-Communism Period 8

Neutrality Acts

. prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars. tried to keep the United States out of the war, Neutrality Act of 1935/ Neutailiy Act of 1937 Period 7

Anthony Comstock

.A former United States Postal Inspector and politician dedicated to ideas of Victorian morality. In 1873 Comstock created the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, an institution dedicated to supervising the morality of the public. Later that year, Comstock successfully influenced the United States Congress to pass the Comstock Law, which made the delivery or transportation of both "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" material as well as any methods of, or information pertaining to, birth control.

Monkey Trial/Scopes trial

-1925- a highly publicized trial where John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later. Displayed the fundamentalism prevalent in rural areas at the time

Battle of Britain

1. (Autumn 1940) 2. The launching pad for the Allied Invasion of France in 1944 German army starts bombing Britain Germany Bombs London Hitler was forced to cancel plans for Britain

The Problem of Germany

1. 12 of the accused Nazi's died and seven were sent to long term jails 2. Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones each assigned to France, Britain, America, and the USSR 3. Berlin was divided into 4 sectors

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1. Created in response to the Berlin crisis 2. The purpose was to coordinate defense against the Soviet Union 3. Started with 12 nations

Charting a New World

1. Hitler and Stalin didn't trust each other 2. In June 1941 Hitler launched an attack on the Soviet Union 3. The US-backed the soviet union

Republican Principles and Programs

1. Moderates and Radical still disagreed over the best course to pursue in the South 2. The radicals in the Senate were led by Charles Summer 3. The radicals in the House were led by Thaddeus Stevens 4. The radicals wanted to keep them out for as long as possible 5. The moderates wanted policies that restrained the states from abiding by citizens rights

The Shock of War

1. National Unity was no worry because of Pearl Harbor 2. Millions of Italian and German Americans supported the nation's war programs 3. WWII speeded the assimilation of many ethnic groups into American society 4. The war caused the New Deal, Works Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration to be wiped out by the conservative congress elected in 1942

Dwight D. Eisenhower Brinkmanship

1. Secretary of State John F. Dulles 2. Mutually Assured Destruction 3. Eisenhower Doctrine- Extension to the middle east 4. Temporary Thaw with Soviet Union

First Cold War President- Harry Truman (1945-1953)

1. Shaped foreign policy for the next 20 years 2. Recognized the Nation of Israel (created in 1948) 3. Developed the Marshall Plan

The Stench of Scandal

1. The Teapot dome scandal polluted Washington's reputation of Government 2. Citizens wanted to know what was going on with public officials 3. Harding died in 1923 of pneumonia and thrombosis

The Cold War 1945-1990 (Themes)

1. The US v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 2. Democracy vs. Communism 3. Capitalism vs. socialism

Vietnam Vexations

1. The US was sinking deeper into Vietnam 2. By 1968 there were half a million troops in southeast Asia 3. There were protests across the country about the Vietnam War 4. By 1968 Vietnam became the most unpopular foreign war in US history 5. More than 100,000 American troops died 6. More bombs had been dropped on Vietnam than an enemy territory in WWII

Black Power

1. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked the last major legislative victory for the civil rights movement 2. By 1972 nearly half of southern black children sat in integrated classrooms 3. Schools in the south were more integrated than in the north

William Jennings Bryan

1860-1925) A politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. Did not support the Gold Standard, railroads, or banks. Supporter of populist Dem. Promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting. 41st Secretary of State under Pres. Woodrow Wilson. A populist leader. Prosecuted John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee school.

Woodstock (1969)

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 500,000 people gather in a 600 acre field

February 1, 1960

4 black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina demanded service at a whites-only lunch counter. Within a week, the sit-in reached 1,000 students, spreading a wave of wade-ins, lie-ins, and pray-ins across the South demanding equal right

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents, prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars.

Black Monday (10/19/87)

508 point drop in the stock market

Committee on Public Information

917) A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its Chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort.

Referendum

: a law passed by the legislature can be a reference to the people for approval/veto. the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. Popular Vote/Poll Period 6 and 7

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Initiative

Allows citizens to introduce a bill

Horizontal Integration (Rockefeller)

Allying with other competitors to monopolize a market

Yellow Peril

Also known as Yellow Terror; a term referring to the skin color of East Asians, originating in the late 19th century with immigration of Chinese workers; referred to the belief that mass immigration of Asians threatened white wages and standards of living

Immigration Act of 1924-

Also known as the "National Origins Act", this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether. Quotas were cut from 3% to 2%

Ruben James

American destroyer sunk by German U-boat, killed many American sailors -> Congress now approved a measure that would allow the US to arm its merchant's vessels and sail to belligerent ports *naval war

Cointelpro

An FBI program begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations: Targeted antiwar groups during the Vietnam War.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

An act that placed southern states under military rule after the civil war Laid out the process of readmitting the Southern States into the Union Radical Reconstruction/ Limited Reconstruction Period 5

Desert Land Act of 1877

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States. -The federal Gov sold land cheaply on the condition that the purchase irrigate the soil within 3 years

Freedmen's Bureau

An agency created in 1865 to provide food, clothing, medical care, etc. to newly freed slaves. Fed millions of people, built hospitals, and provided medical aid. Bureau of Refugees/ Abandoned Lands Period 5

Thorstein Veblen

A crazy and brilliant economic reformer. In his book The Theory of the Leisure Class, he made fun of the business elite. He said that engineers, who were shaped by the discipline of machines, would be better leaders than the business class.

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African-American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life.

Yalta Conference

A meeting in Yalta of President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February in 1945, in which the leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations, and Russian entry into the war against Japan. Divided Germany into four occupation zones, created the United Nations, The soviet union would attack Germany

Atomic Bomb

A nuclear weapon that unleashes a large amount of energy through nuclear fission; Two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) which forced Japan to surrender and ended WWII. nuclear weapon/nuke Period 7 and 8

Federal Emergency Relief Act

A relief effort for the unemployed with immediate relief goals looked for immediate relief rather than long-term alleviation, and its Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land it generated and sold surplus electricity, created jobs, and conserved water power. C. TVA/"The Heart of the Valley" D. Period 7

Gentlemen's Agreement

An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration (withheld passports and stopped the flow of laborers), and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped. The agreement prevented a war that would have been caused by California, who was in Japan's eyes, oppressing their children.

Trade Expansion Act of 1962

Authorized tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with Common Market countries. Atlantic Community. foreign policy between America and West Germany with America as the dominant partner.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act-

Authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries, made strikes against any government-operated industry a criminal offense. Allowed the government to temporarily take control of the coal mines and railroads.

Impact (Impechment)

Avoid setting a bad precedent, no impeachment because of political disagreement Radical Republicans lose influence Johnson Back Down Stopped with vetos Focused on foreign affairs Get Alaska in 1867 Sec of State William Seward 7.2 Million

Music as Expression (Artists)

Bob Dylan Jim Morrison Rolling Stones The Beatles Joan Baez Jimi Hendrix

Why atomic bomb?

Bombs saved American lived

African American Leaders

Booker T. Washington W.E.B Dubois Ida B. Wells

Progressive Era Gains (African-Americans)

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois NAACP and National Urban League Great Migration

Venezuela

Border Dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela Cleveland motivated by Monroe Doctrine can't take territory British Back down Prestige Monroe Doctrine enhanced Latin Americans happy/worried Happy - US stood up for LA Worried the US-dominated

Resettlement Administration

Charged with the task of removing near-frameless farmers to better land

Potsdam Conference (mid-July- August)

Clement Atlee, Truman, and Stalin Warned Japan to surrender Truman warned of US casualties for Japan invasion

Neutrality not easy

Closer ties with allies Many Am immigrants from Central Powers Easier geographically to trade with allies and blockade Economy slump eased by request for war supplies Willing to trade with both but mostly traded with allies By the end of the war 10 million people died Wilson didn't want to enter into the war, the US remained neutral at first

Jacob Riis

Danish immigrant reporter for the New York Sun who shocked middle-class Americans with his account "How the Other Half Lives", a damning indictment of the poverty of the New York slums that profoundly influenced New York City police commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt.

Charles Darwin

Darwin was an English naturalist who wrote On the Origin of the Species in 1859.

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) (Republican)

Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programs Massive Military expenditures Deregulation- New Federalism

Election of 1912 (Progressive/ Bull Moose Party)

Split Republican Party after Taft nomination, nominate Roosevelt

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Declaration of Cairo (issued December 1943)

FDR and Chang Kai-shek Chinese territories returned Korea free

Casablanca Confrence (Jan 1943)

FDR and Churchill "unconditional surrender" Italy Invaded before France

Election of 1944 and death of FDR

FDR with new running mate Harry Truman (Dems win) The Republicans nominated Thomas Dewy FDR won with 432 electoral college votes to Dewy's 99 electoral college On April 12, 1945, FDR died during his 4th Term FDR never saw Germany surrender Harry Truman became President Was in the dark about war issues (the bomb) 7. Successful testing of the atomic bomb in July in New Mexico

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

New Nationalism Platform

Strong government= econ/social order More business regulation Women's suffrage More social; reforms/ social welfare program

Dumbbell Tenement Houses

Structures in the city which were grouped tightly together but were required to have two-foot-wide air shafts between each other, creating the appearance of a dumbbell shape if viewed from above. These tenement houses were cramped and provided little ventilation, which did more harm than good and led to many fires.

Berkeley Free Speech Movement, 1964-1965

Students insisted that the university administration lift a ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students right to free speech and academic freedom, campus uprising started here

Reagan Revolution (Demographics)

Suburbia Blue Collar Workers Young Urban professionals Christian fundamentals Bible Belt (South) Midwest and Rocky Mountains

Great Marianas "Turkey Shoot"

Successful defensive naval battle that destroyed many Japanese aircraft.

Increase Sub Activity

Sunk 4 unarmed ships in first and lasted two weeks in march

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy.

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. to prevent law enforcement from forcing individuals being interrogated to incriminate themselves Miranda Warning/ Ernesto Miranda, Period 8

U.S. vs Wong Kim

Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese born Americans, felt that they could not strip them of citizenship because of 14th Amendment

Election of 1908

TR pushed William Howard Taft Easily beats Wiliam Bryan Jennings 3rd Candidate- Eugine Debs TR leaves for a lion hunting trip Taft as President The biggest issue- not TR

Progressive Presidents

Teddy Roosevelt William Taft Woodrow Wilson

George Marshall

Former World War II general who became secretary of state under President Truman. He was the originator of the concept of the Marshall Plan to provide aid to reconstruct Western Europe in 1947

Allied Powers

France, Britain, and Russia (later joined by the US, Italy, and Japan)

Allies of WWI (Triple Entente)

France, Great Britain, Russia (U.S. later)

Treaty of Versailles

Given to Germany in June 1919 Signed under pressure

14th Amendment

Gives citizenship to African-Americans, disqualifies former Confederate Governments to hold Federal or state office.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

The Wright Brothers

In 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. ON the first flight, the plane flew 120 feet in twelve seconds. They made four flights that day, the longest lasting 59 seconds. No one was particularly interested in these flights for no one could find any uses for it. Finally, by the 1920s the airplane effectively made travel and trade easier and was widely recognized.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

Charles R. Forbes

In 1923 he resigned as head of the Veteran's Bureau. He swindled $200 million from the government in building Veteran's hospitals. He was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary. This was part of the Harding scandal and the "Ohio gang"

Hoover Battles the Great Depression

In 1930, the Democrats gained the majority in the house and almost controlled the senate

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it; prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.anned "discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin.

Declaration of War

In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460) -Declaration of War- April 6, 1917

Iwo Jima

Island captured by the US in order to make it a haven for damaged American bombers returning from Japan.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

It was created in 1970 to protect the rights and safety of the workers. Its responsibilities are to encourage employees and employers to reduce workplace hazards, improve existing safety, and monitor job-related injuries and illnesses.

Rise of Totalitarian Regimes

Italy- Benito Mussolini Germany- Hitler won power in 1930/dictator by 1933 Japan-Slowing consolidating power behind military dictatorship and wanted to expand influence in the pacific Soveit Union- Joesph Stalin

The US gets more involved

Jan 15- Germany declares submarine warfare The Lusitani, sunk on May 17, 1915 Germany claims

Cultural Promotion (Great Society)

National Historic Presveration National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities Public Broadcasting (PBS) and Public Radio (NPR)

Internal Security Bill

Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war

Truth in Securities Act

Required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bond

Meat Inspection Act

Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts.

Underwood Tariff

Law passed by Congress in 1913 that substantially reduced tariffs and made up for the lost revenue by providing for a graduated income tax

Executive Order No. 9066

Law that forced many Japanese-Americans into internment camps, potentially unconstitutional although deemed so by the Supreme Court. This was the order given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that called for the internment of all Americans of Japanese ancestry.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws are written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government. "Separate but equal"

Second Red Scare (Goverment Policies)

Smith Act of 1940 Loyalty Review Board McCarran Internal Security Act 1950

Sputnik

Soviet satellite launched into orbit in 1957, astounding the world and rattling America's self-confidence regarding scientific superiority and military security; Eisenhower established NASA and set aside billions for missile development

The rivalry between East and West= Cold War

Soviets controlled most of Eastern Europe The Atomic Age

Defeating Japan

Soviets invade Manchuria

Moscow Confrence (October 1943)

Soviets to war against Japan after Germany defeated, enter UN

Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler

Spanish General in Cuba who herded many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps so they could not help the insurrectos. Called "Butcher Weyler" because hundreds of thousands of people died in his concentration camps

Thomas Eakins

Specialized in painting the everyday lives of working-class men and women and used the new technology of serial-actions photographs to study human anatomy and paint it more realistically.

SPAR's

U.S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve

Okinawa

US victory with many casualties allowed closer bases from which to bomb Japan

Referendum

Voters vote for proposed laws

allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to

Voting Rights Act

Marshall Plan

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952). Economic Aid to Europe. Two motives for the Marshall plan (Markets and communism). Gave $12.5 Billion to 16 European Countries. Got the economy back and communism lost ground in Italy and France

Teapot Dome Scandal

a bribery incident that took place in the United States in 1922-1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates. one of the most extreme examples of government corruption in United States history Oil Reserves Scandal/ Elk Hills Scandal, Period 7

McCarthyism

a campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-1954

McCarthyism

a campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-1954.Loyalty Checks. President Harry S. Truman issued an executive decree establishing a sweeping loyalty investigation of federal employees.

Homestead Act-

a federal law promoting westward expansion by allotting 160 acres of free public land to individual settlers

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

a federal program of financial assistance to low-income families, commonly known as "welfare" until it was replaced by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) in 1996.

Smith Act of 1940

a federal statute that set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the US government and required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. It was used against political organizations and figures like alleged communists and fascists. Can't advocate to overthrow the government and you cant be apart of an organization that wants to overthrow the Government

Massive Retaliation

a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack promised a strong response to Soviet threats against allies, but without the use of nuclear weapons. massive response/ massive deterrence Period 8

Frank Norris

a muckraker who wrote a book called the octopus which said that railroads strangled farmers because it was too expensive

Desert Fox

a nickname was given for German General Erwin Rommel; led German forces through North Africa.

Fair Deal

a program that called for improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVA's, and the extension of social security raised the minimum wage, better public housing, extended old-age insurance to more people. Square Deal/ Right Deal Period 8

Supplemental Security Income

a program that pays benefits to disabled adults and children who have limited income and resources.

Sudetenland

a region of Czechoslovakia were many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war

Executive order 9981

an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.

Fourteen Points

an ideological statement issued by Woodrow Wilson that set the principles for peace during WW1 Some of these principles would later be used in the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles to end WW1. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination. 14 Points/ Point 14 Period 7

Korean War

an important development in the Cold War because it was the first time that the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, had fought a 'proxy war ' in a third country. The proxy war or 'limited war ' strategy would be a feature of other Cold War conflicts,

Bessemer process

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

James Whistler

artist from Massachusetts who did much of his work in England; known for a portrait of his mother; dropped out of West Point after failing chemistry

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

as an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda. This congressional Committee investigated Communist influence inside and outside the US government after WWII.

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp

barred public schools from reading the Lord's Prayer and Bible verses over the public address system in schools

Frontiero V. Richardson

benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex

"Operation Rolling Thunder"

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight. Started when Viet Cong guerrillas attacked an American airbase at Pleiku, South Vietnam February of 1965. More than 184,00 American troops were involved

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Eral Warren

controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969); he led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes; presided over the Brown v. the Board of Education case.

Henry George

controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land. Emily Dickinson. gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death.

National Labor Relations Board

created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930s by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

created in 1949 to assist in providing protection against the Soviet Union. The organization was originally established by The United States, Canada, and some Western European countries but has expanded over the years. The main purpose of this alliance is the agreement that if one of the countries is attacked, all countries will respond and defend it. North Atlantic Alliance/ NATO Period 8

Thomas Alva Edison

created many inventions but one of his most famous was the perfection of the electric light bulb in 1879

Counter-Culture

culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture; "hippies" who accepted drugs and sexuality and lived unconnected to the past. to some Americans, the movement reflected American ideals of free speech, equality, world peace, and the pursuit of happiness. To others, it reflected a self-indulgent, pointlessly rebellious, unpatriotic, and destructive assault on America's traditional moral order. Hippies/ Against Period 8

Grover Cleveland

democrat; elected president in 1884 and again in 1892 (non-consecutive terms); first democratic president since Buchanan (28 years earlier); vetoed a bill to provide seeds for drought-ravaged Texas farmers ("Though the people support the government, the government should not support the people"); supported civil-service reform and tariff reduction

Lend-Lease Act

given President Roosevelt virtually unlimited authority to direct material aid such as ammunition, tanks, airplanes, trucks, and food to the war effort in Europe without violating the nation's official position of neutrality. It allowed the president to transfer materials to Britain WITHOUT payment Lend-Lease Policy/An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, Period 7 and 8

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up a federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health. SSA/The Social Security Act of 1935 Period 7

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up a federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health. By 1939 over 45 million people were eligible for Social Security benefits

Col. Charles R. Forbes

head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals.

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie

held that they wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money Some of the wealthy were a bit more compassionate Saw some responsibility with wealth (built concert halls, colleges, and libraries)

Office of Economic Activity

helps low-income individuals and families at or below 200% of the federal poverty level achieve self-sufficiency.

Hull House

is a settlement house that she installed in a ghetto of Chicago. The house inspired many other like settlements across the country, while Addams spent her lifetime battling for garbage removal, playgrounds, better street lighting, and police protection.

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara

was the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968, during which time he played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis.

World's Columbian Exposition

was the first world's fair held in Chicago. Carving out some 600 acres of Frederick Law Olmsted's Jackson Park, the exposition was a major milestone. Congress awarded Chicago the opportunity to host the fair over the other candidate cities of New York, Washington D.C., and St.

Pacific Railroad Act

were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

Some successes of the prohibition

were bank savings increased, absenteeism in the industry increased, death rates from alcoholism decreased and less alcohol was consumed than in the days before prohibition

Keynesianism effects

with the depression still lingering in 1937, FDR announced a bold new program embracing this theory and effectively reversing current economic policies

National Association of Colored Women's

with the goal of promoting equality for African American women. One of Talbert's more famous speeches, "Women and Colored Women," focused on the "clear powers of observation and judgment" African American women had gained.

Theodore Dreiser

write as a Realist (not Romantic) in An American Tragedy about the murder of a pregnant working girl by her socially-conscious lover

Ernest Hemingway

wrote The Sun Also Rises, and A Farewell to Arms, and became a voice for the "Lost Generation", reflecting postwar disillusionment. Ended up committing suicide.

Pearl S. Buck

wrote a beautiful and timeless novel, The Good Earth, about a simple Chinese farmer which earned her the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938.

David G. Philips

wrote his series in Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate" (1906). He charged that seventy-five of the ninety senators did not represent the people at all but the railroads and trusts. This withering indictment, buttressed by facts, impressed President Roosevelt. Phillips continued his attacks through novels and was fatally shot in 1911 by a deranged young man whose family he had allegedly maligned.

plutocracy

is the rule or power through wealth or by the wealthy. In a plutocracy, the degree of economic inequality is high while the level of social mobility is low; contrasts with a democracy; seen in the railroad business but the public was slower to respond to this political injustice; supported by Social Darwinists; took its stand solely on the Constitution, the clause that gave Congress sole jurisdiction over interstates commerce was a godsend to the monopolists, their high priced lawyers used it to thwart controls by the states legislatures, giant trusts likewise sought refuge behind the Fourteenth Amendment because the courts interpreted a person to be a "legal corporation" and said it couldn't be deprived of its property

National Defense Education Act of 1958

law that authorized the use of federal funds to improve the nation's elementary and high schools; inspired by Cold War fears that the United States was falling behind the Soviet Union in the arms and space race, it was directed at improving science, math, and foreign-language education.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

led by John Lewis, originally began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As their popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", their efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal

Free Speech Movement

led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students' rights. It spread to colleges throughout the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.

General William R. Shafter

led the invasion force from the rear to drive Cervera out of Cuba. (US)

Tax Reform Act of 1986

lowered highest income tax rates from 50% to 28%; lowered corporate income taxes from 46% to 34%; removed many tax shelters and exemptions; six million poor families exempt from all income taxes.

Twine Binder

machine that bound grain in bundles and deposited it in stacks -speeded up grain harvesting, reduced the threat of losing crops to the unpredictable weather

Wilson's 14 Points (Importance)

made Germany to ask for peace and made Wilson the moral world leader

McCarran Internal Security Act 1950

made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the US. Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government

Agricultural Adjustment Act

made was available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages.

What are the characteristics of Suburbia?

middle class, white-flight,black migration to cities

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups - The goal was to replace radical republicans with political leaders supporting white supremacy

National Prohibition Party

organized in 1869 in response to the increasing amount of liquor intake by Americans due to the Civil War and foreigners used to it

Josiah Strong

our country, Author of Our Country, expansionist who blended racist and religious reasons to justify American expansion; he saw the Anglo-Saxon race as trained by God to expand throughout the world and spread Christianity along the way.

What was the decision of Miranda v Arizona?

person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right

Contraction

policy which decreased the amount of money per capita in circulation between 1870 and 1880.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

political party organized by civil rights activists to challenge Mississippi's delegation to the Democratic National Convention, who opposed the civil rights planks in the party's platform.

Affirmative Action

program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education, the term grew from an executive order issued by JFK in 1961 mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices.

Neutrality Acts of 1936

prohibited loans from private business to belligerent nations

Interstate Commerce Act

prohibited rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short trip than for a long one over the same line

Promoters Profits

railroaded managers enforced to charge extortionate rates and wage ruthless competitive battles in order to pay off financial obligations

Oil Crisis

raises the price of oil in the west as a response to the west's support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War considered the biggest economic issue since the Great Depression; the president imposed Price controls which led to gas shortages. Oil Crisis of 1973 / OPEC Period 8

In the 1950s, both the beat movement and rock 'n' roll were viewed as forms of

rebellion (counter-culture)

Great Rapprochement-

reconciliation between the US and Britain. the new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations and foreign policies as the 20th century started

Gold Bugs

referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver. 16 to 1. ratio of oz of silver to the oz of gold compromise measure in the Bland-Allison Act; for debt relief. Dingley Tariff Bill.

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

same as the first AAA but funded from general taxation and therefore acceptable to the Supreme Court. this act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, to oversee the distribution of subsidies to alleviate the problems with farms out west.

Tet Offensive (January 1968)

series of Communist attacks on 44 South Vietnamese cities; although the Viet Cong suffered a major defeat, the attacks ended the American view that the war was winnable and destroyed the nation's will to escalate the war further. - Vietcong launch a surprising attack -U.S. military victory but a political and popular victory for Minh and North Vietnamese

The Treaty of Wanghia

signed by the U.S. and China assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

check powers

some of the laws it passed expressly delegated legislative authority to the chief excutive

Alger Hiss

state department offical. was accused of giving secret government documents to the Soviets

Justice Earl Warren

stepped up to confront important social issues-especially civil rights for African Americans.

What best summarizes Conformity in the 1950s?

strong patriotism and need to conform

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC

student-created & led civil right organization that worked for desegregation through sit-ins, freedom rides, & civil disobedience

Margaret Mead

studied gender roles& sexuality, cultural anthropologist

Franklin D. Roosevelt

supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort implemented a Europe-first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan. FDR/The Boss Period 5-8

Imperialism as foregin policy

takes shape after 1890

Alot of people saw the Civil Rights Movement as

the "Second Reconstruction" (1954-1968)

Cold War

the 45-year diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist.was a period of political, military, economic, and ideological tension between Western democratic nations led by the US and Eastern communist countries led by the Soviet Union (USSR) from around 1947 to 1991.

Progressives believed that

the Government should be used to protect the public

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to society- specifically in economics and business in America was embraced by the nation's wealthy upper class in the late 19th century to justify their accumulation of wealth and power. Survival of the Fittest/ Social Darwinists Period 6

"flexible response"

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Flexible Response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons.

D-Day

the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war. It marked the turn of the tide for the control maintained by Nazi Germany Normandy Landings/Operation overload Period 7

The Sherman Silver Purchase Act

the federal government purchased millions of ounces of silver, with issues of paper currency. It became the second-largest buyer in the world, after the British Crown in India, where the Indian rupee was backed by silver rather than gold.

Greer

the first U.S. Navy ship to fire on a German ship, three months before the United States officially entered World War II.

Indian Wars

the multiple conflicts between American settlers or the United States government and the native peoples of North America from the time of earliest colonial settlement until 1890 This resulted in the death of thousands of Native Americans The American Indian Wars/First Nations wars Period 1-6

Missouri Gang

the nickname for the associates who gathered around Truman who often had his stubborn loyalty in spite of their short-comings

The Big Four-

the nickname for the chief financial backers of the Central Pacific Railroad who reaped large profits in the late 1860s but did not bribe congressmen

Alfred E. Smith

the nominee, by Democrats, in the 1928 election who ran against Herbert Hoover. He was the four-time governor of New York, with a very friendly personality.

Detente

the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter.

Stimson Doctrine

the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931. Hoover-Stimson Doctrine/ Asian Doctrine Period 7

Forced Busing

the practice of transporting students to schools within or outside their local school districts as a means of rectifying racial segregation

Bully Pulpit

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public, Won over public opinion using Media

Volstead Act

the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the United States. the price for illegal alcohol rose higher than the average worker could afford 18th Amendment/ National Prohibition Act Period 7

referendum

the proposed system of placing to-be-passed laws on ballots, allowing the people to vote on them

Lockout

the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms.

The gilded age is also known as

the second industrial revolution

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days. an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal.

Square Deal

the stated policy of President Theodore Roosevelt, originally promising fairness in all dealings with labor and management and later extended to include other groups.It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

Taft's Foreign Policy (far east)

they tried to buy railroads in China but failed

Both Britain and France agreed that if Hitler took Poland

they would help Poland out

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

treaty that stated that Great Britain ceded its interest in building a canal across the Central American isthmus in return for a US promise to leave such a canal open to ships of all nations

Robin Moor

unarmed US merchant ship torpedoed and destroyed by a German U-boat outside war zone; May 1941

American Expeditionary Forces

under General John J. Pershing launched their first major offensive in Europe as an independent army. Their successful campaign was a major turning point in the war for the Allies. Ultimately, U.S. forces helped to defeat Germany earlier than expected.

Truman Doctrine

us will Support Any democratic country that is fighting communism. Shaped communism for the next 20 years

Levittown

utilized mass-production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban NY to relieve post war housing shortage; became the symbol of the movement to suburbs; conformity of houses; diverse communities; home for lower-middle-class families.

Eisnhower and the Indians

wanted to cancel the Native American tribal reservation policies, wanted to terminate them as illegal entities and revert to the assiminalits goals of the Dawes Act of 1887. It was banned in 1961

Social Gospel

was a movement within the Protestant Christian, lead by numerous activists, with the intent to apply Christian ethics to solve social problems such as inequality, liquor, crime, slums, child labor, poverty, and so on.

City Beautiful Movement

was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.

Dollar Diplomacy

was an economic policy of the United States of America begun during the William Howard Taft Presidency (1909-1913). The policy itself was aimed at furthering the interests of the U.S. abroad by encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries, specifically, Latin and South America.

Fourteen Points

was an ideological statement issued by Woodrow Wilson that set the principles for peace during WW1. Some of these principles would later be used in the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles to end WW1. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

was an organization formed on February 18, 1890, to advocate in favor of women's suffrage in the United States.

Germany post WWII

was broken up into four parts british russian french american same with berlin the capital which was very much inside russian control of land -Partition of Germany (soviets in the east and democracy in the west)

The Treaty of Versailles

was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars.

Vichy France

"Puppet" government in southern France; basically run by Germany during the German occupation

Combine

(1834) first invented by Hiram Moore, revised several times after that. Machine that harvests grain crops such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn, soybeans, and flax. Combines reaping, threshing, and winnowing into a single process. Significant invention because it was one of the most economically important labor saving inventions. It enabled just a small fraction of the population to have to be engaged in agriculture, opening room for more other jobs.

Panay

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed an American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Patronage

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Natural Selection

-A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Dawes Plan

-A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Importance) (Part 2)

-built two independent political parties and organized labor unions and agricultural cooperatives; and given the movement for women's liberation new energy. It inspired and trained the activists who began the "New Left." It helped expand the limits of political debate within Black America and broadened the focus of the civil rights movement. Unlike mainstream civil rights groups, which merely sought integration of Blacks into the existing order, SNCC sought structural changes in American society itself"

Free to Choose

-conservative economist Milton Friedmans book -idea that government did not produce America

neutrality Act of 1937

-non military goods must be purchased on a cash & carry basis - come to the US, pay, and take them away (no US shipping)

Columbia University Protests

-occurred after students discovered link between the university and pro Vietnam war organizations -student occupation of many university buildings and violent removal of protesters - eventual violent removal of protesters by the New York City Police Department.

Home Owners' Loan Corporation

-refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes and bolted down the loyalties of the middle class, Democratic homeowners.

Lyndon Johnson

-signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. He had a war on poverty on his agenda. In an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families.

Roe V. Wade

-the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

The Roots of Postwar Prosperity

1) War 2) Scientific Research and development 3) Cheap energy 4) Rising education/increased productivity 5) More job sectors (out of agriculture)

Wartime Migrations

1. 15 million Americans who served in WWII didn't come back to the US after the war 2. 1.6 million African Americans left the south to seeks jobs in the West and North 3. The Northward migration of African Americans helped accelerated the war because of the mechanical cotton picker 4. WWII caused the larger great migration than during WWI 5. By 1970 half of African American living in the south 6. Thousands of Native Americans found war work in cites 7. By the end of the war, more than half of Native Americans lived in cities

The Berlin Crisis June 1948-May 1949

1. 1948 Blockade of West Berlin 2. Western Response- airlifting supplies 3. May 1949- USSR admitted defeat, lifted the blockade 4. Berlin split into 4 zones as well 5. Dropped 2 million tons of supplies to west berlin

China

1. 1949- the Peoples Republic of China (defeats Chang-Kai-Shek) 2. Mao Zedong (communist) takes control 3. Nationalists flee to Formosas (Taiwan) 4. Seen as a major defeat for the containment policy 5. China had a mini civil war after WWII about how the Government should be run 6. Now 25% of the world population is communists

Cultural Liberation

1. A decade after WWI a new generation of artists and writers burst upon the scene 2. Many writers and artist came from ethnic and regional backgrounds

Frustrated Farmers

1. A depression swept through agricultural districts in the 1920s 2. Coolidge vetoed the Haugen bill twice which meant farm prices stayed down

The Vital Center (1948-1968)

1. A political consensus developed in America 2. The vast majority of Americans agreed on a certain idea 3. Anti-militarism (communism) 4. Pro-Contanemnet 5. Economic growth is good 6. Vietnam fractured the "vital center"

Washington Naval Confrecne (1921-1922)

1. Addressed naval disarmament 2. No new battleships wouldn't be created for another 10 years 3. 5-Power, 4-Power, and 9-Power Treaties signed

The Seventies in Black and White

1. Affirmative action programs also remained controversial 2. Native Americans in the 1970's gained power using the court system

The Rising Sun in the Pacific

1. After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched a widespread attacked on the Far Eastern Countries 2. The Japanese took the British-Chinese port Hong Kong and the British Malaya and Bruma

Watergate and the Unmaking of a President

1. After Spiro resigned as VP Nixon nominated and congress confirmed Gerald Ford to become the VP 2. Nixon resigned from the Presidency in August 1974

New Horizons in Two Hemispheres

1. After the conflicts, the U.S. was seen as a world power 2.The U.S became an Estearn power after conquering the Philippines

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

1. America was determined to keep out of the war that they declined to build up its armed forces to a point where it could deter the aggressors 2. The US Army declined

The Allies Triumphant

1. Americans had about 1 million casualties 2. The Soviet Union had 25 million casualties

Controlling Bad Businesses

1. Anthracite Coal Mine Strike in 1902 2. Pushed new legislation

Nixon's Detente With Beijing and Moscow

1. China and the USSR were in war 2. Nixon went to China in February 1972 3. Nixon traveled to Moscow in May 1972

The End of the Trail

1. Chritian reformers sometimes withheld food to force the Native Americans to give up their tribal lands and assimilate into white society 2. In 1879 the Government funded a Carlisle Indian School in PA where NO children were separated from their tribes, were taught english 3. By 1900, NA lost 50% of their 156 million acres of land

Stemming the Foreign Blood

1. From 1920 to 1921 about 800,000 immigrants came to America, ⅔ of them from southern and eastern Europe 2. The immigration Act of 1924 marked the end of an era of unrestricted immigration 3. Latin Americans and Canadians were exempt from this quota system 4. More foreigners left than arrived 5. By the 1920s immigrants lived in isolated enclaves with their own houses of worship, newspapers, and theaters

Election of 1880 Garfield

1. Garfield wins but was shot in September 1881 2.Shot by Charles Guiteau because he didn't get the federal job

First Unelected President

1. Geralrd Ford was the first President by the votes from congress 2. Ford pardoned Nixon for any crimes he committed as President

The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s

1. In the 1960s a newly negative attitude towards all kinds of authority took hold 2. Churchgoing declined from 48% to 41% in the early 1970s 3. A new cultural divide began to take shape as educated Americans became more secular and the less educated became more religious

Warsaw Pact

1. Organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe 2. Established in response to NATO

Impact of Civil War on economic expansion

1. Pacific Railway Act of 1862 2. National Banking Act of 1863 3. Morrill Tariff 1862 4. Homestead Act 1862 5. Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

Two significant new improvements proved a boon to railroads

1. Steel Rail 2. Westinghouse air brake

Cold War Characteristics

1. Struggle that contained everything short of war 2. Competing for social and economic ideologies 3. From WWII to Cold War

Sunbelt vs. the Frostbelt

1. Sunbelt is the south 2. Frostbelt in the north 3. 15 state area stretching from VA through FL and TX to AZ to CA 4. The advent of air conditioning spurred growth 5. War industries and tech attract millions to the west coast 6. Rustbelt of Ohio lost ground.

Wilson's Agenda

1. Tariffs 2. Income Tax 3. Banking/Currency Reform 4. Federal Reserve Act 1913-

The Advent of Eisenhower

1. The Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson 2. The Republicans nominated Dwight Eisenhower with Richard Nixon as his running mate 3. Eisenhower won the 1952 election with 442 electoral votes to Stevenson's 89 electoral votes

Hollywood's Film And Fantasies

1. The birth of a real movie came in 1903 2. Hollywood became the movie capital of the world

The Dynamic Decade

1. The census of 1920 revealed that for their first time that most Americans didn't live in the countryside but in urban eras 2. Women continued to find opportunities for employment in cities 3.

The Business of Amusement

1. The circus appeared in 1881 2. The colorful wild west shows first performed in 1883 3. Baseball became popular

Spanning the Continent with Rails

1. The construction of the railroads began after 1865 2. Many Irish worked at a frantic pace to build these railroads 3. In all the Union Pacific built 1,086 miles and the Central Pacific built 689 miles 4.Americans compared the building of the railroads to the Declaration of Independence and emancipation of slaves

Suffering Until Suffrage

1. Thousands of female workers flooded into factories and fields taking jobs by men who were serving in the war 2. The war split the women's movement deeply 3. War mobilization gave new momentum to the suffrage fight

Cold War Deepens

1. Truman recognized the state of Israel in 1948 2. France, Italy, and Germany were in danger of being taken by the communists

Roosevelt on the World Stage

1. U.S. Relations with Russia Soured, they accused Roosevelt that he robbed them of a military victory 2. Japan felt cheated by America due to its compensation 3.Japan and American now became rivals in Asia

How did the Great Depression Happen?

1. Unbalanced Economy 2. Unequal distribution of wealth 3. Unstable Banking System 4. International Economic problems

New Cultural Voices

1. Underrepresented groups gained new prominence in mid century literary circles 2. Black authors built on the Harlem Renaissance

US/USSR Relationship during WWII

1. Were in a weird relationship but had a common enemy (Germany) 2. They didn't have anything in common but fought together in WWII 3. The Yalta Conference highlighted the difference between the US and USSR

The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties

1. When Hoover took office in 1929 there were few black clouds on the economic horizon 2. Prices on the stock exchange continued to increase 3. By the end of 1929 two months after the initial crash, stockholders had lost $40 billion in paper values or more than the total cost of WWI 4. 4 million Americans lost their jobs 5. Millions of people lost their homes 6. Soup kitchens were created

The Korean Volcano Erupts

1. When Japan collapsed in 1945 the Soviets took the Northern part of Korea and the US took the southern part of Korea 2. In 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea 3. The U.S. provided 88% of the troops for the Korean War

15th Amendment (reaction)

15th Amendment- Guarantees vote for all American men What about us? Women very unhappy Many opposed 15h amendment Susan B. Anthony

The Hallowed Halls of Ivy

1. Women and African-Americans were finding new opportunities for higher education 2. African-American Universities flourished during this time (Howard and Hampton University) 3. Women's colleges were gaining ground 4. By 1880 every 3rd college graduate was a woman 5. Many millionaires donated to the colleges

Defeat in Vietnam

1... The Vietnam war finally ended in 1975 2. The estimated cost for the war was $118 billion 3. 56,000 Americans were dead and 300,00 were wounded 4. America had lost more than the war, it lost its self esteem in the eyes of foreigners 5. Americans came to realize that their power and pride were wounded in Vietnam and that would be a slow and painful recovery for the country

TR- Brandisher of the Big Stick

1.McKinney was assassinated in 1901 2. Roosevelt became the youngest President of the US

Beyond Latin America

1904- war broke out between Russia and Japan

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment. ---Caused the American public to demand an immediate end to the war. American military leaders responded to the attacks for a request of 200,000 more troops. President Johnson himself now began to seriously doubt the wisdom of continuing to raise the stakes

Cardinal Gibbons

1st famous catholic preacher, knew every president possible in his life and assisted with the American Labor Movement, and preached American Unity

Brinkmanship

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity allowed for better education and job opportunities Boomers/Post WWII Period 7 and 8

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Holding Companies

A company that owns all of the other companies stock in order to extend monopoly control Does not produce goods or services Umbrella Company/Parent Company Period 6

Holding Companies

A company that owns part or all of the other companies' stock in order to extend monopoly control. Often, a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies.

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.

15th Amendment

A constitution amendment that allowed all citizens in the U.S. vote regardless of their personal background Made to ensure that states or communities were not denying them to vote based on their race Amendment of 1870/ Change Period 5

Franklin D. Roosevelt

A democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent of enacting his own. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs FDR/The Boss Period 6-8

Department of the Interior

A department created in 1849 and grew into the most important federal department comprised more than 20 agencies, including the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the US Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Territorial and International Affairs DOI/ Department of Everything else Period 5

Nixon Doctrine

A doctrine that stated that the United States would stay true to all of their existing defense commitments but Asia and other countries would not be able to rely on large bodies of American troops for support in the future.

Great Society

A domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.

Clarence Darrow-

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

The Grange

A farmers movement involving farmers who strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation Wanted to promote the economic and social needs of the farmers in the United States The Patrons of Husbandry/ Granger Laws Period 5

Volstead Act (1919)

A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Peace Corps

A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries. The Peace Corps provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies.

Federal Writer's Project

A federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression It was part of the Works Progress Administration WPA/ FWP Period 7

Truth in Lending Act of 1968

A federal law that requires financial institution to disclose specific information about the terms and cost of credit.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Booker T. Washington

A former slave. Encouraging blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.

Bruce Barton

A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest adman of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus.

Federal Trade Commission Act

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Fair Labor Standards Act

A government legislation that dealt with wages and child labor. It established a minimum wage and prohibited child labor in harsh and dangerous conditions.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and symbolized a recognition by the Republicans that some federal action was required to address the Great Depression.

Project Head Start

A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success.

Holywood Ten

A group of 10 Americans that were investigated for possible communist beliefs or threats. The Hollywood Ten were a part of the American Film Industry and were sentenced to 6 - 12 months in prison. ... Accused of being a spy for the Soviets in the 1930's plot to put communists inside the government. They didn't testify so they went to jail

Viet Chong-

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Florence Kelley

A lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Served as a general secretary of the National Consumers League. Led the women of Hull House into a successful lobby in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. A leader in women's activism and social reform.

black list

A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by the business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A major feminist prophet during the late 19th and early 20th century. She published "Women and Economics" which called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute more to the community through the economy. She created centralized nurseries and kitchens to help get women into the workforce.

Hiram Revels

A minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and a Republican politician Became the first African-American senator representing Mississippi. Minister/ First African-American Minister Period 5-7

Tuskegee Institute-

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accommodationist".

Ghost Dance Movement

A movement of Native Americans who performed a Ghost dance as a last-ditch attempt to save their lives. It was believed that by doing the dance that the white man would forever leave, and the buffalo would come back It represented American Native Resistance to the expansion of US territory Ghost Dance of 1890/ Massacre at Wounded Knee Period 7

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain (sarcastically because of the corruption) to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also known as "Custer's Last Stand." In two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers. This Indian advantage did not last long, however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the United States Army soon exacted retribution.marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat in the long Plains Indian War. The demise of Custer and his men outraged many white Americans and confirmed their image of the Indians as wild and bloodthirsty.

Gilded Age

A period in American History of the growth and industry and technology from the late 1860s to 1866 Caused the rise of important novels and political criticism Corruption Age/ Unfettered Capitalism Age Period 6

Red Scare

A period of intense anti-communism. The "Palmer Raids" of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer resulted in about six thousand deportations of people suspected of "subversive" activities.

White man's burden

A poem which was written on the notion that the superior white people have the moral responsibility to raise ignorant native people to a higher level of civilization

Coxey's Army

A protest march of unemployed workers, led by businessman Jacob Coxey, demanding a public works highway program and guaranteed jobs during the depression of the 1890s

"To Secure These Rights"

A report by the President's Committee on Civil Rights, it was given a year after the Committee was formed, and helped pave the way for the civil rights era. It recommended that the government start an anti-lynching campaign and ensure that Blacks got to vote.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A response to the violence and bigotry that plagued the voter registration drives in Mississippi and Alabama, this landmark legislation, pushed through Congress by LBJ, outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several southern states.

Watergate

A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency. Nixon's Resignation/ Watergate scandal Period 8

Watergate

A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency.

Kate Chopin

A southern writer who explored the oppressive features of traditional marriage, encountered widespread public abuse after the publication of her shocking novel, The Awakening, which described a young wife and mother who left her family for personal fulfillment

Cross of Gold Speech

A speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago that occurred in 1896. Bryan supported bimetallism, or free silver, which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He vehemently opposed the gold standard, and famously said, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold". The speech helped put him on as the Democratic presidential nomination. The nation since 1873 was bitterly divided on the monetary standard.

Cross of Gold Speech

A speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896 considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history. Economic Speech/ Free Silver Period 7

Fordism

A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car.

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings is widely acknowledged as the most important realist painter of twentieth-century America Ed/Eddy Period 6-8

Sharecropping

A type of farming where families rented small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop. Helped maintain the status quo between African-Americans and the Majority Cultivating/Farming Period 5

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

A woman's organization devoted to the prohibition movement.

National American Woman's Suffrage Association

A women organization that advocated for women's suffrage Played a vital role in passing the 19th Amendment NAWSA/Women's organization Period 6

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A. American general and 34th president of the United States. He was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during WORLD WAR II and of the subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany. B. During World War II, he became a five-star general in the Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe. C. Ike/General Ike D. Period 6-8

Unequal distribution of wealth

A. By 1929 .1% of Americans had as much total income as the bottom 42% B. more than half of the population was under the poverty line C. not enough purchasing power to sustain economic boom

International Economic problems

A. Europe depended on US cash B. no cash- European depression as well C. Europe can't pay debts and US goods

1930's New Developments (African-Americans)

A. New Deal Coalition B. New Deal provided some relief programs C. Limited Civil Rights Legislation

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

ASPCA- created after its founder had witnessed cruelty to horses in Russia.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Act prohibited rebates, discriminatory rates, and pools and rebates Also established the Interstates Commerce Commission- to oversee and enforce the act

National Defense Education Act

Act that allocated $280 million in grants for state universities to upgrade their science facilities, created $300 million in low-interest loans for college students, and provided fellowship support for graduate students planning to go into college and university teaching.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Little Rock Nine (1957)

African American students admitted to Central High School, governor of Arkansas, prevent African American students, from attending the school and sent the Arkansas National Guard to the school. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops to school, and school was integrated.

Segregation during WWI

African Americans initially divided on support for a war Many volunteered Segregated troops Treated with dignity by Europeans, not Americans Led to demanding equal rights

Daily Lives of African Americans

African Americans were stuck in sharecropping codes Jim Crow Laws The KKK

The Confused Invasion of Cuba

After the outbreak of the war, Spanish Gov ordered a fleet of warships to Cuba

Federal Farm Board

Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to fight one another, which allowed Hitler to concentrate on one front war once the war started

Second Red Scare ( Espionage)

Alger Hiss Julia and Ethel Rosenburg Blacklisting Holywood Ten Senator Joesph McCarthy McCarthyism

19th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Doves

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

American Protective Association

An anti-Catholic society that was founded in 1887 by Henry Bowers Goals were to restrict Catholic immigration and banning them from public offices APA/ Anti- Immigration society Period 6

Military- Industrial Complex

An informal alliance between a nation's military and the defense industry which supplies it. The goal is to gain political support for the increased military spending by the national government. President Eisenhower first used this term in his Farewell Address in 1961

Tampico Incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Vera Cruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico.

Edward Bellamy

An author who envisioned a potion socialist society where the Government-owned the means of production A well-known writer during the Gilded Age Socialist Writer/ Novelist Period 6

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society.

European Economic Community (EEC)

An economic organization established in 1957 to reduce tariff barriers and promote trade among the countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and West Germany. These countries became the original members of the European Community in 1965.

Keynesianism

An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity.

Gospel of Wealth

An idea made by Andrew Carnage that the rich should give their money to institutions that promote better habits Inspired generations of men and women to follow Carnage's path about wealth Savage Wealth/ Gospel of Giving Period 6

Social Darwinism

An idea that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to the natural selection of a social class of society Allowed the formation of bais for many people who supported this Survival of the Fittest/ Natural Selection Period 6

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speakeasy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

Mark Hana

An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

Ruth Benedict

Anthropologist that helped develop the "culture and personality movement" and her student Margaret Mead reached even greater heights with Coming of Age in Samoa

Music as Expression (Themes)

Anti-Establishment Anti-War Promotion of Counterculrure War- Edwin Starr

Supreme Court Appointees (Harding Admin)

Appointed 4 Supreme Court Justices- Huge Conservatives Taft was the chief justice Appointees were pro-business Struck down laws on child labor Adkins V. Children's Hospital- no more minimum wage for women because women could vote

Cambodia Bombings

April 30, 1970; secret bombing campaign against Vietminh supply lines in neutral Cambodia; people outraged when the news broke in America > lead to Kent State and Jackson State where students were killed, May 4, 1970

International Style

Archetypal, post-World War II modernist architectural style, best known for its "curtain-wall" designs of steel-and-glass corporate high-rises.

McCarthyism (Reaction)

Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954) Public outcry

Julius and Ethel Rosenburg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Wall Street's Big Bull Market

As 1920 went on people began to buy stocks on margin (small down payment)

Armistice (1953)

As a cease-fire, not a peace treaty, this would halt the shootings, but the tensions would remain. This would bring what many people thought to be, the end of the war. However, the end of the war was not there, because of the tensions between the North and the South that still remain today.

Election of 1968

At the end of a difficult year, the presidential election of 1968 was held. Republican candidate Richard Nixon appealed to a nation tired of violence and unrest as the "law and order" candidate. Nixon vowed he would end the Vietnam War and win "peace with honor." Democratic nominee, Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's vice president, seemed a continuation of the old politics. In the end, Richard Nixon won.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian Neurologist who said that sexual repression was responsible for most of society's ills, and that pleasure and health demanded sexual gratification and liberation

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Southern Renaissance

Brought a new critical appreciation of the region's history,racism and conservatism. Southern Renaissance writers attacked the changes of reshaping the postwar south

What was the unprecedented sudden growth spurt of American population?

Baby Boom

Johnson tried to get supporters into office in 1866

Backfired and Radical Republicans win big ⅔ majority in House and Senate Veto proof congress

Big business

Busted up more trusts than TR Efforts overshadowed by Supreme Court Dismantled Standard Oil

Langston Hughes

Black leader of the Harlem Renaissance and famous for THe Weary Blues

Depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

Malcolm X-

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He rallied black separatism and disapproved of the "blue-eyed white devils." In 1965, he was shot and killed by a rival Nation of Islam.

Buying on margin

Borrowing money to get into the market

Andrew Carnegie

Built steel empire using vertical integration Used the Bessemer Process Controlled ¼ of American steel production by 1900 Sold to J.P. Morgan for $400 million Carnegie Philanthropy

Failure of Reconstruction

By 1870 Reconstruction still in place but had already failed Troops remained in some states North tired of Reconstruction and runs away Democratic Govs regained power in the south Reversed much of the progress made since 1865 System of Jim Crow put into place Went back to the old way minus slavery

Labor Limps Along

By 1872 there were 32 National Worker Unions

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Importance)

By 1965, SNCC fielded the largest staff of any civil rights organization in the South. It had organized nonviolent direct action against segregated facilities, as well as voter-registration projects, in Alabama, Arkansas, Maryland, Missouri, Louisiana, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi;

Nixon Vietnamizes the War

By 1970 the Vietnam war became unpopular even among troops in the field

Japanese Internment Camps

Camps where many Japanese-Americans were kept for fear of their being spies from Japan, although many were US-born

TR and Latin America

Canal= increased concern over Latin America Anti-foregin treat but pro-US trade

The policy of Appeasement

Chamberlain's pre-WWII foreign policy concerning Germany; sought to avoid war; gave in to Germany to preserve peace

American Missionaries

Christian Humanism Josiah Strong

Scandals of the Harding Administration

Col Charles R. Forbes- heads of the Veteran's Bureau and went to jail for cheating vets of $200 million Teapot Dome- Albert fell solid oil reserves to private companies- got cash, cattle, and land in return.

Vertical Integration (Carnegie)

Combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing, controls every part of the production

Douglas McArthur

Commander of the U.S. armed forces in the Pacific, fought to recapture the Phillipines, but lost his command in the Korean War

Commodore George Dewey

Commodore during the Spanish-American War who captured the Philippines and Guam. Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay. His victory shed light on the adjusted purpose of war with Spain, from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies.

What attacked public figures (Hollywood, New-Dealers, liberals) to root out communist spies?

Community on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

Potsdam Conference

Conference in Berlin between Truman, Stalin, and British leaders that delivered an ultimatum to Japan. Allied leaders Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery. Secretary of State Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. With the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII.

Wholesome Meat Act of 1967

Congress passed this act that set safety standards for meat and how to package it

Army- McCarthy Hearings

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.

Square Deal (Three Parts) (Three C's)

Control Corporations Consumer Protection Conservation of Natural Resources

Land-Grant Colleges

Created from the allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. Helped fuel the boom for higher education in the late 19th century Land-Grant College/ Land-Grant Institution Period 5 and 6

The Coral Sea

Crucial naval battle in 1942 that inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese; all fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft.

Fedrick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement

Sheppard- Towner Maternity Act

Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare.

Earth Day

Day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970; reflected the growing concern and interest in environmentalism.

Kitchen Debate

Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960.1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between U.S. vice president Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow

Rosa Parks

December 1955,This woman refused to give up her seat to a white person on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her arrest sparked a yearlong black boycott of the city busses and served notice throughout the South that blacks would no longer submit meekly to the absurdities and indignities of segregation.

John Davis

Democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated Davis.

Election of 1916

Democrats nominate Wilson "He kept us out of war" Many progressives shifted to dem Republicans nominate Charles Evans Hughes

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries RTAA/Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 Period 7

Executive Order 9981 (1948)

Desegregation of the Government and Military

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

South did call conventions

Didn't really accept provisions' TX/MS- no 13th amend SC refused to repeal succession

Potsdam Confrence (July-Agust 1945)

Disagreed on most issues Truman orders the dropping of the bomb New leaders War alliance breaks down Seeds planted for the cold war

Reconstruction Act

Divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by Union soldiers. To be readmitted into the Union states had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Dr. Walter Reed

Doctor who was the head of the Army's Yellow Fever Commission. He proved that Yellow Fever and Malaria was transmitted by Mosquitoes

Southern Manifesto (1956)

Document written by members of Congress who opposed racial integration and encouraged the overturning of the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling. Encouraged white resistance by individuals and state governments in the South to public school integration.

Taft's Foreign Policy

Dollar Diplomacy- Influence the world through money In the far east, they tried to buy railroads in China but failed In the Caribbean- Investment in Latin America increased significantly, not enough and troops sent in troops into Nicaragua, Cuba, Honduras and DR

Challenges Women Faced

Domestic Violence Lack of female representation

It stated that if one country fell to Communism, other nations will fallow.

Domino Theory

Created a trickle-down program

Don't give money to people but to businesses and banks

The Great Society Programs

Elementary and Secondary Education Act Higher Education Act (1965) Bilingual Education Act (1968) National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Wilderness Act Endangered Species Act Wholesome Meat Act Fair Packaging and Labeling Act Child Safety Act Truth in Lending Act Food Stamp Act (1964) Head Start (1965)

Taft went after US steel

Earned TR as an enemy because TR saw as good business

Election of 1900 Republicans

Easy nomination for McKinley TR vocal about wanting to be active VP Imperialism and Gold Standard Platform

Bataan Death March

Eighty-mile march of surrendered American soldiers by the Japanese military.

A New Look in Foreign Policy

Einshowwer sought a thaw in the Cold War through negotiations with the New Soviet leaders who came into power after Stalin's death

Employers vs employees

Employers lived a more lavish lifestyle than the people who worked for them Carnegie's Mansion was made up of 64 rooms Living conditions for employees were miserable Forced to live in Tenements (overcrowded apartments) Lack of windows

Fall of the Allies?

England/France declare war on Germany after Poland No one ever acts, however, the phony war 2. Germans attack Norway and Denmark in April 1940 Blitzkrieg easily moves into Netherlands, Belgium, and France by May 1940 France falls by June 1940 3. Miracle at Dunkrik saves Britiiian military 4. Only Britian remains

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Erupted in 1872, when Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed a construction company, then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad lines; in order to avoid being exposed, the company distributed valuable shares of stock to key politicians, including the vice president; the scandal was eventually revealed in a newspaper expose

The Monkey/Scopes Trial

Evolution law in Tenn challenged in 1925 Trial Captured national attention

Nixon and Detente (1969-1974) (Purpose)

Expand, equip and train south Vietnamese Reduce American troop involvement "Peace with Honor"

Bay of Pigs, 1961

Failed ant-Castro Cuban revolution supported by FBI

Northern gets angry

Fall of 1865- Johnson orders elections in the South Black codes= no black vote Old school govts get elected in the south December 1865- Johnson says the reconstruction is over

McNary-Haugen Bill

Farm proposal of the 1920s, passed by Congress but vetoed by President Coolidge, that provided for the federal government to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad.

Agricultural Marketing Act

Farmers can help themselves type program 1930 Federal Farm Board loaned money and brought a surplus Doesn't work because the surplus is too big

Cold War Crises in the Middle East

Fears of Soviet intervention into the Middle East increased Cold War tensions

Environmental Protection Agency

Federal agency established by Nixon to protect and preserve the environment; along with the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the establishment of OSHA, this agency made notable progress in reducing automobile emissions and cleaning up waterways and toxic dump sites.

The Holocaust

Final solution- 6 million Jews died and 6 million others American response? Anti-Semitism

Espionage Act 1917

Fines and Imprisonment if people made false statements that aided the enemy

Korean War

First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States The war ended in a stalemate in 1953. Hot War/ Limited War Period 8

Alan Shepard-

First American in Space (1961)

John Glenn

First American to orbit the Earth (1962)

National Recovery Administration

First attempt to achieve economic advance through planning and cooperation among labor, business, and government. The goal of the administration was to eliminate "cutthroat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. NRA/National Industrial Recovery Act Period 7

The Security Council

Five permanent members (United States, Britain, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the United Nations. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces. They have the power to veto any action proposed by the General Assembly

Ray Stannard Baker

Following the Color Line (1908) was a series spotlighting the plight of 9 million blacks—of whom 90 percent still lived in the South and one-third were illiterate.

Sedition Act of 1918

Forbade the criticism of the United States Government

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Stock Market Crash

Foreign Investors and wary domestic speculators began to dump their insecurities and tons of selling followed. Over 16,000,000 shares of stocks were sold on Tuesday

Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor and the assembly line. Take principles of science and put them into your business in order to make things better

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) (Counterculture Movement)

Free Speech Movement (1964) Woodstock Music Festival (1969)

SALT

Froze the number of long-range nuclear missiles for five years

GI

Government Issue

War Production Board

Government agency created to assist in wartime production.Converted factories from civilian to military production. They created 40 billion bullets, 300,000 aircraft, 76,000 ships, 86,00 tanks, and 2.6 million machine guns

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Government agency that forbids discrimination in defense industries. Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941, to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

(Robert) La Follette

Governor of Wisconsin nicknamed " Fighting Bob" who was a progressive Republican leader. His "Wisconsin Idea" was the model for state progressive government. He used the "brain trust", a panel of experts, to help him create an effective, efficient government. He was denied the nomination for the Republicans in favor of Theodore Roosevelt.

Corruption Issues (Harding Admin)

Harding appointed lots of friends As with Grant, they took advantage

Who is know for "Shuttle Diplomacy"

Henry S. Kissinger

wolf packs

Hitler's submarine technique that sank many US ships.

Federal Reconstruction

How to admit southern states No precedent/procedure

Black Panthers

Huey Neuton and Booby Seale Black Nationalism

H-Bomb

Hydrogen Bomb, a bomb 1,000 time more powerful than the atomic bomb

Massive Retaliation

If you are aggressive towards us (Russia and China), the US will massively retaliate with nuclear weapson

Self- determination

In politics, the right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government without outside influence.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

In response to Presidental reconstruction, gave African Americans citizenship and outlawed the black codes. Johnson vetos it, but congress overrides the veto so it passes anyway.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident (August 1964)

Incident- North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warships Resolution- Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson's urging

Things TR did

Increased the power of the President Helped shape the progressive movement He opened the eyes of many Americans to the fact that they shared the world with other nations

Eisenhower Doctine and the Middle East

Iran- installed the Shah The Eisnehower Doctrine Januaruy 1957 Empowered the President to extend economic and military aid to the Middle East Suez Canal Crisis OPEC

Less Government in Business, more business in Government

Interests of business put at the front again Reforms of progressive era slowly reversed

London Economic Conference

International economic conference called by the League of Nations. When proposals were made to stabilize currencies, Roosevelt withdrew his support. Conference ended without any agreement. The delegates wanted to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. FDR began to have second thoughts about the conference's agenda. The United States withdraws was shocking and would have grave consequences

International Money Fund

International organization established in 1945 to assist nations in maintaining stable currencies --- created to help rebuild and stabilize the postwar economy

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigate Americans for pro-communist beliefs (Alger Hiss)

Why was the 24th Amendment important?

It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes

Taft- Hartley Act

It outlawed the "closed" shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-communist oath. that prohibits certain union practices and requires disclosure of certain financial and political activities by unions.

Boxer Rebellion-1900

Killed over 500 whites in a short period Put down quickly by imperial powers 2. Imperial powers made China pay reparations

Vietnam Topples Johnson

Johnson said he would not run in the 1968 Presidential election

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Operation Barbossa

June 1941 Hitler violates the pact and invades the Soviet Union Stalin joined the allies, all wanted to defeat Hitler Invaded the Soviet Union during the winter, pushed them back towards Western Europe

NSC-68 (1950)

Justify defense spending and arms buildup just as necessary Establish alliances with non-communist nations Massive US military buildup

Clayton Antitrust act of 1914

Lengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts (as they had been called by the Supreme Court under the Sherman Act), and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

Little Boy 80,000 casualties 100,000 injured Enola Gay Japan would not surrender

26th Amendment (1971)

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

The LBJ Brand on the Presidency

Lyndon Baines Johnson became the President after JFK's death

Wyoming Stock-Growers Association

Made by cattle-raisers in order to make the cattle-raising business profitable.started among Wyoming cattle ranchers to standardize and organize the cattle industry, and grew so large that it controlled the state legislature.

Lindbergh Law

Made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death penalty offense. Created after Charles Lindbergh's son was kidnapped for ransom and eventually murdered.

Frazier- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act

Made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosure for five years, but it was voided in 1935 by the Supreme Court

Divisions

Make the south pay=harsh terms South never really left=easy left

The Cold War Home Front

Many Americans feared that there were communist spies in the U.S. government or in society

Over 1900 changed under two laws

Many socialists because of anti-war including Debs Industrial workers of the world (IWW or Wobblies)

Attacked people for being communist and led to the hysteria of the red scare?

McCarthyism

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Militant organization committed to nonviolent "direct action" on the behalf of race relations.(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

Vietnam (1963)

Military Advisors for South Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem Military Advisors= US Military

The Wade-Davis Bill further revealed the differences among the Republicans

Moderate and Radical Republicans

Wilson and Mexico (Huerta falls by 1914 and Replaced by Carranza)

Now Pancho Villa against Carranza Recognizes Carranza Government Villa upset and begins raids in US

strategic issues

Need naval bases around the world Navy=power

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

New Deal Program similar to unemployment-relief efforts of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) set up by Herbert Hoover and the U.S. Congress in 1932. It was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933. Was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins,

Lincoln Steffens

New York reporter who launched a series of articles in McClure's titled "The Shame of the Cities" in 1902; unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government

Counterculture Movement Hippies/ Flower Children

Non-violent anarchism Rejection of materialism Concern for the Environment

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

Nonviolent protests for Civil Rights in Birmingham, AL during the late '50s and throughout the 60s. Inspired by MLK. During one march, Birmingham Sheriff Bull Connor turned fire hoses on the peaceful protesters, shocking the public with a cruel act that gathered the media attention important to the success of the Civil Rights Movement

Harlan P. Halsey

Novelist who wrote many lurid paperback novels, making about 650 novels in his life.

Battle of the Bulge (1944)

On December 16, 1944, Hitler ordered the last of his reserves, 250,000 troops to attack the American position in the Forest of Ardennes. The Germans drove a bulge deep into the Allied line; however, the Allies stopped the Germans last ditch counterattack and advanced to the Rhine.

Emperor called to surrender (Japan WWII)

On September 2, 1945, Japan formally surrendered aboard the U.S.S. Missouri WWII was over

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

On this day the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom.

New Right

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

March on Washington (1963)

Peaceful demonstration led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, and attended by 200,000 black and white supporters, in August 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial; King gave his legendary "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for civil rights legislation and an end to racial discrimination.

Roosevelt gets a Canal

People of Panama convention rebel- Nov 1903 Colombia sends troops but is blocked by US Navy- Gunboat Diplomacy

"scabs"/strikebreakers

People who are hired to work in factories when the other workers were on strike (this makes you look like a trader)

T.S. Eliot

Poet who talked about the disillusionment of the decade and wrote "The Waste Land"; American poet in England; described the postwar world as a barren wasteland drained of hope and faith.v

What aimed to prevent spread of communism?

Policy of Containment

Harding Scandals

Refers to controversy in Harding's presidency; cabinet filled with friends and associates; leased oil reserves for money -> secretary convicted of bribery and jailed

Nikita Khrushchev

Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958-1964, he was a communist party official who emerged from the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953 to lead the USSR. He crushed a pro-Western uprising of Hungary in 1956, and, in 1958, issued an ultimatum for Western evacuation of Berlin. Defended Soviet-style economic planning in the Kitchen Debate with Richard Nixon in 1959 and attempted to send missiles to Cuba in 1962 but backed down when confronted by JFK

Truman- The Gutty Man from Missouri

President Truman was President at the start of the Cold War

TR's Foreign Policy

Pro-Imperialism= Big Stick Policy Central American Canal Need to be increased after Spanish-American War The US pushing for exclusive canal rights in Central America Possible sights Nicaragua and Panama

Operation Wetback

Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico

Morrill Tariff 1862

Protected American manufacturers

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Provided loans to businesses Governments and to prime the pump No loans to individuals Based on the idea of trickle-down economics

Wrongdoing in Railroading

Railroads kings were virtual monarchs, they exercised more direct control over the lives or more people than the President

Mobilizing for the American People

Rallying Public Support

Anthracite Coal Mine Strike in 1902

Public Opinion with the miners Problem, nation runs on coal and oil

Underwood- Simmons Tariff Act

Re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909. It was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on October 3, 1913, and was sponsored by Alabama Representative Oscar Underwood.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) (Modern Republican/ Dynamic Conservatism)

Reduce federal scope of power Balanced budgets Pro-business policies Progressive Republicans

Esch-Cummis Transportation Act of 1920

Returned railroads to their owners

June 5, 1968

Robert Kennedy was shot and killed by an Arab immigrant resentful of the candidate's pro-Israel view

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Burma Road-

Route over which the United States had been trucking a trickle of munition to China's armies, cut by Japan, and forced American aviators to fly in war supplies over the Himalayan mountains.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

This policy limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to 200 missiles.

SALT I

3 Groups of Reps in the South

Scalawags Carpetbaggers Blacks

Duck and Cover

Schoolchildren practiced crawling under their desks and putting their hands over their heads to protect themselves from an atomic bomb attack.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) (Social and Cultural Developments)

Second Red scare Affluent society Conformity and Consensus of Values Civil Rights Movement -Brown V. Board of Education

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment. The Court ruled that separate professional schools for blacks failed to meet the test of equality.

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Muckarters

Sensationalist journalists in the 20th century who used their public influence to reveal corporate corruption. A nickname was given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers. ... These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing.

Orval Faubus

September 1957 - the governor of Arkansas mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School. Confronted with a direct challenge to federal authority, Eisenhower sent troops to escort the children to their classes.

Civil Rights Act 1957

Set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and widely blamed for it. Shacktown/ Hooverville Period 7

Carrie Chapman Catt

She was a leader of the women's suffrage movement. She was not successful in accomplishing her goal, but she did spark a movement that would eventually lead to women's right to vote.

Praying Farmers Not to Farm

Since 1918, farmers had suffered from low prices and overproduction especially in grain

Swinging Sixties (The New Left)

Socialist views and many supported Marxism Students for Democratic Society (SDS) (1962)- Berkeley Free Speech Movement-

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Sought to discover exactly how much money it took to produce electricity and then keep rates reasonable -constructed dams on the Tennessee River and helped the 2.5 million extremely poor citizens of the area improve their lives and their conditions

John D. Rockefeller

Started Standard Oil Company in 1870 Trust By 1877 Rockefeller had 95% of all Oil Refineries in the U.S.

People's Party

Started as Farmers Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, translated into Populists. Wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks and whites and industrial/factory workers

The Supremacy of Steel

Steelmaking typified the dominance of heavy industry which concentrated on making capital goods

Stephen Crane

Stephen Crane was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. one of the most innovative writers of his generation.

Conservation

Taft a strong conservationists Mann-Elkins Act- increased jurisdiction of ICC

Checkers Speech

Televised speech made by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon, in which he responded to scandalous reports regarding a misuse of funds while he was in the Senate; the speech, in which he referred to the family's dog, saved his candidacy and illustrated the political potential of television.

1968- Year of Rage

Tet Offenseive (Jan 30th) Nguyen Van Lem Assinated (February 1) My Lai Massacre (March 16th) LBJ Withdraws (March 31st) MLK Assassination (April 4th) Columbia University Protets (April 23rd-30th) Robert Kennedy Assassination (June 5th) Democratic National Convention Riots (August 22nd 30th) Nixon wins elections (November 5th)

New Look Military

The "New Look" Military: The emphasis of airpower and nuclear weaponry in order to decrease the federal budget ("more bang for the buck"). Heavier weapons. Supported by the successful test of the hydrogen bomb. Massive stockpiling of nuclear weapons.

John Spargo

The Bitter Cry of the Children,Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel.

Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

The British impose a Naval blockades against Germany. Germany is also going to impose a naval blockade against Britain. In 1940, U-boats are sinking allied ships faster than they can replace them. By 1943, allies are sinking u-boats faster than they can replace them.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Johnson Clashes with Congress

The Civil Rights bill Jonson vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode its veto

Building the War Machine

The armed forces forced the farmers to go into war

Parties and Social Reformers Reach Out

The Federal Government did nothing to ease the assimilation of immigrants into American Society

Unraveling the Debt Knot

The French and British wanted Germany to $32billion in reparations from WWI

Laissez Faire

The Government leaves the people alone regarding all economic activities Separate of the economy and state Leave alone/Let you do Period 6

The Fading Frontier

The Government set aside land for national parks- Yellostone in 1872 followed by Yosemite and Sequoia in 1890

Hepburn Act

The Hepburn Act is a 1906 United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.

Homestead Strike (1892)

The Homestead Strike of 1892 was a violent strike at the Homestead Works in Pittsburgh over a lockout following a decision to cut wages by nearly 20%. This strike ended with the destruction of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers, probably the largest craft union at the time. Union workers had had a friendly relationship with Carnegie's company until Henry Frick became President and wanted to cut costs

Jackie Robinson and Baseball

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. Eventually led to the desegregation of baseball

William Whyte

The Organization Man"; argued corporations and government bureaucracies had stripped people of their individuality. Allen Ginsberg. "Howl"; viewed as spokesman of the Beat Generation, book seized by American government for obscenity charges; about America's false hopes and broken promises

Harold Ickes.

The Sec of Interior is the head of the Public Works Administrations for industrial recovery and unemployment relief. Long-range recovery through civil works, like the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River.

The Minority (Radical Republicans)

The South should be restored, wanted its social structure uprooted, planters punished and the blacks protected by federal power

In the post-WWII conferences in Yalta and Potsdam all of the following occurred except:

The Soviets held free elections in Poland

Muller v. Oregon

The Supreme Court case that upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours. One of the most important Supreme Court Cases during the Progressive Era Landmark Case/Turning point for women Period 7

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

The Supreme Court struck down a state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives. ruled that married people had the right to use contraception. Estelle T. Griswold and C. Lee Buxton v. Connecticut/ Women's Rights Period 8

Korematsu v. the US

The Supreme court ruled that an entire race could be labeled a "suspect classification," meaning the gov. was permitted to deny the Japanese their constitutional rights because of military consideration the only case in Supreme Court history in which the Court, using a strict test for possible racial discrimination, "The legalization of racism"/ Racial Discrimination Period 7

Frances Perkins

The U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945 and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition.

Economic Needs

The US Producing more than consume Needs new markets for all goods

Havana Conference of 1940

The US agreed to share its 20 new World neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine

American Expeditionary Force

The US armed forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I. Their successful campaign was a major turning point in the war for the Allies. Ultimately, U.S. forces helped to defeat Germany earlier than expected. A.E.F./ AEF Period 7

American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo

The US conquered Japanese strongholds in the Pacific

WAACs

The Women's Army Axillary Corps , Women being in the army changed their roles in society and gained them new respect.

Herbert Hoover

The president of the United States from 1929 to 1932 He was a republican who ran on a campaign of prohibition and prosperity. The early years of his presidency brought about a great deal of prosperity for the United States. Many people blamed him for the stock market crash.

Swinging Round the Circle with Johnson

The battle grew between Congress and the President

Recall

The citizens have the right to remove a public official

Two globe shaking events marked the course of WWII

The fall of France in June 1940 Hitlers Invasion of the Soviet Union June 1941

Nagasaki- August 9, 1945

The conventional bombing led to the evacuation Fat Man 60,000 killed immediately Still refused to surrender Most damage

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

Freedmen's Bureau

The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedmen and to white refugees. First to establish a school for blacks to learn to read.

Kent State Massacre (Effects)

The incident marked the first time that a student had been killed in an anti-war gathering in United States history. Twenty-eight National Guard soldiers fired approximately 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis.

sexual revolution

The introduction of the birth control pill made unwanted pregnancies easy to avoid. By the 1960s, gay men and lesbians were increasingly emerging and demanding sexual tolerance.

Putting America on Rubber Tires

The invention of the automobile had an amazing new industrial system based on the assembly line methods and mass-production techniques

Lend-Lease Bill

The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. A sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease.

Great Migration

The migration of African Americans from the South to the North caused such a dramatic demographic change that by 1970 over 50% of African Americans lived in the Northern areas whereas only 10% lived there in 1900. Great Northward Migration/ Black Migration Period 7/Period 8

Boomtowns of the West

The mining camps in the West that are rapidly overnight Grew in size after a mineral strike was discovered around a camp Music Festival/ Mill Towns Period 6

Committee for Industrial Organization

The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board.

Post War Optimism

The period after WWII where war wouldn't break out again This resulted in the Cold war High Expectations/Hopes Period 8

Phony War

The period from September 1939 to April 1940 during which Britain was officially at war with Germany but no actual fighting took place.

Vietnam War

The prolonged struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify the country of Vietnam under a communist government and the United States (with the aid of the South Vietnamese) attempting to prevent the spread of communism. was the longest war in American history and the most unpopular American war of the 20th century. It resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnamese deaths. ... The war caused turmoil on the home front, as anti-war protests became a feature of American life. Second Indochina War/ Proxy War Period 8

Reconstruction by the Sword

The radical Republican was still worried

Carey Act of 1894

This 1894 act distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled. It led to the cultivation of about 1 million acres of land that would otherwise be barren

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools. Civil Rights Act/ Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 Period 8

17th Amendment (1913)

This amendment allowed for the direct election of senators

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)-

This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, ushering in the era known as prohibition.

The American Federation of Labor

This federation was not for individuals but for anti-labor groups. They believed in improving the lives of laborers while keeping them at that social level, not trying to raise the status of all laborers.

Industrial Workers of the World

This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Who was the first Black Supreme Court Justice?

Thurgood Marshall

Feminism Movement (Political gains)

Title IX- Equal access for girls Sandra Day O'Connor- First female Supreme Court Justice (1981) Geraldine Ferraro- First major party Vice Presidental Canidate (1984) Madeline Albright- First female Secretary of State (1997) Nancy Pelosi- First female Speaker of the House (2006)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

To raise the tariff on agriculture and help farmers Reality- ended up being high protective tariff on all goods Highest tariff the US has ever seen

The progressives sought to modernize American institutions to achieve two goals

To use the state to curb monopoly power Improve the common person's conditions of life and labor

US Foreign Policy pre-1890= react

Too busy with own issues Monroe Doctrine in Mexico (Supported Rebels) The US was willing to do what was necessary to preserve the Monroe Doctrine

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism

Took and Progressivism Square Deal (Three Parts) Control Corporations Consumer Protection Conservation of Natural Resources

Pentagon Papers

Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds for the establishment of agricultural colleges (for example, Texas A&M). Called "Land-Grant" colleges, it help spread public education in America.

Escalation (Vietnam War)

Troops increases from 1964 to 1969 (540,000 at most during the Vietnam war)

What document support people oppressed by communism in Greece & Turkey?

Truman Doctrine

Fair Deal

Truman's 1949 message to Congress. -a program that called for improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVA's, and the extension of social security. -It's only successes: raised the minimum wage, better public housing, extended old-age insurance to more people.

Point Four

Truman's 1949 plan to lend US money and technical aid to underdeveloped lands to help them help themselves (would help underprivileged peoples from becoming communist( -helped Latin America, Africa, Near East, and the Far East

William Faulkner

United States novelist who wrote about people in the southern United States.

Cordell Hull

US Secretary of State during the 1930s who negotiated pacts with 21 countries, including the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

What was a result of the Tet Offensive in 1968?

US opinion began turning against the war

Transcontinental Railroad

Union Pacific RR from the east and Central Pacific from The west Built by mostly Chinese and Irish laborers Two lines met in UT in 1869n 5 Transcontinental railroad lines by 1893

Al Capone

United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II , brought attention to the intelligence failures and the lack of readiness of the United States military Wai Momi/ Pearl Water Period 7

Wilson and Mexico (Greatest involvement in Mexico)

Victorino Huerta took over in 1913 Many fled to US and wanted US involved Sold weapons to Huerta's opponents Pancho Villa and Carranza Blocaked Vera Cruz

The effort to build up South Vietnamese troops while withdrawing American troops

Vietnamization

Problems in Europe

War erupted in Europe in 1914 Central vs. Allied Powers The US declares Neutrality

The US experienced an economic boom in the 1920s

Wartime profits= available for capital investment Businesses mechanized- increased productivity Access to electricity White-collar workers Changes in working conditions and welfare capitalism Mass-produced mastered Mass consumption encouraged Advertising Consumer credit Women enter the workforce

Creating Jobs for the Jobless

When FDR took office, 1 of 4 workers was jobless

Hungarian Revolt

When the Hungarians tried to win their freedom from the Communist regime in 1956, they were crushed down by Soviet tanks. There was killing and slaughtering of the rebels going on by military forces

Open Door Notes

When the U.S. created trade opportunities between the U.S. and China Allowed the U.S. to expand its markets for industrialized goods Open Door Policy/ Agreeable Policy Period 6

Saloon

Where miners drank liquor with women in Boomtowns.

Scalawags

White southern who supports the reconstruction,

William Dean Howells

William Dean Howells was an American realist novelist, literary critic, and playwright. Nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters", he was particularly known for his tenure as editor of The Atlantic Monthly as well as his own prolific writings, including the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day", and the novels The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Traveler from Altruria.

Reagan Revolution (Resurgence of Conservatism)

William F. Buckley and the National ReviewBarry Goldwater and the Conscience of a Conservative Milton Friedman, Chicago School, and libertarian economicsAmerican Enterprise InstituteThe Heritage Foundation and Cato Institute

Wilson- The Idealist in Politics

Woodrow Wilson was the second democratic President since 1861

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Wilson- The Idealist in Politics

Woodrow Wilsonwas the second demoncratic President since 1861

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

Worked with J Edger Hoover Created special division in Justice Department Created files and conducted raids Not all constitutional/legal

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

John Muir

a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, and other wilderness areas.

Head Start (1965)

a US federal program that provides poverty-stricken children with a year or two of preschool along with nutritional and health services; encourages parent involvement in program planning and children's learning

Teddy Roosevelt as President

Youngest President at 42 Years old Marked beginning of Modern Presidency Pushed his policy references Believed in an active Presidency Bully Pulpit- Won over public opinion using Media Reorganize the Executive Branch- more professionals Very Charismatic and popular

Three Major Events that led to the US joining WWI

Zimmerman Note Increase Sub Activity Russian Revolution

Federal Reserve Act-

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply, oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave the government the power to control the money supply, oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank

Waving the bloody shirt

a strong campaign slogan used by the Republicans in the presidential elections of 1868. It was used to blame the Democrats for the Civil War which cost the lives of many Americans. This was the first time that the Civil War was used in a presidential election.

Bayard Rustin (Important)

advisor to MLK, an American leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights. Rustin worked with A. Philip Randolph on the March on Washington Movement, in 1941, to press for an end to racial discrimination in employment.

Pool

agreements to divide the business in a given area and share the profits

What was the decision of Gideon v. Wainwright?

all defendants in criminal cases are entitled legal council

Yellow Press

also called yellow journalism, a term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time of the Spanish American war. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolph Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths. During its heyday in the late 19th century, it was one of many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States.

Clayton Antitrust Act

amended Sherman Act by outlawing exclusive dealing and tie-in arrangements helped unions.

Clayton Antitrust Act

amended Sherman Act by outlawing exclusive dealing and tie-in arrangements, helped unions.

Ex Parte Milligan

an 1866 Supreme Court case that ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.

jane Addams

born into a prosperous Illinois family, she was one of the first generations of college-educated women. Upon her graduation she sought other outlets for her large talents than could be found in teaching or charitable volunteer work, then the only permissible occupations for a young woman of her social class. Inspired by a visit to England, in 1889 she acquired the decaying Hull mansion in Chicago. There she established Hull House, the most prominent (though not the first) American settlement house.

Augustus Saint Gaudens

born to an Irish mother and French father; adopted American; most gifted American sculptor one of his most moving works is the Robert Gould Shaw memorial

What did the U.S. President need to do to allow Little Rock to be desegregated?

call in 1,000 paratroopers

Vertical integration

combined all phases of manufacturing into one organization, A company took over all different businesses on which it relied for its primary function (Carnegie Steel came to control not only steel mills but mines, railroads, etc)

Employment Act of 1946

committed the federal government to ensure economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power.

Helsinki Conference

conference in which Western countries and the Soviet Union agreed to ratify borders in Europe that had divided Europe since 1945; the Soviets also pledged to increase respect for human rights in their country. The agreement recognized the inviolability of the post-World War II frontiers in Europe and pledged the 35 signatory nations to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and to cooperate in economic, scientific, humanitarian, and other areas.

Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

conflict between the revel Fascist forces of Gen. Franco and the Loyalist gov't; severely tested US neutrality; Mussolini and Hitler helped in order to use SP as testing ground for bombs

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Election of 1980

decisive victory to Reagan due to his appeal over Carter (now unpopular due to lack of success in the presidency

Federal trade Commission Act of 1914

empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery

Smith V. Alwright (1944)

ended white primaries

Recall

essentially a form of impeachment; the name for giving voters the ability to remove from office disloyal or incompetent officials

War on Poverty

expansive social welfare legislation introduced in the 1960s by the administration of U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson and intended to help end poverty in the United States. It was part of a larger legislative reform program, known as the Great Society, that Johnson hoped would make the United States a more equitable and just country. The War on Poverty and its associated reforms became a lightning rod for conservative criticism as well as an idealistic touchstone for liberals for generations.

John Wesley Powell

explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian

Veterans of Future Wars

formed 1936 by a group of Princeton U students; an anti-war group that mocked the early payment of bonuses to WWI veterans

Sedition Act

imposed harsh penalties on anyone found guilty of making false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war; insulting or abusing the U.S. government, the flag, the Constitution, or the military; agitating against the production of necessary war materials; or advocating, teaching or defending any of these acts. aimed at socialists, pacifists, and other anti-war activists, Agitation/ Inflaming Period 7

Thomas W. Lawson

in 1905-1906 this author, and erratic speculator who had himself made $50 million in the stock market, exposed corruption in the financial world by publishing "Frenzied Finance" in a magazine called Everybody's

James Meredith

in 1962 became the first black American to attend the Univesity of Mississippi after being blocked several times by segregationist politicians. An icon of the Civil Rights Movement, Meredith receded from public view following his brace steps toward educational integration.

"Declaration of Constitutional Principles

more than a hundred southern congressional representatives and senators signed this in 1956, pledging their unyielding resistance to desegregation

Political pluralism

most people believed a variety of ideas were good and people could debate on those ideas

Issues with and for Johnson

1. Johnson and Congress always at odds 2. Feb 1868- Johnson fired Stanton without Senate approval

Congressional Reconstruction

1. Republicans were not happy with the way things were going 2. Moderate Republicans take over

Congressional Reconstruction

1. The Republicans were in no hurry to embrace their former enemies 2. Republicans passed much legislation that favored the south

Ku Klux Klan

A group of Southern whites who had a prejudice against African Americans Killed and Terrorized African-Americans Anti-Black/ Anti anything that is not white Period 5

Sierra Club

An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of American's great mountains and wilderness environments most enduring and influential grassroots environmental organization in the United States Environmental Club/ Protection Club Period 6

Migration to Cities

Black population in every major southern city increased between 1860 and 1870 Often settled outside of town Low paying jobs/racism- not an easy life Black communities tight

Radical Republicans made demands

Black sufferage Land distribution Protection of civil rights Radical Republicanism was a reaction to white supremacy

40 Acres and a Mule

Congress gave ok to confiscated/abandoned land in the south to freed slaves Lease 40 acres with the option to buy Huge opportunity An offered chance for economic opportunity It was a total failure Bureau focused on rebuilding the south Failure in the South (Sharecropping)

Response to the KKK

Congress passed the Force Act- 1870/1871, Too little too late Old south begins to dominate again

Hiram Revels

First African-American to serve in the senate for Mississippi (deep south)

Reaction to Johnson's plan

Initially had support in the south Expected the south to accept terms

Black Codes

Laws that allowed African-Americans to have certain rights such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to courts. Designed to limit the freedom of African-Americans Black Laws/ Limited Laws Period 5 and 6

The Ku Klux Klan

Many whites resented the success and ability of black legislatures

Military Reconstruction Act

March 1867, divided south into military districts, 5 districts, ex-confederate states had to ratify the 14th amendment in order to join the union again. States had to guarantee full suffrage to African-Americans in their state.

Presidential Reconstruction

May 1865 Call State Conventions Ratify 13th amendment Repeal succession acts Swear an oath to loyalty- a majority of the population Then back in the union Pardoned Confederate leaders- at least 1,000 pardons of high ranking officials. Pardoned every confederate leader, allowed then to rise to power again in the South

Freedmen's Bureau- Education

Most successful with education Coordinated with churches in the North Literacy before the war- 10% of blacks/ 70% of whites in the south Literacy after the war- 70% of blacks/70% whites in the south College education was a possibility Private institutions 1000 earn degrees by 1880

Blacks

Mostly Republicans, a lot of them were elected to political office, had Union Leagues. Made up the majority of voters in many southern states

National Parks

Parks that were created to protect U.S. land from anyone building on it Important for preserving land and ecosystems National Forest/Conservation Park Period 5

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Tenure of Office Act

Passed in 1867 to limit the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers without the Senate's consent. Prevented Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Promoted the prohibition by entering saloons, singing, praying and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol Reform activities provided women with expanded public roles (like giving women voting rights) WCTU/Temperance Movement Period 5

Black Codes

Regulator lives of freed blacks Very restrictive Est. economic system similar to slavery Stable labor supply for white south Restored the race relations in the south Free but not equal

Black Codes

South laws passed by Johnson that kept tight restraints on the freedmen. Included no interracial marriages and no service on juries. Varied from state to state, Mississippi's was the harvest and Georgias was the most lenient but they had much in common. Some codes prohibited blacks from renting or leasing land.

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction

Seward's Folly

The Purchase of Alaska in 1867 from Russia by Secretary of State William Steward Doubled the size of the U.S. Seward's icebox/ Polar Bear Garden Period 5

Reconstruction

The period after the civil war where the Northern politicians created plans for the reconstruction of the South Redefined U.S. citizenship and changed the relationship between the Federal and State Government Radical Reconstruction/ Congressional Reconstruction Period 5

The Baleful Black Codes

Thousands of impoverished former slaves slipped into the status of sharecroppers farmers as did many landless whites

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

(1867-1868) 1867, Johnson tried to remove Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, Radical Republicans proclaimed that Johnson had flouted the United States Constitution by directly violating the Tenure of Office Act and began impeachment proceedings against him, The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson in early 1868 (first president of the United States to be impeached), two-thirds of the Senate had to vote to convict the president for him to be removed but failed to convict Johnson by one vote

Fifteenth Amendment

(1870) stated no American could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

The realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

1. African American women assumed new political roles, attended parades and rallies that were common in black communities during the early years of reconstruction, helped assembles mass meeting in newly constructed black churches 2. Black men formed the backbone of the black political community 3. Between 1868 and 1876 14 black congressmen and 2 black senators served in Washington D.C. 4. The radical legislatures passed much desirable legislation and introduced many sorely needed reforms such as public schools, tax systems, public works were launched and property rights were granted to women.

The Problems of Peace

1. Davis was imprisoned for two years, but he and his conspirators were finally released partly because the odds were that no Virginia jury would convict them 2. All of the rebel leaders were pardoned by President Johnson in 1868 3. Economic life had creaked to a halt in the South 4. Banks and businesses had locked their doors. Ruined by runaway inflation 5. Factories were shut down, the transportation system was broken down and agriculture was crippled 6. The labor system had collapsed, the seed was scarce and livestock had been driven off by plundering Yankees 7. The White southerners were defiant, Confederates continued to believe that their view of succession was correct

Freedmen Define Freedom

1. Emancipation took effect haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the south 2. Many blacks found themselves emancipated and then re-enslaved 3. Other planters resisted emancipated more legalistically, stubbornly protesting that slavery was lawful until the States legislators or supreme court declared otherwise 4. The plantation master prompted some slaves to resist the liberating Union Armies 5. Many new slaves joined Union troops 6. Some blacks initially responded to news of their emancipation with suspicion and uncertainty, they soon celebrated their newfound freedom 7. Whites were forced to recognize the formalities of emancipation 8. Emancipation strengthened the black families 9. Former slaves left their former masters to work in towns and cities where existing black communities provided protection and mutual assistance, whole communities sometimes moved together in the search of opportunity 10. The Church became the focus of black communities years after emancipation, they had formed their own churches 11. Churches eventually formed the bedrock of the black community life 12. The Freedmen established society for self-improvement took to raise funds to purchase lands, build schoolhouses and hire teachers 13. The freed blacks accepted the aid of the Northern white women sent by the American Missionary Association who volunteered their services as teachers 14. African-Americans also turned to the Federal Government for help

Problems for new Governments

1. Governing difficult in the South during reconstruction 2. Problem- paying for reforms= increased taxes 3. Problem- don't really know how to govern corruption/ mismanagement issue No worse than the north

The Freedmen's Bureau

1. Heading the Bureau was Oliver O. Howard who later founded and served as President of Howard University in D.C... 2..Taught an estimated 200,000 blacks how to read and many former slaves had a passion for learning because they wanted to read the word of God 3. President Johnson who shared the whites supremacist views of most white southerners tried to kill it until it expired in 1872

10 Percent Reconstruction Plan

a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington (high-ranking Confederate military and civilian authorities would not be offered this opportunity), the state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution but it also had to abolish slavery forever, if all processed Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government

Scalawags

a term of derision used in the South during the Reconstruction era for white southern Republicans.

Dollar Diplomacy

an economic policy of the United States of America began during the William Howard Taft Presidency aimed at furthering the interests of the U.S. abroad by encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries, specifically, Latin and South America. Embassy/ outwitting Period 7

Wade-Davis Bill

bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath (they were not now disloyal to the Union nor had they ever been disloyal), pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Civil Rights Bill

declared blacks to be citizens and forbade the states to discriminate between citizen because of race or color, in cases where these rights were violated, federal troops would be used for enforcement

The majority (Moderate Republicans)

tend to agree with Lincoln that the seceded states should be restored to the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable

Force Acts

this group was founded in Tennessee in 1866; its oftentimes violent actions during the Reconstruction era represented the resentments felt by many Southern whites towards the changing political, social, and economic conditions of the Reconstruction era.

Invisible Empire of the South/ Ku Klux Klan

this group was founded in Tennessee in 1866; its oftentimes violent actions during the Reconstruction era represented the resentments felt by many Southern whites towards the changing political, social, and economic conditions of the Reconstruction era.

Seward's Folly

was the purchase of Alaska from Russia. Although seen as a foolish purchase, this added more land and available resources to the U.S.