APUSH Exam Study Guide (P3-P7)

Ben Franklin

member of the Continental Congress, forefather of the U.S., great negotiator with France

baptists (new light)

minister is not exalted, no hierarchy

Tammany Hall

most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863 a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

loyalists

mostly anglicans, centered in some big cites such as New York, Charleston, etc... most usually wealthy and older

where were the republicans from

mostly from midwest, small towns, freedmen, veterans Promoted puritan moral absolutism learnings

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

10% Plan

n (1863): Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

negatives of european exploration to the natives

natives populations such as widespread epidemics and forced labor systems like the spanish encomienda system.

Battle of antietam

september 17 1862 Mcclellan successfully stopped less advance in the bloodiest single day of fighting

oliver perry

several victories in the great lakes and forced the British to abandon their plans to invade the US via the great lakes Although the American navy has success on the great lakes, the British blockade the US so that by 1813 American ships cannot leave port

Total War

shermans march to the south, total destruction

Once indian american tribes were destroyed, whihc group of people did the colonists/ spanish look to

slaves

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

john quincy adams

"Minority president" because he wasn't backed by voters Asks congress for money for internal improvements He wants to build an observatory, but public thinks it's a waste of money *sectionalism (regional differences) begins to overpower national concerns which leads to issues with slavery and economic policies An advocate for natives which makes him unpopular Doesn't believe in patronage (think: kitchen cabinet) and doesn't give a ton of jobs while in office Nationalism begins to die out

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War Military hero of the Mexican War who became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852

Huey Long

"Share Our Wealth" programs - 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan

XYZ affair

"millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute" Representative sent to france were approached by three french representatives and the french representatives (XYZ) demand a 250K dollar bribe simply to talk to the french foreign minister

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Dred Scott v. Stanford

(1857): Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slav ery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slav ery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States

Cotton Gin

(1793): Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slav ery in the South

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Louisiana Purchase

(1803): Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement

Marbury v. Madison

(1803): Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"—the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

Embargo Act

(1807): Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

Non- intercourse Act

(1809): Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.

Edgar Allen Poe

(1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

War Hawks

(1811-1812): Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Hartford Convention

(1814-1815): Convention of Federalists from five New En gland states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Era of Good Feeling

(1816-1824): Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slav ery, and the national bank

Anglo-American Convention

(1818): Signed by Britain and the US, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the Northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for 10 years.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Missouri Compromise

(1820): Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Mas sa chu setts and prohibiting slav ery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'.

American System

(1820s): Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network

Monroe Doctrine

(1823): Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets

Nat Turner's Rebellion

(1831): Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings

Nullification Crisis

(1832-1833): Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Species Circular

(1836): U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Trail of Tears

(1838-1839): Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey

Liberty Party

(1840-1848): Antislav ery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the Liberty party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slav ery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Spot Resolution

(1846): Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

(1848): Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848): Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal

Free-Soil Party

(1848-1854): Antislav ery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slav ery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slav ery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Seventh of March Speech

(1850): Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slav ery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion.

Fugitive Slave Law

(1850): Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislav ery cause in the North. (

Know-Nothing Party

(1850s): Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

(1854): Proposed that the issue of slav ery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

(1858): Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination

Crittenden Compromise

(1860): Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slav ery in all territories south of 36°30' where slav ery was supported by popular sovereignty.

Emancipation Proclamation

(1863): Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slav ery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines

Freedmen's Bureau

(1865-1872): Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

separation of powers within the fed gov.

(Checks and Balances), ability to veto/override veto

Battle of New Orleans

(January 1815): Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Erie Canal

(completed 1825): New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest

Second Great Awakening

(early nineteenth century): Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a dem ocratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members

where was william braddoc defeated

(fort duqesune) Braddock was ambushed by natives and french, 1,000 died Washington directed the retreat and saved his military career

Popular Sovereignty

(in the context of the slav ery debate) Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slav ery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slav ery to the territories.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Daniel Webster

- Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850

Mitchell Palmer

- helped to increase the Red Scare; "Fighting Quaker" - attorney general who authorized anti-radical raids and deportations

Compromise of 1877

-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president

Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment)

-prohibits the manufacture and sale of intoxication liquor contributing factors: men treating women poorly (spending money, domestic violence), many bars were german-american (unpatriotic)

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

Issue of Kansas Nebraska Act

1. People who own slaves flood to Kansas to sway the vote to have this become a slave state (called border ruffians) 2. The North tries to counteract this movement with the New England Emigrant Aid Company Pays to help transport antislavery settlers into Kansas A lot of fighting appears and Kansas gets its name "Bleeding Kansas" Douglas wants to pass the Act through the North 3. Brooks v. Sumner Proslavery group wins and set up a government in Shawnee, Kansas Free Soiler Party- Opposed to slavery, set up a 2nd government in Topeka Dueling state governments, Free soil party wins, capitol is Topeka today Proslavery individuals attack antislavery individuals in Lawrence Kansas John Brown and his followers respond to the pro slavery attack in lawrence kansas John's Brown Raid- Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas They kill 5 people, several on the line of the same family

1819 issue of states

11 free states, 11 slave states, and Missouri wants to become a state, meets all the requirements, wants to become a state that allows slavery, this would upset the balance between slave and free states in the senate, also first state entirely west of the mississippi river

consittuional convention

12 states meet in philly in 1787, Rhode Island does not attend, afraid of being overpowered Delegates are wealthy men, elected by state legislatures, high ranking officials/jobs George Washington is chosen as the President of the Convention

Why manhattan project was worth it?

120,000 people and 2 billion dollars Truman was motivated partially by the increasing casualties in pacific Iwo jima-26,000 Okinawa-50,000 Three options Multi front war with societies in north Unilateral us invasion(1 million die) Use the bomb

13/14/15 Amendment

13th Amendment Prohibits slavery 14th Amendment Grants blacks civil liberty, citizenship 15th Amendment Voting Rights

new york colony

1609 hudson claimed hudson river for the dutch Dutch west indian company planted new amsterdam in 123 Patroonships led to aristocratic feudalism Becomes a city Defeated by the british in 1664, change to new york

pennsylvania colony

1609 hudson claimed hudson river for the dutch Dutch west indian company planted new amsterdam in 123 Patroonships led to aristocratic feudalism Becomes a city Defeated by the british in 1664, change to new york

President Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

sugar act

1764- Renewal of the Molasses Act- Placed taxes on foreign sugar, the goal was to enforce Navigation Acts and stop the smuggling

stamp act

1765- Required that a stamp should be placed on certain paper goods (legal documents, newspapers, deeds, marriages, playing card) 1st Direct tax on colonists Unlike the Sugar Act where the merchant or importer would pay tax, you the consumer are directly paying the tax

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

1768-1834 Religious leader and brother of Tecumseh. Nickenamed "The Prophet." His defeat at the Battle of Tippecanoe ruined Tecumsheh's plans for a new Native American confederacy.

bunker hill

1775, Colonists make a good showing, technically lose but prove that they are a force to be reckoned with

lexington and concord

1775,Lexington is bad for colonists but Concord it good

saratoga

1777, significant because it encourages the french to form an official alliance with the colonies Win for Horatio Gates

John James Audubon

1785-1851 *Romantic-era artist *Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters *Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals *In 1886, a nature organization took his name

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

andrew johnson

17th president of the united states, was proslavery in his career After lincoln death, his views mattered He vetoed all bill giving civil rights to black males and his veto was overridden by the senate It was the first time in history a major piece of legislation was ever enacted over a presidential veto Radical republicans passed the 14th amendment and passed the reconstruction act of 1867

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere

Utopian Communities

1820-1850 *Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism *Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism *Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism *Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism *Two of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Grant captured fort henry and fort donelson

1862 Grants victory secured tennessee to the union and opened the way for further attacks o the deep south

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

the cotton kingdom

1885- states of the deep south had become a cotton kingdom, a vast expanse of cotton plantations that extended from the south carolina to east texas, The deep south was unique in its single minded focus on agriculture, little industrial activiti, new orleans and charleston were ports to ship cotton While urbanization and industrialization transformed the north, the south was the same in 1800 as they were in 1850 The us continued to develop its own democratic ideals, speaking debate about the role of federal government and leading to the formation of various political parties The us supreme court established the principle that federal laws take precedence over state laws America developed a national culture especially after the war of 182, and various religious and social groups emerged America underwent an economic and technological revolution. Major developments like the cotton gin, steam engine,, factory system and railroads and canals Expanding westward after the louisiana purchase the us sought to expand its borders and to be seen as a major player in foreing trade As enw states joined the us the debate sover slavery raged on. In attempt to appease both the north and the south, henry clay made the missouri compromise

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890 *Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity, but this plan frightened white settlers *The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was organizing a rebellion, and acting on the settlers' fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief *In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and the others were killed *The remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near Wounded Knee Creek *When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired, and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women, and children in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars

reactions to new immigrants

1894 immigration restriction league formed 1887 american protective association formed (targeted immigrants and the catholic church) 1886 statue of liberty a gift to us from france (give me tired, you poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free)- emma lazarus Political bosse smaniputaled immigrants Settlement houses movement =- provided social services for immigrants in cities (jane addams hull house in chicago)

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

boxer rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 *Oregon established a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries *Muller, a laundry owner, challenged the legality of the law, arguing that t violated the "liberty to contract" *Louis Brandeis, one of the attorneys arguing the case used extensive sociological evidence in his brief (the Brandeis Brief), which served as a model for later social reformers *The Supreme Court held that the law was unconstitutional

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

neutrality acts 1935- 1936- 1937-

1935- all arms shipments prohibited, no US citizens can travel on ships of belligerent nations 1936-no loans or credit to be extended to belligerent nations 1937-no arms shipped to the opposing side of the spanish civil war

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor - REFORM!

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President who ended Reconstruction - famous for super corrupt Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

stono rebellion 1739

20 black slaves met near stono river stole guns and powder from store and killed two store keepers Largest slave uprising in colonies before revolution Slave owners caught many of them and kills them After stono colonies tightened slave codes

Chester Arthur

21st president after Garfield died - passed bill reforming civil service (qualifications vs connections) - developed modern navy - questioned high tariff = no renomination by Republicans

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President - passed two acts that purified meat - created the Bull-Moose Party and square deal - wanted to build the Panama canal and strengthen navy - focused on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy (imperialism)

Woodrow Wilson

28th president - known for World War I leadership - created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage - wrote Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations

xyz affair

3 man commission sent to negotiate and ignored Ask for a bribe Us was outraged at these actions After change in french governments, talleyrand claimed the men were imposters

stamp act congress 1765

37 delegates from 9 colonies met p to draw petitions opposition parliament's right to tax the colonists Major objection:internal taxes could only be imposed by colonial legislatures Non importation agreements to hurt britain

hartford convention

5 New England states that meet toward the end of the War of 1812, December 1814-January 1815 Talk about grievances (Federalist Party) Discuss the limiting of the power of the west (new states coming into country)

Oregon dispute between US and Great Britain

54 40 or fight Americans travel west on the Oregon trail Outcome is that we got around 49 degrees Manifest Destiny is all of the above stuff, mostly about west coast and texas

new immigrants reaction to capitalism

70% came through nyc the golden door Settled in cities mostly in the northeast Lived in ethnic communities (ghettos) Took low paying , menial jobs Religions mainly non protestants Lived in tenements Provide new culture and opportunities

Ku Klux Klan

: An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.

Patronage

: Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees. (

American Colonization Society

: Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the or ga ni zation established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

palmer raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration

James Otis

A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act. no taxation without representation

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Thaddeus Stephens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress. PA Congressman who hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands from planter class (Radical Republican)

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

national war labor board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

federalist papers

A collection of essays written by john jay, james madison and alexander hamiton in 1788 Urged ratification of the constitution which had been debated and drafted at the constitutional convention in philadelphia 1787one of the most significant american contributions to the field of political philosophy and theory and it still widely considered to be the most authoritative source for determining the original intent of the framers of the us constitution

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

compromise of 1877

A deal where democrats accept Hayes as the president and republicans pull out the last federal troops in the south, ending military reconstruction Solves the election issue but ends reconstruction North won the war, south won reconstruction Abandonded freed blacks in the south, left to the redeemers and people in the south, reopened to Jim Crowe laws, etc...

Roaring 20s 1920-1929

A decade of increased U.S. economic prosperity and cultural transformation that was fueled by the consumption of consumer goods.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers - provided a national labor union for unskilled workers

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Federal Trade Commission

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor - exposed the corruption of the oil industry in "A History of Standard Oil"

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

what was the encomienda system and how did it effect indians

A legal system in which conquistadores or other officials were given a set number of native american indies and they would teach them christianity in exchange for work

Bicameral

A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses

Hitler-Stalin Pact

A letter sent from Stalin to Hitler in 1939 - gave Germany the permission to wage war on Poland - agreement of neutrality between the Soviet Union and Germany.

Whiskey Rebellion

A lot of farmers in western pennsylvania are growing wheat and that are hit by this excise tax on whiskey, "Sin tax" , they are distilling their grain into whiskey because people prefer whiskey and it is easier to transport, it can also be used as money to trade , GW thinks the rebellion is too large for the local militia so he goes to get congressional approval and gets approval to form an army that would fight for the federalist, gets 13K people for the militia but there are only 500 farmers, once the farmers realize the militia is coming they all disperse and settle down Was a win for the federalists because they put together an army and put down internal unrest

resistance to irish

A lot of these immigrants are catholic, and there are alot of distrust to catholics

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits - illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition and the problems with gangs

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

boston massacre

A of Colonists and British soldiers were at the storehouse Colonists are taunting the soldiers, most of these soldiers were new and didn't have a lot of experience Soldiers panicked and one of them fires which causes the other soldiers to fight and killed 5 colonists One was an African American named Chrispus Attucks

red scare

A period of general fear of communists

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy - United States loans Germany money - Germany can pay reparations to England and France - England and France can pay back their loans from the U.S.

open door policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

People's (Populist) Party

A political group which began to emerge in 1891. They gained much support from farmers who turned to them to fight political unfairness. They used a progressive platform. James B. Weaver ran as their presidential candidate in 1892. They had an impressive voter turnout. They were also known as the People's Party.

WEB DuBois

Advocated for full equality for african americans Believed education leaders the "talented tenth" would help lead the race Helped found the NAACP

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

French and Indian war

A rivalry between England and France for land in North America Colonists want to expand west but are limited to the east coast The population of English in the colonies is rising and they need space

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression

George Fitzhugh

A social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the Negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. He went as far as to say that black slaves were in a much better situation than poor, freed blacks Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society,The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

what did voltaire beleive in

Advocate religions freedom and criticized intolerance in religion

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Protective tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Trail of tears

A third of people die, cherokees are marched west at gunpoint, move them during the winter and there are no supplies or anything Black mark on Jackson's legacy

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Francis Scott Key

A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

A widow of an army captain, Jackson became angered at what she considered the unfair treatment of Native Americans at the hands of US government agents. She became an activist and muckraker who started investigating and publicizing the agents' wrongdoing, circulating petitions, raising money, and writing letters to the New York Times on behalf of Indians. She also started writing a book condemning the government's Indian policy and the history of broken treaties. Her book, A Century of Dishonor, called for change from the contemptible, selfish policy to treatment characterized by humanity and justice, was published in 1881. Jackson then sent a copy to every member of Congress, but, to her disappointment, the book had little impact. She later led protests against the 1890 Dawes Severalty Act.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

international slave trade

Abolished in 1808 After 1808, basically it is all domestic because of natural reproduction 1833 England abolishes slavery Raises southern fears of slaves escaping to British grounds for immunity

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Impressment

Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period

Alien Laws

Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.

Quasi War (1798-1800)

Adams requested congress to increase the size of the army and rebuild the navy War was fought entirely on the seas between us and french ships The convention of 1800 ends the quasi war- but comes too late to help adams

Compromise of 1850

Admitted Cal i fornia as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slav ery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slav ery

what did john locke believe in

Advocated natural rights of life liberty and property People give up some rights in exchange for protection Advocated the right to revolt when government fails to protect these rights

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist who led movement against lynching - urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music - wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

dred scott decision

Africans Americans are not citizens Scott remains a law under missouri law Congress cannot ban slavery in any territory The missouri compromise is unconstitutional Protects the property rights of slaveholders

what were african societies like before the slave trade

Africans made societies around the family unity and gold supply dictated which society had the most power

effects of legalized slavery and how it was worked arounf in the south

After the civil war sharecropping and tenant farming too the place of slavery and the plantation system in the south Sharecropping and tenant farming were systems in which white landlord soften former plantation slave owners entered into contracts with poor farm laborers to work their lands Those who worked the fields shared a portion of the crop yield with the landlord as payment for renting the land Under the sharecropping system, the landlord typically applies the capital to buy the seed and equipment needed to sow, cultivate, and harvest a crop, while the sharecropper supplies the labor In other tenancy farming arrangements the laborer not the landowner took responsibility for purchase of seeds and equipment This system left both black and whitee tenant farmers living in poverty

regional response to gilded age: the south

After the compromise of1877, the us army was removed from the south It was an open season on african americans The 14th and 15th amendments were ignored- citizens and enfranchisement Instead southern states passed jim crow laws- segregation based on law

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

Agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907-1908 represented an effort by President Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. As the number of Japanese workers in California increased, they were met with growing hostility and racial antagonism fed by inflammatory articles in the press. On October 11, 1906, the San Francisco school board arranged for all Asian children to be placed in a segregated school. Japan was deeply wounded by San Francisco's discriminatory law aimed specifically at its people. President Roosevelt intervened. Japan agreed to deny passports to laborers intending to enter the United States. This was followed by the formal withdrawal of the San Francisco school board segregation order. Enabled US to preserve good relations with Japan as a counter to Russian expansion in the Far East.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

emilio aguinldo

Aided american efforts to capture manila assuming that americans would grant philippines their independence in return for his assistance, we did not American annexation led to a 3 year guerilla war U.s. saw chance at converting people to protestantism, a source of raw materials, access to the markets of china, adn desired to provide them government until they were ready for self government

Macon's Bill No. 2

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war

americna nationalism

Alfred t. Nahan's big navyism Global trade=need for navy= need for coaling stations Met with teddy roosevelt at sagamore hill

slavery in the coloines

All BRitish colonies participated in atlantic slave trade because Abundance of land Growing european demand for colonial goods Shortage of indentured servants

Corrupt Bargain

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824

Why did US and allies win war

Allied cooperation Technological advances- atomic bomb Contributions of servicemen and servicewomen Campaigns such as island hopping in the pacific and D-Day invasion

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944 - by Eisenhower

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

non-intercourse act

Allowed trade with everyone but France and Britain

Aaron Burr

Also ran in election of 1800 Almost beat Jefferson The two tied in the Electoral College Federalists preferred Burr The vote went to the House Jefferson became president; Burr became vice president

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

America gains Texas area and lands from Oregon to California in exchange for $15 million We gain new territory, Rio grande river is the new border United States pay $15 million for land (california, nevada, new mexico and utah) , and $3,255,000 to the debts and claims b the Mexican Sets the southern border of Texas at the Rio Grande

what happens as american expands

America would continue to move west creating clashes with natives and european colonies As slavery epand in to the deep south and moed westward, a growing anti slavery attitude grew in thr north -northwest territory

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Fredrick Douglass

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

hudson river school

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Margaret Sanger

American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse

Henry Ford

American businessman - founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents

Loyalists

American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories."

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II - accepted Japan's surrender??

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Charles A. Lindberg

American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Chesapeake affair

American ship that is boarded with Britain, Britain ship fires and kills three American, violation of rights, Britain admits this No US exports, big failure

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays - wrote "Three Lives," "Tender Buttons," and "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas" - coined the term "Lost Generation"

groups against immigrants

Americans Protective Association Nativist society who voted against catholic and ran for office Supposed to keep u from holding office Organized Labor Labor unions were enacted to keep jobs for americans They were consndered that if there was astrike then th eimmigrants would be hried as scabs or strikebreakers They wre coming from nothing and they have to work

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Consumer Economy

An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers

John T Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution - represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist - gave fundamentalism a bad rep

Ku Klux Klan

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

boston tea party

Angers England because colonists burn ships and destroy product Ports do not let the tea leave the ship

idea of nationalism

As a Nation we are excited about expanding westward More appealing than anything Causes Patriotic theme to show up (In books, school, paintings)

a ban on slave trade in dc

Antislavery advocates welcomed the ban on the slave trde in dc although slavery itself was still legal

council of orders

Any ship that wants to trade has to go through the British ports

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Lincoln's Death

April 14, 1865 Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth Worst thing that could happen to the South because Lincoln was very lenient and he wanted them back into the Union as possible More successful of getting those moderate policies passed in Congress More respected in Congress than Andrew Johnson Mary Surrat was hung for assisting in the plan of killing Lincoln

Shay's Rebellion

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S

Freeport Doctrine

As long as the voters, using popular sovereignty, vote down slavery, then it will stay down Stephen douglass wins the election and becomes governor or illinois but lincoln gets recognition and puts him in the national spotlight

conflict in the west

As migrant populations increased so did competition Military and civilian officials encouraged examination of the herds to destroy native culture and resistance Without buffalo the plains antive americans would starve

the second great awakening led to

The temperance movement The abolition movement gets it roots Prison reform

Stamp Act Congress

Assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity.

declaratorya ct 1766

Asserted parliament's right to legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever

Custer's Last Stand

At the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors

the mexican cession and the slavery question

At the end of the mexican american war, the united states gained a large piece of western land known as the mexican cession The issue of whether to permit slavery in the territories organized in this new land consumed congressa t the nd of the 1840s

new deal

Attempted to solve the problems of the Great Depression by using government power for Relief programs for the poor Recovery programs to stimulate the economy Reform programs to change the system

Spot Resolution

Authored By Lincoln, wanted to know the exact spot where Mexican and American fought But, this does not stop us from declaring war Americans win war, instigated it

popular sovereignty in mexico and utah territories

Avoided a deciison on the question of slavery. Allowed white resident of the territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavetr

victory gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

cons of colonies

Badly Organized Loyalist Opposition Money Troubles No supplies Outnumbered

pet banks

Banks made by jackson where he placed the federal deposits, took money out of big bank and placed into this

growth of american nationalism from war of 1812

Battle of New Orleans- Andrew Jackson war hero Naval victories:Erie/champlain- new war heroes Star Spangled banner written 2nd war for independence Rededication to principle of isolationism

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Because of Black codes congress pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Passed and Johnson will veto it Congress overrides it and they turn it into the 14th Amendment because of fear that the South would get rid of it once they had a chance

britains influence of transatlantic print culture

Before 1700 news was prohibited from being printed (fear of undermining british authority) Most news were focused on reports from abroad appealed to merchants, commodity prices, ship arrivals, european politics Newspaper container advertisement for local commerce, notices of runaway slaves,entertaining stories from english press, local gossip Papers were regulated by public officials Confidence about attacking government in newspaper is an outgrowth of the enlightenment Letters,papers, pamphlets and books circulated as transportation improved

impact of the civil war

Before the civil war, the united states was a largely rural, barely unified collection of states not making much of a blip on the world state After the civil war, the united states was well on its way toward becoming a modern country with a strong central government and a thriving industrial economy that was son to make it into a serious world power The civil war is seen as such an enormous turning point in us history that most colleges slit courses into us history before 1865 and us history after 1865

mobilizing society for war south

Began draft in 1862 18-35 1864 17-50 Allowed wealthy to hire out Almost 90% of eligible men served in the army Bread riots

mobilizing society for war North

Began draft in 1863 20-45 Allowed wealthy to hire out for $300 Nyc draft riots were a result 92% soldiers were volunteers

population in 1830s

Beginning of urban centers( nyc was main entry point) Urban area are centers of finance Migration of irish and germans (1840s and 1850s) Internal migration of power from country to cities Greater gap between rich and poor

purpose of enlightenment

Belief in limited government Individual liberties and protection of rights obey the rule of law

white man's burden and social darwinism

Belief in our duty to civilize the world Belief that the strong always dominate the weak Missionaries also wanted to bring christianity to the heathen

conservation

Believed in managed development not preservation Roosevelt set aside 150 million acres of land as national reserves US forest service created 1905 Hosted a white house conference on conservation 1908

jefferson's economic policies

Believes in agriculture not industry Torn between his ideal Abandons some of these for the sake of the country

steel and carnegie

Bessemer Process Vertical Integration Sold to J.P. Morgan and focused on Philanthrophy

constituional convention

Between may and september 1787 delegates from 12 states met in philadelphia to revise the articles of confederation which were insufficient to cope with the challenges facing the young nation It was the site of spirited debate over the size, scope and structure of the federal government and the result was the united states constitution

organized labor/protests

Big Business attempts to prevent protest Strikebreakers - workers brought in to replace those on strike Lockouts Blacklists Yellow dog contracts - you sign an agreement when you are hired to not say anything, agreement to not organize Court injunctions - laws used against unions Calling in private guards and state militia to put down strikes

rutherford b hayes

Biggest and best qualification is that he is from Ohio Reconstruction ends while he is president Does not reconcile the two sides, but reconstruction does end Rights that freed slaves earned were taken away

Problems within Southern Society

Biggest= Gap between the rich and the poor Lack of Schools Financial Instability Soil in the south is becoming exhausted

success of the new south

Birmingham alabama prospered from iron and steel manufacturing, and mining and furniture production benefited other parts of the south James duke made use of the newly invented cigarette rolling machines to feed the growing market for tobacco and founded the american tobacco company in north carolina in 1890 The most notable new south initiative was the introduction of textile mills Beginning in the early 1880s northern capitalists invested in these textile mills in north carolina, south carolina, and georgia, drawn to the reunion by the fact that they could pay souther mill workers at half the rate of northern workers

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Fort Pillow Massacre

Black soldiers surrendered and instead of being seen as prisoners of war, they were just killed If prisoner of war you are supposed to receive some treatment

battle of antietam

Bloodiest day in american history George McClellan commands the Union General Lee's battle plans were wrapped around some cigars, dropped on the ground, and a union soldier picked them up Not really a definitive winner but it is considered that the Union won because Lee retreats Keeps European countries from joining the war, specifically england on the side of the south After the War, England decides to not be involved Gives Lincoln the win he needs to announce the Emancipation of Proclamation Frees slaves in the states of rebellion are free January 3 1863, gives them a warning to free slaves But, South do not listen because he is not their president Licoln could have freed slaves in the border states, but doesnt because he doesn't want them to leave for the south The proclamation does not free anybody, but makes it a war to free the slaves For the North, the war changes to freeing slaves Initially it was about preserving the Union

Pontiac's Uprising

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

why did north win civil war

Border states Material advantage Railroad advantage Blockade southern ports to ruin trade Prevent foreign aid to the confederacy Population advantage Use superior manpower to take offense against the rebels Invade the confederacy and capture its few main cities Anaconda plan

intolerable acts

Boston harbor closed Restricted town meetings Royal officials would be tried in england Thomas Gage was made gov. Of massachusetts (british commander) Army was authorized to seize buildings for quartering of troops

gibbons v ogden

Both have steam boats that move passengers from state to state Issue over interstate commerce Ogden has the exclusive NJ state monopoly, he sued Gibbons who had a federal license Only the federal govt. (not states) can regulate intersatet commerce National supremacy over state Gibbons won

Drafts of North and South

Both sides have a war draft Confederate draft happened earlier Also went to an older age, needed more people, couldn't replenish their troops as easily as the north Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus because It is wartime and he has to have control over the border states Supervised voting in border states Blockade of southern forts Increase in size of Northern Army

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Effects of the french and indian war

Britain is in heavy debt, try to tax the colonies because Britain ended salutary neglect Britain wants to consolidate its control in the colonies because of how much land they had gained in the war Britain view America's militia as very weak and they did not help at all Colonies view that their army was very strong and that Britain were the ones who poorly fought Went from controlling East coast to controlling all land in Canada right half of the United States, right of the Mississippi

treaty of paris 1783

Britain recognizes US independence Draws new borders British troops were to evacuate As soon as possible, but no timeline was given so they do not get out of the colonies until after the war of 1812 Congress recommended states to restore loyalists rights and property Lots were undecided

fort mchenry

British attempted to take Fort McHenry but failed Francis Scott Key penned the words to the Star Spangled banner while watching the battle

british, french, spanish sentiments towards immigrants

British colonies allowed settlers of different ethnics (Scots Irish, Germans and religious groups in 1700s) Spanish and French did not allow non-catholics to settle in the New World Dutch did allow ethnic diversity in New Amsterdam British allow religious people to leave: Quakers, Puritans Catholics

examples of government in british, spanish, french colonies

British colonies had examples of self government House of burgesses, Mayflower Compact Spanish were ruled by a viceroy with no representative assembly French king ruled colonies with no representative assembly Dutch colonies were ruled autocratically by the East India Company

Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)

British fought against France Spain and Natives British failed to take montreal and quebec Peace of Utrecht:England gained acadia, newfoundland and trade rights in spanish america

americas trade with Britain during ww2

British got destroyers to fight off German U-boats US gets 8 bases in western hemisphere for 99 years Committee to defend america by aiding the allies is formed

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

advantage of americans

British had other enemies Weak leadership in parliament Support from whigs Poor british generals vs good american generals Long british supply lines Defense war over a geographically area Colonists ideological commitment and resilience Gained foreing aid

unintended consequences to the british of the french and indian war

British helped trained the enemy, colonies would lead and fight in the continental army Pontiac's rebellion and the proclamation made tension between britain and the colonists Large military presence in america concerned the colonists Costliness of the war led england to reconsider the policy of salutary neglect, tax enforcement of navigation laws Colonists gain a sense of unity though they were the cutting edge Removal of the french gave colonists the chance to pursue more independent policies France would wait for a chance to get revenge

Conflict with britain/france

British impressment, Chesapeake Affair, French piracy led Jefferson to declare the Embargo of 1807

what was the relationship betwen blacks and british, french, spanish

British rarely intermarried with native people or Africans and eventually developed a rigid racial hierarchy French and dutch accepted cross racial sexual unions with natives Spanish accepted them with both natives and Africans (caste system, mestizos, mulattos)

define democatic government

British tradition of salutary neglect changes after 1763 Representation debate shift to debate over natural rights Newly independent nations- how democratic should we be? Does this include women? What about slavery?

battle of bull run

Bull run makes both sides realize that it will be a long war Won't be won easily Both sides had a romantic idea that they would go in, take care of business easily, and return as heroes

land act of 1820

Buy 80 acres of land for $1.25 an acre People move west because land in the south has been exhausted so they need new land

Quartering Act of 1765

Colonies expected to house and supply british regulars for the first time Army was being withdrawn from western deployments Colonists questioned this

greenbacks labor party

Came during civil war Elect 14 congressmen as greenbackers but not able to unite farmers Combination of Greenbacks (want more paper money) and labor Only success = electing some congressmen

Second Great Awakening

Caused by a reaction to rationalism and liberal church ideas

king phillips war 1675

Caused by english encroachment on indian lands for agriculture; english cattle destroyed native cornfields Breakdown of trading relationship between natives and english led to resentment as fur trade slowed and antives lost land Resentment of christianity because phillip sensed a loss of loyalty to him Both sids engaged in torture and killing women and chidlren Outside the bound of normal rules of war

what did lincoln do during war

Caused lost of freedom He suspends writ of habeas corpus Basically, you can be arrested without any evidence Has military supervise voting INcrease size of the army

effects of the spanish american war

Causes - Jingoism- aggressive nationalism Cuban revolt Yellow journalism Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

changes in us society

Changes in family dynamic Farmers change from subsistence farming to a crop that you can sell

prime minister wiliam pitt

Changes strategy Focus on capturing strongholds like quebec montreal, louisbourg Organizer of victory 1758 general amherst captured louis bourg'

Violence in Senate

Charles Sumner verbally attacks South Carolina Senator Butler in Congress Butler's cousin is named Preston Brooks Brooks decides to get even and goes into the chambers and uses a cane to beat Charles Sumner South Carolina people support Preston Brooks, Sumner has lifelong injury The dawg dead dead Sectional divide at its best Members of Congress can not behave

martin van buren

Chosen by Jackson, close election, 1836 Had the unfortunate problem of dealing with the Panic of 1837, bad for him because he will only be president for one term

effect of civil war on south

Cities, towns farms ruined High food prices, crop failures, many people faced starvation Confederate money was worthless- banks failed, merchants were bankrupt, people could not pay their debts

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Battle of Little Big Horn "Custers Last Stand"

Civil war general, killed in battle Native people rebell against White because they are being forced to live on these reservations and whites are stealing land Initially natives are winning the battle, most white are killed Once government sends in additional forces to kill natives, they win the land Whites win consistently because federal government is willing to use military force to move native people off of land

major problems in the north

Class divide Labor v. Business Big corporations making a lot of money and not paying workers Discrimination Immigration

election of 1888

Cleveland runs again Wins the popular vote, does not win the electoral college He is asked to change his position to win the election, says "What is the point of being elected or re-elected if you do not stand for something" Benjamin Harrison runs against Cleveland

election of 1892 outcome

Cleveland runs again and wins again Cleveland won because of tariffs The only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms

The carolinas region

Close ties with british west indies Exported rice, sugar Relied heavily on african slavery Charleston became the busiest seaport in the south Aristocratic flavor with a diverse community

The Federalist Papers

Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.

poor richards almanac

Collection of information Gave americans a sense of identity Discuss medical advice, when to plan, wisdom, weather predictions, humor

Cause and effects of virtual representation

Colonists are upset because they are taxed without fair representation, Taxation without Representation, viewed the taxes as an encroachment to their rights After the Stamp Act, you start to see some rebellions, "No Taxation without Representation" If the colonists had representation in Parliament then it would not matter because they would have a minority vote and would not get their say Boycott the stamp collectors, tar and feather them Colonists boycott buying things that required stamps

non-importation agreements

Colonists stopped importing goods from England, particularly fabric, and produce those furnished items in the colonies. Led by Samuel Adams and Sons of Daughters of Liberty mostly based in Boston and Massachusetts England becomes aware of this and repeals the Stamp Act

Patriots

Colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs."

Economies of British, French and spanish colonies

Columbian exchange brought new crops to europe from america which increased population growth, new sources of mineral wealth which caused european shift from feudalism to capitalism

What were the effects of the columbian exchange in europe

Columbian exchange brought new crops to europe from america which increased population growth, new sources of mineral wealth which caused european shift from feudalism to capitalism

why did nations come to america portugal? france? british?

Columbian exchange brought new crops to europe from america which increased population growth, new sources of mineral wealth which caused european shift from feudalism to capitalism

Connecticut Compromise

Combined both plans and were known as the connecticut The legislative branch would be bicameral consisting of the upper house-senate, and a lower house- the house of representatives

chinese exclusion act

Come to work in the railroad, mining industries 1882 congress passes this, severely limits immigration into the country of people of Chinese background In place until 1943, 61 years

andrew carnegie

Comes from scotland with nothing Gets in the Steel business and grows to become immensely rich and wealthy Owns the Bessemer steel process to make steel stronger and with less imperfections He can control quality, cost, efficiency

washington gladden

Competition and unselfishness is unchristian Labor is human not a commodity Need government regulation to reverse the trend Social gospel movement- religion compels us to respond to poverty and poor conditions

what were the articles of confederation

Comprised the United States first constitution, lasting from 1776- 1789 Established a weak central government, placed most powers in the hands of the states Created a confederacundy in which states consider themselves independent entities linked together for limited purposes such as national defense State governments had the sovereignty to rule within their own territories

tradition of self rule

Concerned that making their own legislatures were being taken away

Olive Branch Petition

Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.

aftermath of civil war

Confederate armies lost a greater percentage of its soldiers than the union The confederacy relied more heavily on agricultural workers to fill it armies than did the union The union had a larger and more diverse population of workers to enlist from than did the confederacy

legislature power in government

Congress Approves the budget Pass laws over the president's veto and impeach the president to remove him from the office House of representative Senate Senate confirms the president options Can impeach judges and remove them from office

Barnburners

Conscience Whigs and Free-soilers were known as this; their defection threatened to destroy the Democratic Party

free blacks

Considered a Third Race because although they were free they still had restrictions Could not testify against whites in court Holding certain jobs Serving on a jury In the north there was sometimes better treatment, and sometimes not The Irish opposed slaves because in the north, the slaves would take their jobs for less pay which pleased the owner of the job since there was a surplus of employees In the South, they liked the individual of blacks but not the race In the North, they liked the black race, but hated the individual (may take jobs away)

chester arthur

Considered a very refined, well dressed, manicured man Comes in as President after Garfield is assassinated Pendleton Act (1883) Basically civil service reform Says that there is no more required campaign contributions Candidates are counting on this money, so now they have to go to big businesses, corporations, and unions for financial support Federal jobs are distributed based on merit rather than patronage Some jobs now require a civil service exam to be considered for the job Not perfect, but it does seek to end the spoils system and patronage He is not renominated in 1884 Too honorable, too honest, etc... Only time served as president is filling in for Garfield

Federal Court System

Constitution is pretty quiet about the judicial branch and its structure Tells of a Supreme Court with a chief justice and five associate justices While Washington is President, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was passed that gave more clarification and structure to the federal court system Supreme Court was the only thing outlined in the constitution John Jay -Supreme Court Justice

first powhatan war 1622

Coordinated indian assaults led to the death of 347 colonists, 1/3rd of colonists Virginians retaliated by destroying indian villages and crops

powers of national goenremtn udner the articles of confedration

Could coin money Direct the post office Negotiate with foreign powers, including native american tribes Raise money or soldiers, it could only request that the states provide what was needed

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks - outlawed banks investing in the stock market.

freedmen's bureau

Created to address the need of african americans Successfully educated many former slaves Promised to give all slaves forty acres and a mule Attempted to redistribute southern lands but ended up in share croppoing (paid slavery)

what caused the pueblo revolt of 1680

Cruelty of spanish- onate ordered one leg chopped off after coma resisted Resentment over being forced to be christian and suppression of native ceremonie Enslavement of natives by spaniards under encomienda

Tariff of Abnominations

Daniel Webster vs Hayne debate this topic Webster from Massa, favors this tariff Hayne says that it is not a positive thing, from South Carolina South Carolina in 1829 calls a convention and gathers representation, led by John C. Calhoun vp of US, and meet to discuss and nullify the Tariff of 1828 Passes a resolution that forbids collection of tariffs, Calhoun is not happy about this because he has to work anonymously (working against his position ias VP)

attempts to assimilate the natives

Dawes act Carlisle schools Natives fought back militarily Battle of little bighorn is one example Natives also attempted to preserve their own culture The ghost dance movement

California Gold Rush

Deals with questions surrounding slavery, lots of people move to California for gold Northwest Ordinance of 1787—> California wants to apply for statehood, wants to be a free state, drew up a constitution that excluded slavery A lot of territories are talking about slave state vs free state

power of a national government

Debate over power of britain government over the colonies Experiments with articles and constitution → ratification debate 2 party system- power of national government

boston tea party

December 16 1773 150 men dressed as indians and dumped chests of tea into harbor

trenton

December 26, 1776, George Washington surprised the Hessians, big win for the colonies in terms of morale and needed people to enlist

Wabash v. Illinois

Decided in 1886, a supreme court case that ruled that individual states did not have the right to regulate interstate commerce and led to the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Interstate Commerce Commission

Battle of Saratoga

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.

judicia power infederal government

Declare law unconstitutional Declare presidential acts unconstitutional

panic of 1893

Decline of the gold reserve Railroads, new business practices and industrialization in the South

Proclamation of 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies.

black belt

Deep south region where the highest percentage of slaves were Georgia Alabama South Carolina Louisiana Mississippi

coperheads

Democrat Unionists who wanted to get rid of Lincoln and the Republican agenda. Split in the Union

President Franklin Pierce

Democrat elected in 1852, didn't seek compromise between sectional divisions, but instead ignored hem and diverted American attention to foreign expansion

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic Republican Domestic Policy: Shrink size of federal government Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts Marbury v Madison War with Supreme Court—Pickering/Chase Burr Conspiracy Revolution of 1800 Orders in Council Foreign Policy: Barbary Pirates conflict Louisiana Purchase Chesapeake incident/ impressment Embargo Act > Non-Intercourse Act Napoleon

Albert Smith

Democratic nominee for 1928 Election - didn't win win bc he was Catholic

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic president who created the New Deal to counter the effects of the Great Depression in 1932

Lewis Cass

Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.

`Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican Ran against John Adams Adams and his Federalists were not popular The Federalists were divided Hamiltonian Federalists Federalists that remain loyal to Adams In order to boost their campaign, the Federalists began to spread rumors about Jefferson Jefferson claimed to be an atheist Sally Hemmings: Jefferson's Mulatto mistress

election of 1860

Democrats At the convention the south left the convention to choose their own candidate, Northerners selected sthepn douglas Southern select john breckinridge Republicans Chose abe lincoln Denounce john brown's raid Free soil Homesteading Tariff Noninterference in slavery where it existed Former whigs selected john Bell→ constitutional union party

Election of 1848

Democrats nominate Lewis Cass Father of popular sovereignty The people of a territory would vote and decide if the state was a free state or slave state Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor Do not promote a big party policy Free-Soil party nominates Martin Van Buren Did not run Henry Clay because he hasn't won, but Martin has Clay has enemies

factory life

Depended on the wages, low wages because of abundance of labor, most could not support a family with one income At the mercy of economy and employer 10 hours a day, six days a week Factory work Semi skilled to unskilled Easily replaceable Dangerous Workers could not challenge their employer along

Scalawags

Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.

effects of pueblo revolt in 1680

Destroyed written records left by spanish and returned to oral traditions Spanish were driven out for 12 years most successful indian revolt in north america Upon return spanish accommodated themselves to indians "courted rather than conquered" Southwest viewed as a buffer zone area rather than zone for forced assimilation

Three Fifths Compromise

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

Lowell System

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

battle of manila bay

Dewey smashes spain's fleet

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.

Nativism

Discrmination Concerned that immigrants would have high birth rates and outnumber the Americans Blamed Americans for crime and issues in life Were also concerned that since a lot of these individuals were coming from non democratic countries, that these individuals weere anrarchists and would introduce socialism

new southern identity

Distinct, not any kind of manufacturing, rely on cash crops (cotton) Identity is tied to agriculture and growing cash crops Government and economy is tied to the plantation farms, if farms are doing well then economy is well Defend slavery

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

mountain men in south

Do not have much in common with the rest of Southern society In the civil war they support the north because they have no affiliation to the Southern culture

Jeffersonian restraint

Does not renew the Alien and Sedition Acts Rids of the excise tax on whiskey Allows some tariffs and the Bank of the United States to remain Jefferson knew that if he spent time negating Federalist policies, he would be unable to achieve his own goals He didn't want to piss off the Federalist sector

what was chattel slavery

Dominant labor system in colonies Created strict racisl system prohibit interracial relationshuips Defined descendants as chattel Children of slave mothers were slaves Africans found ways to dehumanize slavery, maintin family, gender systems, culture and religion- poison owners, arson, broke tools, theft, kill livestock

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

causes of great depression

Drop in farm prices Massive uneven distribution of income Get rich quick schemes in real estate and stocks Overextension of credit Increased inventories of goods Overproduction Underconsumption Overspeculation in the market Availability of easy credit Uneven distribution of income

yorktown

Dub city 1781, not the last fighting, Cornwallis surrenders, the war is for all intensive purposes over after Yorktown

george washington

Early career as soldier-french and indian war Named leader of the continental army Crossing of the delaware, suffer alongside his men at valley forge Managed military effort despite weak national government Trained local militias Refused opportunities to take dictatorial power

rise of capitalism and the main contribution

During the gilded age, the us went from being a nation of farmers to a nation of factory workers The nature of work itself also changed as large corporations began to implement management techniques aimed at increasing efficiency and profit The gap between rich and poor increased One of the biggest factors contributing to the rise of industrial capitalism was technology The late 19th century was an era of innovation

war industries board

During the war the us army suffered shortage of weapons and material President wilson appointed bernard barush, a wall street whiz to coordinate industrial production For the first time, the us government set production and prices in industry

market revolution

Early 19th century shift away from moral economy People began to grow crops and produce goods for the market Money received went to purchase goods produced by others from the market System encourages specialization

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

square deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

south disadvantages

Economy Agrarian economy in the south Will not sustain in a war No factories, cannot make weapons Transportation Can't transport things quick enough, places are spread and lack railroads Supplies Shortage of supplies Population As the war drags on they cannot replace the soldiers who are killed Not as many people as the north

North advantages

Economy, Navy, Population, Has factories and some farms ¾ of the nation's wealth is in the north ¾ of the railroads are in the north (stephen douglas) Allows us to move troops much more quickly Has Navy, great for trading and moving supplies Blockade the South Bigger population, especially as the war goes on Grant knows that if his men are killed/injured, he can replace them Had immigrants as well as citizens

Citizen Genet

Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine

Market Revolution

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

John Adams

Elected in 1796 Vice president Thomas Jefferson, who was a Democrat-Republican Has a lot of strikes against him before he starts with foreign affairs France and US close to war Jay's treaty

andrew jackson election

Elected in 1828; wins primarily from his support from the South and West Democratic party split into... Democratic-Republcans: support Jackson National Republicans Ran for the common man; favored small governemnt but was a strong president; frequently used vetoes; opposed slavery reforms Relied on his "kitchen cabinet" and the spoils system Andrew Jackson is president in the election of 1828, Old Hickory, wins because there is a lot of support coming from the south and the west, appeals to common man, Battle of New Orleans

james a. garfield

Elected in 1880 Republican Party basically ditches Hayes in favor of Garfield Is also from Ohio Democrat candidate is Handcock Garfield is the second president to be assassinated Assassinated by Charles Guiteau Patronage reform

Grover Cleveland

Elected in 1884 Ran against Blaine(Republican) The election did not focus on issues, was a mudslinging election Mugwumps - republicans who support Cleveland for president Was a very close election, but Cleveland wins First Democrat in the White House since Buchanan Rumors are that he had an affair and a love child Merit system, but he contradicted it Interstate commerce act

why was the war of 1812 inevitable

Election of the war hawks in 1810 and 1812 England continues to violate America's neutrality at sea Conflict in the west with the native people England aids the natives, we see that as a slap in the face The American people need to restore their faith in themselves by asserting themselves in a war

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

innovations yankee ingenuity

Eli whitney and interchangeable parts Steam power Agricultural invention John deeres steel plow Cyrus mccormick's mechanical reaper

location of settlements of british, french, spanish

English settlements were compact along the atlantic coast French and spanish settlements were spread out Dutch colony of new york was compact

romanticism

Emphasized new ideas and new preaching methods, opportunity for salvation for all (Charles G. Finney

Sedition Acts

Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801.

economic nationalism

Encourage american industry (especially new england textiles) to avoid foreign entanglements 1816: congress chartered the 2nd national bank, and passed a protective tariff to protect american industries from european competition 1816:congress voted funds for road construction at federal expense (madison vetoes this) Panic of 1819: caused more americans to be involved in politics

abolitionists effect of second great awakening

Encouraged by the second great awakening, led by frederick douglass and william lloyd garrison agitates for african american human rights Using the press and anti slavery societieis strived to appeal to americas conscious The temperance movement, an offshoot of the women rights movement attempted to outlaw alcohol

womens rights

Encouraged by the success of abolitionist movement, the 1848 seneca falls convention was a meeting of women's rights activists that resulted in an agenda detailing of the rights of women in american society Statements of women's rights called the declaration of sentiments The cult of domesticity was a code of conduct and social mores that affected women's roles and constrict their rights in american society

Mercantilism

End of Salutary Neglect Britain is in debt because of the French and Indian War Best way to do this is to consolidate control over the colonies Maintain military force in the colonies, Parliament said that the colonies should help pay off the debt because Britain soldiers were sent to fight for the colonists After the French and Indian war, England makes the consolidated attempt to keep the colonists from moving west. Everything is about the land. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to colonial independence and war with Britain

England in 1763

End of Salutary Neglect because England is in debt and they need money End Salutary Neglect and Enforce Navigation Laws to achieve this goal When England does this, it creates problems as the colonies are used to having more freedom and are now under more strict control England imposes some taxes to generate the money it needs New policies that Britain imposed to get out of debt

upton sinclair

End poverty in california State system of production and exchange should be set up and not a federal one Land colonies will be established where unemployed can live and work producing food End sales taxes, tax stock exchange transactions instead

president Millard Fillmore

Expressed support for the Compromise of 1850 for southern support. 13th president, took over after Taylor. Sent Commodore Matthew Perry to secure "friendship" with Japan before the European's arrived.

compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

election of 1824

Ends era of good feelings Jackson adams and clay all split electoral votes Election given to the house of reps Clay used his influence to swing voters to adamas in return for secretary of state Jackson supporters called this the corrupt bargain This created a second political party which began in 1828 They championed the rights of the common man against the corrupt bargainers who were stealing democracy in the opinion of the jacksonians

National Recovery Administration

Enforced codes that regulated wages, prices, and working conditions - RECOVERY!

international trade

England will not accept commercial treaties with the United States because the federal government is not able to work as a whole (states want to trade independently), Spain controls New Orleans and they cut access to the Mississippi River off

proclamation of 1763

English expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains was forbidden Anger the colonists because the colonists fought the war with the intent of moving on the land and getting rich Many ignored (squatter), England did not have the funds or soldiers to build a wall or establish a border, so the colonists just take land

King George's War (1744-1748)

English invade new france/ capture louisbourg, seaway fort Given back to France

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Who did the british, french and spanish send to gain colonies

English sent large numbers of both men and women to colonies to gain land and populate settlements French were mostly males (jesuit priest an coeurers de bois) Spanish were mostly male (conquistadors)

sectionalism

English settlement in north america, the contrast between southern and northern colonies was stark Things didn't improve much when the 13 colonies rebelled and became an independent nation Tneisons over slavery flared during the making of the us constitution and during the 19th century when compromises in 1820 and 1850 held the balance Tensions over whether the economic policy of the federal government promoted agriculture or manufacturing Both north and south looked to the west for future economic opportunities and both sides expected the other to steal their plans and to suppress their path to social mobility The ideologies of the north and south diverged sharply in the 1850s In the north most whites didnt object to slavery as it existed in theh south but worried about the expansion to the west The free soil movement aimed to preserve western lands for small white farmers Growing sense among north that the south had too much power in the federal government

marbury v madison

Established Judicial Review Expands the power of the Judicial Branch "Using implied powers" Congress has more power than what is specifically entitled to it in the constitution

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company and revolutionized the use of oil - used horizontal integration

Marbury v. Madison

Establishes Judicial Review Adams tries to appoint Judges before he leaves office Jefferson tells Madison, not to deliver the letters William Marbury finds out he is being denied his commission and sues Court rules that Marbury has the right to his commission but he can't have it because the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional Jefferson tries to impeach the Supreme Court Judges

interstate commerce

Every state could place tariffs on goods coming from other states, States could place a tariff on goods before they go out, hinders interstate trade, and the federal government has no control and can not regulate interstate trade, does not change until the Constitution

electoral college system

Every state has a certain number of electors based on the population of the state. Depending on how the general population votes through a majority vote, the electoral college usually follows the trend relatively close

democratic sense of the first great awakening

Everyone should have the experience Broke down strong denominational ties Challenged religious authority Whitifield said it was more important to have your heart open to god

internment camps

Executive order 9066- february 19,1942 Mandated all dangerous people moved to relocation centers Insistence that military necessity required japanese americans internment because they were security threats 112,000 japanese americans from the west coast interned in camps People with 1/16 japanese blood could be interned

national goals of progressves

Expanding democracy Expanding the vote to women (19th amendment) Direct election of senators (17th amendment) Moral reform Prohibition (18th amendment) Outlawing child labor (keating owen act) Progressiv achievements Role of government is to control (regulate not own) business and protect consumers Demonstrated the ability of democracy to address problems resulting from urbanization and industrialization Showed the need for government action on all levels to solve problems Demonstration of need for strong effective presidential leadership

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter - Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws - worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Executive Order 9066

FDR's order to place all Japanese Americans in Internment Camps

Cordell Hull

FDR's secretary of state, who promoted reciprocal trade agreements, especially with Latin America - "Father of the United Nations"

lend lease act 1941

FDr can lend lease goods to any nation whose defense is necessary for the defense of the US England and society receive 50 billion in aid US navy would convoy ships across the Atlantic, U-boats begin attacking US ships

Chesapeake region

FOunded by the Virginia company of london-profit motive charter guaranteed rights of englishmen to settlers Faced many obstacles Tobacco saved the colony by providing an economic base 1619 created the house of burgesses and first slave brought to the colony

mexican american experiences

Faced discrimination, racism, prejudice

pull motivation for immigrants

Factors about america that influenced immigrants to come Political and religious freedom No military service Jobs Steamships

push motivations for immigration

Factors that "pushed" immigrants out of their home country Overpopulation in europe Unemployment Religious persecution

homestead act

Farmers could get up to 150 acres of land and live on it for 5 years All they ahd to do was improve the land and pay $30 Bad deal becaust most of the time the land was bad and the land was not good for farming, insects, drought

regional response to gilded : the west

Farmers in the west were struggling Thanks to the mechanized farming not an overproduction of food Farm prices fell while railroads freight rates rose The family farm was going under

whiskey rebellion

Farmers in western pennsylvania rebelled against the tik tok 24 bushes of rye would take 3 pack animals and yield 6 dollars 24 bushels = two 8 gallon kegs of whiskey which required 1 pack animals and could make 16 dollars Hamilton convinced washington to make an example out of them washington ordered troops to the area Jeffersonians despised the show of power Example of a backwoods rebellion

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy - joined Germany in the Axis pact and allied Italy with Germany in World War II - overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

gold economy

Favored by creditors who live the east coast and run banks Lenders favor gold it gives money true value less money=more valuable Opposed to printing greenbacks as well

silver economy

Favored by debtors who lived in the west- miners and farmers More but less valuable money, raises volume Greenback party advocate printing paper money, same effect as silver

virginia plan

Favored large states Bicameral legislature Representation was given based on population, more people = more votes Big states favor this plan because since they have a bigger population = more power

new jersey plan

Favored smaller states Representation given equally regardless of population, call for unicameral legislature with equal representation in every state

Similiarities and Differences of state vs federal government

Fedeal gov- coin money declare war make treaties establish post offices States gov- 10th amendment, education licensing professionals marriage and divorce Both- collect taxes enforces laws, borrow and spend money

Harper's Ferry Raid

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism

Federalist 10 and 51

Federalist #10 - Talks about factions and controlling groups of people Federalist #51 - Talks about separation of powers and checks and balances

hartford convention

Federalist New Englanders opposed the war from the beginning (it did not really interfere with their shipping and didn't like the Democratic Republicans) Meeting resulted in many proposed changes to the Constitution Their proposals seemed traitorous once news of New Orleans arrived in Washington Ended effectiveness of the Federalist Party

Sojourner Truth

Female Free black Works for both abolition and women's rights A lot of times excluded from both of those movements for the reason of the other

middle colonies

Fertile soil and broad expanses of land Expand of grains "bread colonies" River based fur trade, lumber, shipbuilding, port cities, economically diverse Government between diffused country and town meeting More ethnically mixed than other section Religious toleration Easy to obtain land

south advantages

Fighting a defensive war Do not really have to win Leadership Had great Generals Culture of fighting Strong cause, moral is really high

panic of 1873

Financial panic Result of over speculation and too much investment and too little profit There is a lot of controversy over how to fix this issue

54th Massachusetts Regiment

First African American Regimen, successfully defended Fort Wagner

George Washington

First President elected in 1789? Only one to ever be elected unanimously

national labor union

First attempt to organize all workers in all states, skilled and unskilled alike Wanted better wages and an 8 hour workday instead of 10

Great Railroads Strike of 1877

First big labor strike Shut down two-thirds of the rail lines Hayes used troops to end the violence

Sherman Antitrust act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

lowell system

First power loom combining all elements in one factory Made cloth so cheap that women began to buy rather than produce it

Border States

Five slave states-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia—that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slav ery but rather protecting the Union

proclamation of 1763

Florida and quebec were given royal governments Prohibited settlement beyond the appalachians Colonists ignored this

changes in farming

Focus on single cash crop, vcorn wheat Sell crops to purchase goods You need good managers to do this Farmers do not have the education to do this alone, a lot of machinery Able to produce more crops faster for a lower rice Problems because when prices are low they are bad for farmers Deflation- money is worthless, happens because lack of gold President cleveland borrows gold to put money High interest rates, lot of money early farming season, but you do not make any money nuntil end of season Farmes have to ut up with bugs and weather that could eat plants

who was in the northeast before the natives came and what did they invent?

Focused on farming 200 BCE-500CE Three sister farming- squash, beans, and corn throughout the Ohio River Valley Larger communities Iroquois League was an agreement established between 5 Iroquoian speaking groups in the late 1300s to curb inter tribal violence Fur trading with the French

Who was in the southeast of america before the colonists came and what name did they have

Focused onAgriculture Mississippian culture which drew in wealth to allow natives to build enormous mounds and organized urban centers Southeastern American Indians named the Five Civilized Tribes made chiefs, and alliances with the colonists This earned them the "civilized" title, but many of the tribes were socially and economically stratified.

Beliefs of Free Soil Party

Free speech, free men, abolition Conscience Whigs Antislavery democrats Issue is that they will pull votes away from Democrats (Lewis Cass)

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Ratification

Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

convention of 1800

Formally ends the Franco-American Alliance Ends the Quasi war

Liberty League

Formed in 1934 by prominent political leaders and wealthy americans to oppose the new deal was unconstitutional and communistic They helped fund the court to challenge new deal programs

carrie nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes.

american federation of labor

Founded by samuel gompers in 1886 Narrow goals: wages, hours conditions, power of trade unions Skilled workers is where the movement shall start (craft unions) Bread and butter unionism Work toward labor goals: 8 hour work day,, higher wages, better conditions

american ant-imperialist league

Founded in 1898 to stop annexation of Philippines Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, William Jennings Bryan, Samuel Gompers Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism

farmer's alliance

Founded in Texas, against railroads (statewide/regional level) Forged to stop industrialization/mechanics Sharecroppers and balcks not allowed Too exclusive, limits the number of people

battle of fallen timbers 1795

General anthony wayne defeated natives in ohio Treaty of greenville forced natives to cede land Pattern of conflict between american indian claims and the federal government

Election of 1860

Four candidates Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas John Breckenridge John Bell Democrats split and form northern and southern democrats North - douglas South - breckenridge Constitutional union party forms and nominates john bell Republicans nominate lincoln South Carolina says up front, before the election, that if Lincoln wins the election, they will be the first state to secede Interesting because stephen douglas was probably the most well known candidate but he only won one state

Louisiana Purchase

France controlled the territory after Napoleon seized it from Spain Napoleon did not have enough time to establish a new empire in the New World Jefferson sent ambassadors to France to purchase New Orleans for no more than $10 million The ambassadors accepted the counteroffer of $15 million for all of the Louisiana territory Jefferson is concerned about the constitutionality of the purchase, but Congress does not care

america trouble with france

France wants the us to honor the franco american alliance and declare war on britain France was angered by us neutrality Jay's treaty increased tensions between us and france France begins attacking american ships in the atlantic

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce is the democrat candidate, dark horse, pro-southern northerner Winfield Scott is the whig candidate, war hero, whig party is in crisis and is ending Franklin Pierce wins in a landslide

Ostend Manifesto

Franklin Pierce offers to buy cuba (secretly) This was supposed to be a secret, but word gets out Does not happen

populist party 1892

Free coinage of silver Graduated income tax Reclaim lands held illegally by railroads Government ownership of railroads, telephone, and telegraph Secret ballot, direction election of senators, initiative and referendum 8 hour work day for laborers Restrictions on immigration

herbert spencer

Freedom should not be limited by government Laws have negative consequences Social darwinism Concentration of wealth in the hands of the fittest society Aid to the poor is misguided because it weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit

pull factors of immigrants

Freedom, economic opportunity, abundant land

What caused the french and indian war

French and Indian War is a small part of a bigger war in Europe (Seven Years War) 1754-1763 England is busy fighting in the colonies and in Europe When the war begins, England forces colonies to enlist and provide shelter and care for the British soldiers 50% of soldiers are from England, and the other half is from the colonies

hamilton's financial plan

Funding at par Assumption of state debts Mild protective tariff National bank Tax on whiskey

lexington and concord 1775

GENERAL GAGE WAS ORDERED TO ARREST REBEL LEADERS, BREAK UP THEIR BASES AND ESTABLISH ROYAL AUTHORITY MINUTEMEN FACE DOWN THE BRITISH FIRST REAL FIGHT BETWEEN BRITISH AND THE MINUTEMEN

widening gap btwn rich and poor

Gap increases bc u go in and do one motion everyday at factory, if u can not work, then you lose money Eventually leads to a rebellion bc want better pay/conditions, safety

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops - RECOVERY!

battle for quebec 1759

General Wolfe scaled the cliffs outside the city to reach the plains of abraham Montcalm comes out of the fort for the first conventional battle in the new world Both generals die and quebec falls to the british

Generals and War Heroes of Mexican American War

Generals Winfield Scott Ulysses S. Grant Jeb Stuart War Heroes Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott

Albert Einstein

German physicist, father of modern quantum physics - developed the theory of relativity: time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed

immigrants from europe

Germans and irish Germans stay in wisconsin, farmers, Irish stay in urban areas, poor, coming bc of potato famine

Cult of Domesticity

Glorify the role of women in the home Decrease in birth rate

Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

Goal was still reconciliation, whigs in england were sympathetic to american causes Olive branch petition sent to king george Declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms

settlement houses and social work

Goal was to aid urban poor and immigrants Jane addams- hull house in chicago Lillian wald-henry street in NYC Bby 1910 there were 400 settlement house sin the US This led to the profession of social work

gospel of wealth

God has given you this wealth so you have to share it

gospel of wealth

God rewards those who work hard (the puritans would be proud) Wealthy have a responsibility to carry out philanthropy to benefit society

how to make money in the west

Gold mining Most peoplpe did not get rich Silver appears Cattle boom- difficult to ship cattle and with the transcontinental railroad it is easier to ship the cattle Grass is needed for cattle to graze but railroads destroy this Farmers come west which caues cattle bust

actions and morals of puritans

Good works are an outward sign of salvation but not a guarantee Good behavior was an effect of salvation not a cause of it )sanctification) Bad behavior was a sign you were damned Removing sin around you might also indicate you were saved Unified the colonists Looked internally to fix issues, neighbors

what was bacons rebelion and what did it lead to

Governor berkley seemed not to be protecting frontiersmen from natives Bacon died in the middle of the revolt Led to increased dependence on african slaves This rebellion was the first of many examples of rebellions by lower classes against the upper classes

election of 1876

Grant does not run again (still nothing saying he cant) Democrats - Samuel Tilden Helped expose Boss Tweed and his crimes Republicans - Rutherford B. Hayes Comes from Ohio Neither man is an ideal candidate for president Close race, 3 states, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida are unclear and there is nothing in the constitution to resolve this issue.

whiskey ring

Grant's personal secretary involved, but is exonerated by Grant Excise taxes on whiskey that were collected but were pocketed and not put into the national treasury Ulysses S. Grant never got involved in the corruption to the best of our knowledge Despite all the scandals, Grant is nominated as the Republican candidate for President again in 1872

tea act 1773

Granted the british east india company a monopoly over colonial trade to prevent their bankruptcy Decreased cost of tea Colonists believed that england wanted them to pay a tax to establish principle

John D. Rockefeller

Grew up humble and poor Finds opportunity and goes with it Oil is a new commodity and initially was used for light, but Edison invented the lightbulb Henry Ford modernized and perfected the automobile industry which heavily relies on oil Rockefeller has horizontal integration, which means that he is buying out his competition Uses Trust Controls 90% of the oil industry in the US

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

utopian societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Who was in the west of North America before the colonists came?

Groups of American Indians based on their resource allocation and climate Hunting, Gathering, Fishing, stayed along Columbia and Colorado Rivers Since hunting and gathering was challenging, west provided ample food and trading goods to allow natives to establish villages

sons and daughters of liberty

Groups that boycotted, rebelled and attacked british tax collectors

black codes

Guaranteed stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers (tenant farmers) The end of reconstruction The election of 1876 and the compromise of 1877 marked the end of the reconstruction

effects of king phillips war

Half of New england towns are destroyed and line of settlement was pushed back east, may abandon all of new england 1 in 10 colonists died, deadliest war in american history Philips decapitated head was displayed in plymouth common His son was sold into slavery at barbados Colonists feared they lost their identity and become less civilized Surprised women did farming, indians surprised european women did not do farming

gap between rich and poor in south

Handful of people who hold most of the south's wealth Majority of the population is poor, working to put food on the table

hard money vs. soft money

Hard money (republican side) - money backed by a precious metal like gold or silver Soft money (democrat) - money backed by its own credit Republicans win and the nation's currency is still backed by gold 1874 - elections for the house of representatives, republicans take a hit, not many republican candidates won because of the panic

horatio alger

Hard work improvement Economy provides opportunity Government should not interfere Dime novels- rags to riches Theme : young man of modest means becomes rich and successful through honest, hard work and a little luck Truth: this kind of rise was unusual

The Harding Presidency (1921) -

Harding vows to return the us to the simpler days before the progressive era reforms Most of the worlds forms agree to disarm and sign the kellogg briand pact Raised taxes on imports and demand that britain pay their war debts 18th amendment - no alcohol 19th amendment-women vote

W.E.B. Du Bois

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately - founded the NAACP

george washington

He didn't win every battle but he was respected and loved Knew how to use his charisma

Robert E. Lee (1807-1870)

He gained recognition for his military leadership during the Civil War. A soldier who graduated second in his class at West Point, he served in the Mexican War and worked as an engineer with the Army Corps of Engineers. When the South seceded, Lincoln offered him the command of Union forces but he refused, resigned from the U.S. Army, and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces. In 1862 he was appointed to command the Army of Northern Virginia. His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia. He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865. Following the war he urged southerners to pledge allegiance to the north and rebuild the nation.

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers - became a leading figure of the Democratic Party

Roger Taney

He was Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case. A decision was made on March 6, 1857. Roger Taney ruled against Dred Scott. Scott was suing for freedom because of his long residence in free territory. He was denied freedom because he was property and his owner could take him into any territory and legally hold him as a slave. This court ruling was major cause in starting the Civil War.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

George McClellan

He was a Union general that was in charge during the beginning of the war. He defeated Lee, at Antietam, securing a much needed Union victory. A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Francis E. Townsend

Leader of senior citizen movement who called for the federal government to pay $200 a month to everyone over sixty

Marquis de Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Eugene Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike - imprisoned for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking - emerged from prison as a Socialist leader in America

Missouri compromise

Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise, or the Compromise of 1820, which says that both Missouri and Maine would become states, restoring balance in the senate, it also says that no slavery is allowed north of the 36o30' line except in the state of Missouri. This compromise leads to future problems in the dred scott case,

Election of 1844

Henry Clay vs Polk Big theme of this election is expansion Polk is all about expansion Clay is 50-50 on expansion, he is mostly about compromise, does not take a stand on expansion Polk wins the presidency People say that this is a mandate for expansion, People elected polk so they want to expand Tyler annexes texas right before he leaves office

britain have experiece with resisting authority

History of resisting royal authority- magna carta Locke-social contract theory Consent of the governed Natural Rights of man Right to rebel

conditions to slaves in south

Horrible, were considered someone else's property No political or civil rights People who tried to fight back were often killed or attacked by breakers Slaves relied on religion to develop their own way of life Combined Christian beliefs with their beliefs back home Causes responsorial to appear Became illegal to teach enslaved people to read/write, southern owners did not want slaves to become educated and get ideas of rebellion

quebec acts

How England was going to aid and govern French Canadian territories British are upset with the Canadian acts, Canadians like it because they can continue practicing their religion and friendly relations begin to form

American Colonization Society (1817)

Idea is to send free blacks to Liberia Unpopular because the freed slaves did not want to go back to Africa because most had been born in America and have no immediate link to Africa After the second great awakening a lot of abolitionist movements pop up

dawes act

Idea of assimlation and breaking down natives tribes Dissolves the tribes and breaks up reservation land, stops them from uniting Land was given to natives and given to us gov. To sell Gov. was suppose to use money to educated natives and civilize them Effects: Forces assimiliation, dissolving groups, families, tribes

women in the progressive era

Idea of the new women-educated white middle class women who believed they could help in the public sphere challenged traditional victorian notion of women Some women viewed their reforma activities as an extension of the role in the home Women created voluntary associations which increased their network with other women and increased their leadership skills

Republican Motherhood

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue.

after the war of 1812

Identity of the United States changes, No Federalist Party New War Heroes Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun

foreign assistance

If france hadn't come in to help us, it is highly unlikely that the colonists would have won

relief

Immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration (early policy)

New Immigrants

Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe.

what caused the war of 1812

Impressment Resentment of British after the Revolution American belie that British were arming/inciting Indians in west (NW posts)/ Battle of Tippecanoe War-hawks elected to Congress 1812 American territorial ambitions for Florida

did we acoomplish what we wanted when we went to war of 1812

Impressment/Freedom of Seas- Not addressed in the treaty Land acquisition- No land changed hands Natives in the west/incited by british- natives were subdued in west

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

johnson impeached

In 1867 congress passed the reconstruction act which edwin stanton secretary of war was charged with enforcing Johnson opposed this and tried to remove stanton in direct violation of the tenure of office act 9 of the articles of impeachment related to johnson's removal of stanton Another two charged him with disgracing congress Johnsons defense was simple: only a clear violation of the law warranted his removal The trial went to the senate in 1868 and the vote was 35-18 for impeachment and removal of johnson

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

bracero programs

In 1942 bracers (mexican farm workers) allowed to enter united states in the harvest season without formal immigration Half came to california, Many worked in industries, agriculture and railroads Over 300,000 mexican americans were drafted and volunteered into the united states armed forces

reconstruction act of 1867

In March 1867 congress passed the first of several reconstruction acts- laws divided the south into 5 districts and the US military commander controlled each district. The military would remain in control of the south until rejoined the union To be admitted a state ahd to write a new state constitution supporting the 14th amendment and give african americans men the right to vote

end of the french and indian war

In a three pronged attack the british attack and defeat montreal in 1760 1762: spain joins war to limit gains of british, they are defeated 1763 treaty of paris France gave louisiana spain Spain gave florida to british West indies colonies were returned to original colonizer

french revolution 1789

In early stage most americans were sympathetic Washington issued the proclamation of neutrality in 1793

slavery

In order to ge the southern slaves to come into the conversation, the three-fifths compromise was made Southern states wanted to count their slave population towards their total population in order to get more representation Northern states were opposed to that because there was no suffrage for slaves and it would just prolong the issues of slavery The slave states finally agreed to the three-fifths compromise, each slave was counted as three-fifths of a person when counting for representation in the House of Representatives They also agreed to allow slavery for another 20 years until 1808 to keep the southern states

african americans in the 1800s

In the 1800s there were about one million black people but by 1850 it changed to 3.6 million Majority were enslaved in south and west Slaveowners denied them basic rights and liberties, slaves resistsed slavery through small acts and large scale Free people of color lived in cities in the north and upper south, played prominent role in abolition movement

why are the natives pushed west and what causes the united states to do this

Increase transporation Because of railroads it is easy for soldiers and united states to move troops westward COnstant disease in the natives Still killed Fire water- Naive americans become addicted to this, alcohol, willing to trade anything Extermination of buffalo Relied on by natives for food, pelts Become extinct because of the western movement United States want to see the natives assimiliate to american culture Group od whites who think that assimilation would help the natives Other side argues that it would contain the natives and have them get rid of their savage ways Assimlation is influenced by battle of wounded knee Over idea of assimliation

sugar act 1764

Increased jurisdiction of military courts Enlarged scope of search warrants Customs officials gained authority 8 colonies sent petition protesting this

increased nationalism in the west

Increased white settlement as land was cleared of indians Battle of Tippecanoe (ohio river valley) Battle of Horseshoe Bend (mississippi region) New Englanders moes west when shipping industry declined during the war The west had little attachment to a state or a section (like easterners did) Westerner expected the national government to provide cheap land, construction of roads and canals, and protection from indians

Manifest Destiny

Increased, more people moved west South America (isthmus) England has been wanting South America Isthmus A narrow piece of land that connects two other pieces of land

regional responses to gilded age: north

Industries arose new natural resources, pittsburgh's- steel city, chicago-meatpacking city The industrial cities were jam-packed with immigrants

industry after war of 1812

Industry is increasing because of the Embargo, we have to provide for ourselves

seneca falls convention

Influenced by the value of victorian society Sisters and early women's rights activists elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mott decided to organize for the rights of american women at londons 184- antislavery convention

what did the enlightenment emphasize

Intellectual revolution that emphasized: Science over religion- people observing the world could learn the natural laws that governed the universe Reason over faith- (rational over emotional) human reason could be applied in the effort to perfect human society Doubt of traditional authority and institutions Belief in unlimited possibility of progress- natural laws would form a better society if unimpeded

What was the columbian exchange and some of its effects

Interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the New World and Old World Benefited Europe and Asia while bringing death to American Indians

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war agains the French.

cons of british

Internal divisions and unrest at home Poor Military Leadership Long Distance between home and colonies

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Thomas Edison

Invented the light bulb and other stuff

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Nullification Crisis

Involving tariff North favors the protective tariff, mid west do, south do not like them Tariff of 1828- southerners thinks this tariff is too high, supported by Andrew Jackson and they want John quincy adams to pass it Jackson has this in place, hated by south, has to clean up mess or just live with it Drove up costs of manufactured goods, england threatened to not buy southern cotton The southern states know that there is a portion of the country that does not want to see slavery be alive, concerned about states right

New York Draft Riots

Irish were unhappy because during the War, you could pay for someone to take your place Problem is that this didn't help lower income families (immigrants)

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Zachary Taylor

Is sent to mexico by polk until someone dies An American dies and this gives Polk reason to attack. He asks for war.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 1837

Issue Contract law Background Charles River Bridge sued to stop construction of competing Waarn Bridge Outcome Monopoly Contract fails Reversal of previous contract decision allowed for more competition

racism of us government

Issue chines exclusion act of 1882 Banned new immigrants from china, affect west coast primarily Undesireable Restrictions Governmennt passed restrictions that were undesireable, if you were poor, criminals, insane, if you are a polygamist you can not come into country, prostitute, alcoholic, anarchist, Contract labor law Laws to protect american workers Want americans to have a job before foreigners Govenment approve an illiteracy test

Fletcher v. Peck

Issue over contract law Corrupt legislation in Georgia gave land to speculators in exchange for bribes, but after new legislation was elected they canceled the deal The Supreme court upheld the land grants, said that a contract is sacred no matter how it is formed, victory of the wealthy and privileged over mob rule

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Issue over contract law Dartmouth was created by a royal charter from King Geroge the III New Hmapshire wanted to put Dartmouth under state control USSC ruled that college charter stands

cohens v virginia

Issue over federal jurisdiction over the states Cohen brothers are convicted in Virginia over selling fake lottery tickets Appealed their state convictions to the federal court Asserted the federal court's power to review state decisions Still found guilty

McCulloch v. Maryland

Issue over national supremacy, interstate commerce, and the National Bank Maryland wants to tax the National bank and impose a tax on the bank's branch in maryland National Bank is constitutional under the necessary and proper clause, also called the elastic clause (Implied power) Establishes national supremacy over the states Marshall said "the power to tax is the power to destroy" therefore Maryland cannot be given the power to tax the national government

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued after the battle of antietam, announced in september 1862 Legalized in january 1, 1863 Frees nobody People who were enslaved heard of this and they found ways to free themselves It a slave could make their way into the northern army, you would be free Plantations are suffering Enslaved men did willingly fight for the confederacy

what did shays rebellion show

It had become clear the us government's inability to impose taxes, regulate commerce, or raise an army hindered it ability to defend the nation or pay its debts

the louisiana purchase 1803

Jefferson sent a commission to buy New Orleans Napoleon offered to sell the entire area America doubled its size, removed France, and gained total control of the Mississippi 4 cents per acre-federal lands sold for $2/acre at the time

Revolution of 1800

It was a peaceful change of the party in power Jefferson believed that his election revived the spirit of the Revolution Jefferson won because of universal white male suffrage Southerners were voting more

missouri compromise

It was the first state in the louisiana purchase to request statehood. Leaders feared it would set a precedent for other parts of louisiana. Tallmadge amendment would have prevented the further importation of slaves into missouri and emancipated all slaves born there at age 2 Missouri=slave maine=free 36 30 line for remainder

the gilded age

It was the industrial age from 187- to 1900 Was the era of industrialization The railroads, steel industry and oil industry dominated both the economy and politics Government followed policies favoring big business Politicians used their government positions for their own personal gain Gilded: anything that has been overlaid with gold or silver in order to give it the appearance of being more beautiful or valuable then it actually is. Anything that appears to be something it is not

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian immigrants believed to be anarchists were accused of murder in MA - found guilty; had disputable evidence against them - trial and execution aroused widespread protest

new immigrants

Italy greece poland russia croatioa Different parts of europe, mostly poor and illiterate Large portion are unskilled From countries that did not have a democratic government Some orthodox, russian, catholic, most of them settle in ethnic communities in big cities New york, chicago Some immigrants 25% are single young men who are here to make as much money as possible and go back home "birds of passage"

Indian Removal Act

Jackson believes that the most humane thing to do it to guide them from their homeland to a new home that is far away Cherokee tribe try to assimilate into American culture and how they do things, Georgia wants to limit their rights and move them Chief Justice John Marshall rules in favor of the Cherokee that they should not be moved Jackson says that "Marshall has made his decision so let him enforce it"

bank wars

Jackson calls it a "hydra", he does not trust big banks, the bank is supposed to be rechartered in 1836, but Henry Clay and his supporters try to have the bank rechartered in 1832 because it will help him and he wants to make it an election issue Thinks that the Bank is so popular so that when Jackson denies the charter, it will make them vote for Clay, Nicholas Biddle- President of the Bank of the United States Jackson denies the Bank of the United States and this pleases the people which surprised Clay, but once he is reelected, he went ahead and tried to kill it

jacksonian democracy in perspective

Jackson helped develop the 2 party system His methods of campaigning were important to help bring democracy to the common man By the election of 1840 an unbelievable 78% of eligible voters turned for the election Testament to the deomcratic forces unleashed by jackson and his supporters His record as a politician is less democratic with the indian removal act, defying the supreme court, and the threat of military action vs south carolina

jackson favors

Jackson liked small government with a very strong executive branch, liked to expand the power of the president beyond what it actually did Not against states right, but not nullification

nullification crisis

Jackson was a states rights supporters, but also a unionist Webster hayne debate fused the sectional and nullification crisis It exploded over the tariff of 1828 which was a large tariff on imports South carolina held a secession convention and passed a resolution not to collect the tariff Jackson threatened to send troops Compromise reached when tariff lowered and sc disbanded the convention

james k. polk and manifest destiny

James Polk served one term in president from 1845 to 1849, leader most associated with the idea of manifest destiny Polk was a democrat from tennessee who had served as speaker of the house of representatives and governor of tennessee As president he led the united states to victory over mexico in the mexican american war which culminated in the transfer of a vast new territory, modern day southwest, from mexico to the united states

settlement houses

Jane Addams Starts Hull House in Chicago Concerned about the welfare of chidlren and focuses on what women immigrants need, Hull House would provide childcare while moms were working Children were fed, educated Point of this was to help assimiliate faster

jay treaty

Jay was sent to england to work out trade arrangements, stop seizures and impressments British promised to evacuate the northwest posts Us maintains right to trade with british west indies British would stop seizing ships not bound for france or french possessions Us allowed british privateers in us ports but not french Nothing on impressment One consequence was strong disagreements over policy promoted the development of political parties Jefferson's reaction to jay treaty was expressed in the letter was most directly a reflection of ongoing in the united states over the impact of the french revolution

Peaceful transfer of power election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr tied eventually resolved by the House of Representatives Peaceful transfer of power occurred Would Jefferson erase 12 years of Federalist accomplishments

International affairs during Jefferson presidency

Jefferson believes in peaceful coercion (Washington) No large military The Tripolitan War was forced upon the country North African pirates seized merchant ships for ransom Washington and Adams had paid these pirates, but Jefferson ended the payments when they demanded more money Naval skirmishes go on for four years until Jefferson pays $60,000

foreign affairs during jefferson's presidency

Jefferson had to expand the navy to deal with the Barbary pirates Secessionist schemes in the west Attempts to purchase/obtain florida Chesapeake affair 1807: An american ship was boarded and sailors impressed off the coast of Virginia Jefferson imposed a drastic embargo in 1807 to keep America neutral. It failed and was a disaster politically and economically.

Aaron Burr (after first term)

Jefferson's vice president, dumped by Democratic-Republicans for the second term, spends his life trying to bring the downfall of the United States, Federalists want west land to secede; Hamilton finds out and exposes him, Aaron challenges him to a duel and kills him, Works with army officer to control some land in the Louisiana territory to secede Jefferson finds out, Burr is thrown under the bus→ put on trial, John Marshall acquits Aaron Burr and moves to England

kentucky adn virginia resolutions

Jeffersons and madison's response to the alien and sedition laws Outline the ideas of states rights and the compact theory of government

problems in the south

Jim Crowe South Plessy v. Ferguson Sharecropping Lynching Quality of life is poor

jim crowe laws

Jim crow laws created by white southerners to enforce racial segregation across the south from the 187-s through the 1960s Under the Jim Crow system whites only and colored signs proliferated across the south at water fountains , restorooms, bus waiting areas, movie theaters, pools and schools. African americans who dared to challenge segregation faced arrest or violent reprisal In 1896 the supreme court declared jim crow segregation legal in the plessy v ferguson decision. Said that separate but equal was constitutional

enlightenment

John Locke talked about the consent of the governed. Colonists had to give consent to Britain to governing the, Rosseau wants social contact 1750s Belief in deism - people believe in some kind of supreme power, but do not believe in a particular religion, supreme power exists but stands back to let humans control and deal with problems

John Marshal

John Marshall has not been Chief Justice for very long Federalist because he was at Valley Forge Saw how weak government affects soldiers Served for 34 years

Mexican American war

John Tyler is elected by popular vote after William Henry Harrison died in office Tyler was a "whig", he was only a whig cuz he hated Jackson Causes issue Democrat in whig clothing Veteos many of the Whig proposal, alienate Henry Clay and Daniel Webster Under Tyler's presidency, expansionism comes into play Expansion in many directions Maine and Canada boundary is fought over

federalists

John adams Favor a powerful national government Merchants, bankers, landowners New england was center of support Government controlled by rich, well born, well educated Distrusted the common man Loose interpretation Tended to favor britain

john browns raids

John brown raided the federal arsenal at harpers ferry with a band of followers to arm and incite a slave revolt in the south Arrested and execute Martyr to the cause of abolition

Johnson vs Congress Reconstruction

Johnson's plan followed Lincoln's and was very lenient Issue was that anything he proposed to get Congressional approval was rejected Both parties were not willing to compromise Congressional Reconstruction Southern states had to accept the 13th Amendment but begin to enact the Black Codes Black Codes

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

battle of gettysburg

July 1-3 1863 Lee wants to win in the North because if he wins then it will be enough to have a treaty Win in the north because he could put pressure on Washington DC Battle was not planned to be at gettysburg Pickett's Charge (confederate general) Pickett loses all of his men on his charge, he is bitter for the rest of the war End of it for the confederacy Last chance confederates had of winning the war

battle of vicksburg

July 4 1863 Union victory Ulysses S. Grant gets control of Vicksburg, Mississippi, when it fails to the union, the confederacy loses control of the mississipi river and they are cut off from the west Siege of Vicksburg

ideological commitments

Just cause, fighting for a moral cause

Chief Joseph

Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

henry george

Land is the measure of wealthy Single tax on land will redistribute wealth appropriately

civil rights act of 1875

Last grab by republicans Required equal accommodations in public places Prohibited racial discrimination in things like juries Much of this was later ruled unconstitutional

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

selective service act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Espionage Act of 1917

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

american federation of labor

Led by Samuel Gompers Sought better wages, work conditions, and hours Organized only for skilled workers The country was just not ready for big organized labor

knights of labor

Led by Terence Powderly Included all workers and campaigned for social and economic reform (did not use political means) Wanted better wages and an 8 hour work day

Democratic-Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, against a national bank, wanted more power to state governments and the U.S. economy to be based on agriculture.

alien and sedition acts

Lengthened period for gaining citizenships to 14 years President can deport aliens who were suspected of having treasonable or secret leanings Criticism of the government of the president s a crime Admas believed he did this to prevent civil war

industry of the south

Less Industr in the South, still exists but particulary small compared to North or West Reconstruction helped industrialization South depends on Tobacco and Cotton Moving raw materials out of South to the NOrth was good, but moving finished goods back was expensive Some textile mills were built in the South because the raw materials cotton was there Henry Duke invented some cigar machine

election of 1872

Liberal Republican Party Some republicans leave and join this party, some democrats support this candidate, Horace Greely Both are bad candidates Republicans use a mudslinging platform and accuse Greely of being a communist and an atheist Grant wins the election once again and serves another term The upside of the Liberal Republican Party is getting rid of some of the corrupt politicians and making sure that the people serving are good

farmers complained about west

Low agricultural prices due to foreign competition and overproduction caused by mechanization Insufficient credit and high interest rates High rates charged by railroads , grain storage, operators, distributors High prices farmers paid of manufactured goods

public view of war of 1812

Liked by the west (war hawks) Federalists - hated the war

facts about the emancipation proclamation

Lincoln issues it as a military measure so it could not be declared unconstitutional It only free slaves in areas still in rebellion as of january 1 1863 That means that border slaves were exempted Emancipation was not universally applauded in the north

Frederick Douglas

Lincoln will issue a war order allowing free blacks to fight if they fought under command of a white officer, did not receive the same pay, not equal treatment, but many felt compelled to fight

fort sumter

Lincoln's issue was that he had soldiers who need supplies in the fort But, Lincoln does not want to initiate contact unless the South starts it He wants the South to fire first Sends notice to the South that only supplies will be sent (food) South fires on the North South General: Bureagard North General: Anderson Builds morale and lincoln asks every state to give volunteers

chain of events that led to civil war

Lincoln's victory in december 1860 South carolina seceded in december 6 other southern states seceded in february of 1861 and formed the confederate states of america Fort sumter(needed resupply, lincoln sent supplies not arms South carolina fired upon this fort which united the north Lincoln's call for 75,000 toups caused four more states to secede (virginia, north carolina,arkansas, tennessee)

every state constitution had two things

List of Rights Influences the Bill of Rights Separation of Powers In these state constitutions (separation of state and church) Voting Voting rights for their citizens, most often having some type of property ownership requirements

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Who lived in the Plains before the colonists came?

Lived sedentary and nomadic Farmed orn, hunted, gathered and established diverse lifestyles and healthy diets When horses arrived with conquistadors, they disrupted agricultural norms and increased huntin competition between native American groups. Push naive americans further from their settlements.

Committees of Correspondence

Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.

william henry harrison

Log cabin and hard cider (harrison connect to common westerner Whigs only win when have war hero (harrison, People are not happy with elite 78% of eligible voters vote Modernist campaigning- songs, giveaways, 1st modern campaign Victory Harrison

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer - spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI - notable works include A Farewell to Arms

monopoly of rockefeller

Loves trusts, makes the Standard Oil Company Companies see how Rockefeller became wealthy, and they model his business way Issue with trust is that competition disappears Monopolistic, bad for consumer because boss can set prices

lowell girls

Lowell factories produce for both factories inside and outside of contry

jeffersonian republican

Madison jefferson Favor limited role of national government Shop owners, city workers, farmers, south and west base of support, Government controlled by capable leaders Favored individual liberties Strict interpretation Tended to favor france

HIPP analysis of declaration of independence

Many of the sayings jefferson put in here, he is referring to the acts and laws Historical situation- lexington and concord, battle of bunker hill, 2nd continental congress Purpose-declare independence from britain and show how much of a tyrant he is, justify their cause One piece of evidence to support- the king issuing taxes and not getting permission

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him - head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association a - urged black economic cooperation

resistance to change after civil war

Many southern whites reacted to change sby passing the black does Restricted the rights of afrcian americans KKK a vigilante groups of white supremacists terrorized african americans and any white who supported racial equality The radical republicans were eventually replaced by the redeemers who installed democratic politicians and white supremacy in its place

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

john marshall

Marshall and Jefferson argued over interpretation of the constitution Marshall Federalist Believed in national supremacy Believed the judicial branch should have independence and power

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act.

industrial workers reaction to capitalism

Mass production led to lower prices while workers wages increased standard of living grew for many Gap between rich and poor continued to widen Workers organize unions and confronted bosses in a variety of ways The workforce expanded due to immigration Child labor increased

johnathan edwards

Massachusetts intellectual writer Delivered sinners in the hands of an angry god Rejected the idea of salvation through free will

Quota Laws

Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate from each country to a particular country during a one-year period. Ex: In 1910, Congress passed immigration quotas, the immigration from European countries could only be 3% of the number of its nationals living in the U.S.

Haymarket Bombing

May 4, 1886, conflict in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration in Chicago. The violence began when someone threw a bomb into the ranks of police at the gathering. The incident created a backlash against labor activism.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

great compromise/ connecticut

Mesh the plans together and result=Bicameral, (two houses house and senate In senate= equal representation, every state has 2 representatives In the house of representatives, representation is based on population, small population=less votes,

opportunities in the west

Mining Ranching Cowboys would drive cattle from texas northward toward cattle towns Eventually railroad lines were extended and the use of barbed wire ended cattle drives farming

border states

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware After 1863→ West Virginia joins Important because Lincoln tries to keep them in the Union Their geography will help them, Lincoln says war is about reuniting the Union

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Moderate plan to bring the country back together Said that a state could rejoin the union once 10% of voters took an oath of loyalty to the united states They also had to take the 13th Amendment Wanted to make it easy for them because he wanted to preserve the Union and bring it back together Argued that they never really left

Natives in the French and Indian War

Most Natives side with the french but the Iroquois do not

presidency of james madison

Moneroe was elected to 2 terms with support from all sections Federalist party had disappeared- hartford convention Democratic republicans had maintained and expanded many federalist programs John Marshall continued to assert federal authority through supreme court decision

What was southern society

Most of the South is an Oligarchy Ran by wealthy planters, the planter aristocracy, cottonocracy

american isolationism

Most people identified with their old countries Many opposed the central powers especially Kaiser Wilhelm the ruler of germany America remain neutral Woodrow wilson did not want to involve the US in any war Another factor was that a third of the nation was either foreign or children of immigrants

ratification process

Most states ratify the document fairly quickly, but some hesitate Drafters of the constitution promise to add a bill of rights to the document, once they promise to do this, the remaining states fall into line and ratify the constitution George Mason does not sign the constitution , states have to ratify it, The Bill of Rights restrict the powers of the federal government and preserves liberties of freedoms First task that GW will tackle

poopulist party

Movement for common people The Grange-organized to end isolation of the farmers, education and social events to help their neighbors work together, adjust goals to help farmers overall economically, bad politicians

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Great Migration (of the 20th century)

Movement of about 2 million blacks out of the Southern United States. African Americans migrated to the Midwest, Northeast, and West. They were recruited to work in northern factories because of war production; move to urban areas; aggravate racial tensions; WW1

Effects of the Second Great Awakening

Movements were heavily supported by women, New religious denominations sprung up Rise in church membership Social change New National culture American Art

what was the virginia company

Name for two joint stock companies that had same charters but different claims. Chartered in 1606 by King James 1 in order to settle the North American eastern coastline.

frederick douglas

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas - account of his life including his escape to freedom Believes that politics is the way to achieve abolition Things like the liberty party, the free soil party, the republican party, Douglas supports to end slavery

marshall court main ideas

National supremacy Economic Growth Independence and power of judicial branch

beginning of labor moements in 1830s

National trades union formed in 1838 and lasted for 5 years Workingmen's political parties

Who was in the Southwest of North America before the colonists came and why did they leave?

Native American tribes populated this region at about 7000 BCE Pueblo, Anasazi, Mogollon, Hohokam began farming to produce corn Navajos and Apaches hunted and gathered Tribes left at 1300 BCE because of crop failure Europeans met pueblos mid 1500s

Worcestor vs Georgia 1832

Native american sovereignty Georgia passed the Indian Removal Act to displace natives Cherokee sued bc they believed Georgia had no jurisdiction Supreme court rules in favor of the Cherokee This is because Indian nations were independent political communities retaining their natural rights, they had surrendered sovereign powers in the treaties that were made President Andrew Jackson ignored the Supreme Court's decision, said "John Marshall made his decision so he should enforce it Cheroke and other native people were removed by the trail of tears to oklahoma reservations

pontiac's rebellion

Natives are tired of people moving into their land An uprising in the Ohio River Valley against the English by the Native Americans English put down the rebellion, but England says they cannot do this anymore, and they issue the Proclamation of 1763

2nd Powhatan War 1644

Natives tried to expel the british by force and failed

What happens now that the frontier is closed?

Need for new economic opportunities Recognition that american resources were finite

Bill of Rights

Needs to make sure that the Bill of Rights comes into creation List of 10 Amendments

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power - RECOVERY!

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

colonial experiences resisting authority

New england town meetings, house of burgesses Fear of english corruption coming to america Anti-aristocratic sense thanks to great awakening, availability of social mobility Salutary neglect- due to distance and colonial assemblies

revolution of 1828

New idea of party organization and the discontent of the southerners (tariff of 1828) swept jackson into office Three times the number of votes in 1828 compared to 1824 Jackson expanded the role of president while at the same time narrowed the scope of the federal gov. Which was shown by his use of veto by 12 times

Industrial Revolution

New sources of raw materials New markets for manufactured goods New places to invest surplus capital

What was the structure and powers of the National Government under the Articles?

No executive branch It is a unicameral legislature (one legislative house) Each state is the legislature has one vote State legislatures have more power than the federal legislature under the Articles

intolerable acts

No more town meetings, local legislatures, close the port of Boston until damages are paid If commit a serious crime then you are tried in England and not colonies; benefits British soldiers

Crittenden Compromise

No slavery north of 36' 30" line Protection of slavery where it already exists Senate does NOT approve these amendments Lincoln says that he does not support it If you need to know anything, it was the last attempt to avoid war and please the south to keep the union intact, 6 constitutional amendments

George Washington Precedent

Nobody has done the job before, people will judge and copy what he does, he has to set precedent/standard Appoints a cabinet(trusted officials) Henry Knox- Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson, secretary of State Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of Treasury Edmund Randolph

Opinions on popular soverignty

North does not care if popular sovereignty exists, South are okay with this President pearce also supports this Northerners are not crazy about this Stephen Douglas is the one pushing the Kansas Nebraska Act through Congress

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation.

North economy

Northern colonies are not great when the war starts Inflation Printing money Greenbacks States have borrowed money, are now in debt Morrill Tariff act Raises tariffs and increases revenue in the north As the war proceeds the northern economy grows stronger More people are working = more pay = stronger economy

panic of 1837

Not rechartering the Bank of the United States Congress is going to limit the number of banks that can receive federal deposits Specie Circular Two party system

impact on african americans and women

Now the biggest change there was the ratification of the 15th amendment in the 187- which granted all men the right to vote enfranchising african american men It did not, to the disappointment of the women's suffrage movement, enfranchise women but by 1877, the end of reconstruction when the federal government stopped enforcing the rights of black citizens in the south, jim crow laws would make voting all but impossible for black men

slave rebellion

Occasionally attempting to poison owners Damaged tools Lazy work, poison food Passive attempts to rebel Active attempts to rebel

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929 - day the stock market crashed

North disadvantages

Offensive War They are fighting an offensive war and they need to conquer the South A lot of soldiers in the North but initially they are not trained A lot of people enlist but are not trained Leadership The north had "crummy" generals Eventually we get grant, sherman, and others, but in the beginning we have bad leadership in comparison with the south

Corps of Discovery (1804-1806)

Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members

oil and rockefeller

Oil used for light then Automobiles Horizontal Integration Standard Oil Company Uses Trusts Unskilled labor is beneficial for companies because can pay less and expendable

old immigrants

Old Immigrants came from england or western europe 1830s/40s Most of them wee protestant except irish who were catholic Dealt with native discrimination Able to assimiliate by the fact that they spoke english, could read, skilled laborers

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

lincoln assassination

On april 14,1865 President Lincoln and his wife attended a play at ford's theater in DC John Wilkes Booth, who opposed Lincoln's policies, shot him and rushed to the boarding house across the street. Lincoln died VP andrew jackson was sworn into office quickly and reconstruction was his responsibility now

continental army

Once out of valley forge, they are a huge reason for victory

what was one difference between spanish and english colonies

One difference is their relationship with the Natives. The English came in and as we saw in the Puritans ally the Natives. As we see in Hernan Cortes, he attacked Tenochtitilan . Spanish want to convert Natives, English do not care.

economic problems of articles of confederation

One of the biggest problems was that the national government had no power to impose taxes To avoid any perception of taxation without representation, the articles of confederation allowed only state governments to levy taxes To pay for its expenses the national government had to request money from the states The states however were often negligent in this duty and so the national government was underfunded The country's economic woes were made worse by the the fact that the central government also lacked the power to impose tariffs on foreign imports or regulate interstate commerce

Fear of COmmunism 1920s

One perceived threat to american life was the spread of communism The red scare panic in the us began in 1919, after revolutionaries in russia overthrew the czarist regime The communist party formed in the US 70,000 radicals joined and several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders US attorney general A. mitchell palmer to action combat the red scare He hunted down suspected communist and tramples on people's civil rights Foreign born radicals were deported and his raids failed to turn up evidence of revolutionary conspiracy

what was one similiarity between the spanish and english

One similarity between the goals of the Spanish and the English in establishing colonies before 1700 is that they wanted new land and to create a new empire in the New World.

why was george washignton chosen as president

One truly national hero Transferred his personal prestige to the nation national government He refused to take autocratic authority did not want a role in the government but he knew he was needed Believed in civilian authority over the military Indispensable man

ben franklin

Only recognized americans scientist, inventor, printer in europe Albany plan 1754 represented pennsylvania in london Helped with declaration of indepen Negotiated franco american alliance 1779 Negotiate treaty of paris 1783 Mediator at constitutional convention

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

temperance movement

Organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption Taught abstinence from alcohol Women reformers saw drinking as a threat to family life This movement had a dramatic impact on the amount of alcohol consumed between 1830s to 1860s

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slav ery

abuse of slaves in south

Our third president was accused of this Where slave owners would sexually abuse female slaves and have children who would be slaves who were half black half white, called mulattos

monroe doctrine

Outlined in a speech to congress Western hemisphere is closed for further european colonization Us would not interfere with existing colonies Us would not interfere with the internal affairs of european powers Attempts to intervene would be viewed as dangerous to our peace and safety

pros of colines

Outstanding leaders Defensive position Home field advantage British have to reconquer every inch Moral advantage from a just cause

women in the military

Over 200,000 women served in women's auxiliary units which freedmen from non combat duties WAACS-army WAVES-navy SPARS coast guard

Causes of panic of 1819

Over Speculation in frontier(western) lands Banks lend the money and make loans to people to buy land People can't pay back their money and then the bank takes over their property and starts to foreclose on these tracts of land This infuriates the western debtors Banks will close and people are put in prison for debt Poorer classes of people are in debt, these people eventually become the supporters of Andrew Jackson 9 States are added to the Union, more moved west, land is cheap there so people leave east, nobody there has money so its cheap

african american military experiences

Over a million african american men joined the armed forces, this represented 10% of the troops made up by 11% of the population Better treatment than in world war 1 Continued segregation in the military Tuskegee airmen/black eagles continued to be discriminated against Eleanor roosevelt flew with and supported the airmen

distribution of wealth

Overall the standard of living rose Most of the wealth controlled by a few people In 1900, 10% of the population controlled 90% of the wealth Many aspired for the "american dream" to rise from rags to riches Growing middle class, white collar workers, saried with no manual labor Men became managers to coordinate between executivews and laborers New jobs: salesmen, accountants, clericals Most of americans were wage earners, ⅔

What could slaves not do

Own property Leave premises without permission Possess firearms Testify against whites Learn to read and write

Greenbacks

Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, Greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar

4 parts of Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off the country's debts at face value Institute a protective tariff to protect american industry Establish a national bank, the Bank of the United States An excise tax on whiskey → Whiskey Rebellion Washington supports this plan

Declaratory Act (1766)

Parliament can pass any law or make a tax in all cases whatsoever England has jurisdiction to enforce laws and taxes on the colonies

tea act

Parliament passes this to appease the East British India Company About to go bankrupt because had way too much tea Were granted a monopoly on tea sales to the colonies Tea was cheaper than it was with the tax originally Angered the colonists because their liberties are being limited, can only buy tea from this company

Declaratory Act

Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.

Wade-Davis Bill

Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan," it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.

Gag resolution

Passed in 1836 in House of Representatives To eliminate discussion of antislavery appeals Table them= not talk about it John Quincy Adams speaks out against this

corruption in railroad

Past examples: Credit Mobilier, Stock Watering(Inflating the price of stock), Kickbacks (Give money back to frequent shippers who provide low rates) Phony companies to build railroads Charge big fees to build, more than needed, pocketed profits Bribed members of Congress

Treaty of Paris 1783

Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors.

what did thomas jefferson keep the same

Peaceful transfer of power Maintained the bank, funding and assumption policies Louisiana purchase-jefferson used implied (necessary and proper) powers Dealt with secessionist schemes in the west (aaron burr) Chesapeake affair (european interference in america trade) Embargo act- an attempt to avoid war, but changed to economic approach Friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with non neutrality policies

japanese american home front experiences

Pearl harbor december 7 1943 affected attitudes toward japanese americans 15,000 japs arrested aas security risks before the executive order 9066

Carpetbaggers

Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

soil in the south is exhausted because of slavery in the south

People start to move west to find better soil Not a lot of immigrants, does not have a diverse population Big population of enslaved people and white people who have been there for generations. Small percentage of wealthy people Some people own a few slaves, but they are usually working with them Most people do not own slaves, subsistence farming Defended slavery because in the South there was the satisfaction of having superioity above them, there is someone below them on the chain They hoped that someday they would have enough money to hold slaves, seen as a status symbol Idea of Racism is present

war hawks

People who wanted to fight Britain and the Native Americans because they want to see the United States gain more territory Henry Clay from kentucky John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster Play a role in the election of 1800

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican)

reform

Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters

Cult of Domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

Habeas Corpus

Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War

clay's american system

Plan for economic self sufficiency Protective tariff 2nd national bank Federally funded internal improvements West and south would exchange agricultural goods for manufactured goods from the north Eventually north and west would have stronger ties than south and west

Atlantic Charter

Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

mercantilisism

Policy of british government:colonies should benefit the mother country wealth)in gold and silver)=- power Export more than you import, balance of trade

Spoils System

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political declarations in favor of states' rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition the the Alien and Sedition acts. Maintained that states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional

Republicanism

Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule.

andrew jackson effects on how election is seen

Politics move from the wealthy and rich electing to the common man voting Universal white male suffrage The two party system grows and expands, political competitions grew to the national level, this is in direct contrast to WAshington's warnings against parties, third parties get involved in politics, such as the anti-masonic party More elected political offices, voting for more officials A lot of popular campaigning, with bands, parades, free beer, etc... if you come listen to the political speeches Spoils system- if u vote for me i will give u a job,

jacksonian democracy

Politics of the common man Universal male suffrage Improved education State suffrage laws (no religious or property clauses) Party nomination conventions No nominations by king caucus Popular elections of electoral college South carolina was the only state to have legislature choose

executive power in federal govenrment

President Ca veto congressional legislature nominates judges

Grover Cleveland

President for two non-consecutive terms - against corruption and tried to solve national financial problems - President during the Pullman strike = sent federal troops to end the strike

consequences of manifest destiny

Polks embrace of it and the acquisition of new territories inflame tensions between north and south and increased conflict between white settlers and native americans While the north and south fought over whether the new states admitted to the union were to be free states or slave states, the battles between the plains indians and settlers in texas gew Though comanche spur up an especially fierce resistance to the encroachment of white people onto ehri lands, they were vanquished and relocated to a reservation in oklahoma in 1875 Debate over the wilmot proviso led up to the civil war This proviso which was sopposed by the south asserted that the mexican american war had not been fought for the purpose of expanding slavery and said that slavery woul dnoever exis in the territores gained from mexico in the war Ultimately polk's territorial expansionism though aimed at national unity wound up increasing sectional conflict and paving the way to civil war

pontiac rebellion

Pontiac was an Ottawa leader who led a loose confederation of Native Americans from numerous tribes to fight for their land against the presence of British troops at the conclusion of the French and Indian War.

PEEP 1763

Pontiac's Rebellion End of French and Indian War End of Salutary Neglect Proclamation of 1763

populist party platform

Popular election of senators, rather than state congresses appoint senators People voting to create things on issues Nationalizing transportation & communication, stop monopolies Gradual income tax Government help for farmers (loans & storage), until prices rose Coinage of silver, instead of dependent on gold, we wold also have silver so more money in circulation One term limit for Prez. Shorter workday

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833

Great Compromise

Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.

Whiskey Rebellion

Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.

advantages of british in war

Population Wealthy Navy Standing army Poor organization and disunity f colonists Some merchants still trade with britain Loyalists in the colonies (mostly wealthy)

why did people move into to cities and what did they offer

Population growth in cities (overall) In 30 years the population doubles, 40 to 80 million In the 1900s, population in major cities triple American population live in cities, People are moving to cities because of Money Jobs Social opportunity In rural america, you do not have the access that the cities provide for jobs and social opportunity exciting things in the city Entertainment, dancing, dinner, library, all kinds of things Electricity is available more readily in cities, a lot of rural areas do not have electricity yet Big cities have telephones → Lured women to cities bc jobs as telephone operator Big cities have running water and indoor plumb Men were in the factories, middle class positions (accountants, sales clerks, managers) Ladies would be secreteries, telephone workers Young poorer women get factory work Middle class women or higher would not work If you wanted to go shopping, you would go into commercial districts in downtown, had courthouse, restaurants, shops Skyscrapers are coming into being in the early 1900s More people can live and work on a smaller patch of land→ more people in the city (look below)

push factors of immigrants

Population growth, agricultural changes, crop failures, industrial revolution, religious and political turmoil

what caused manifest destiny

Population increase Economic depressions -1819 and 1837 Abundance of cheap or free land in west Expansion offered opportunities for new commerce People began moving over new trails like sante fe trail and oregon trail

election of 1892

Populist are running, have a small chance to win Things that help them: A lot of striles during this time A lot fo the strikers would join the poulist party Election of 1892, populist party get 22 electoral votes, not successful bc not supportyed by south or industrialists, workers Grover cleveland is elcted for his second term He will be president durig the president . panic of 1893, lack of gold reserve

Court-packing plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

court packing plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

James Madison

President of 1808, takes office in 1809, democratic-republican, endorsed by Jefferson When he takes office, he accepts all of the issues that Jeffeson had, Congress replaced the Non-Intercourse Act with Macon's Bill No. 2 Reopened trade with either England or France if one of them respected the United States' neutrality Decided that we would not trade with britain, but france continues to seize american ships

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

lincoln's 10% plan

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction December 8,1863 Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the south He did not consult congress about reconstruction Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian confederate officers When 10% of the voting population in the 186- election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized 1864→ Lincoln governments formed in LA, TN, AR Loyal assemblies Weak and dependent on northern army for their survival

pros of british

Professional Army Money and resources to hire Hessian mercenaries Most native americans ally with the british World's strongest navy

Freedmen Bureau

Provide assistance to the newly emancipated slaves Given supplies, medical aid, food and education because the slaves did not have any money or knowledge of any skills aside from doing what they did Basic reading, writing and math is given to them If adults did not go, kids went and taught people at home

Gag Resolution

Prohibited debate or action on antislav ery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slav ery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for eight years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

19th amendment

Prohibits Alcohol People are drinking alcohol because it is safer People start to drink more after the Civil War Push for temperance is opposed by immigrants

the new south

Proponents of the new south envisioned a post reconstruction southern economy modeled on the north's embrace of the industrial revolution Henry w. Grady a newspaper editor in georgia coined the new south phrase in1874 He urged the south to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy grounded inn factories mines and mills Although textiles mills and tobacco factories emerged in the south during this time the plans for a new south failed By 19000 per capita income in the south was 4-% less than the national average and rural poverty persisted across much of the south

Henry's Clay American System

Proposed by Henry Clay to make USA less dependent on Europe by encouraging local production Focused on Three things Protective Tariff National Bank Internal Improvements This is made because England has cheaper goods which causes Americans to buy England goods and not American goods which has a countereffect on the increasing factories and industry

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed in 1846, proposed that there would be no slavery in the territory gained from the Mexican Cession, or lands gained from mexico Does not become a law Opposed by the south Does not pass in the Senate because equal representation

Conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Land Ordinance of 1785

Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt.

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

steel and coal benfit

Put through Bessemer process and shipped out Mass Production and Consumption More people to give goods to Railroads unite the country

Transcendentalism

Question religion Find truth in yourself, nature, truth transcends the sense Mystical way of thinking, look within Supported by Ralph Waldo Emerson(wrote Self Reliance) and Henry David Thoreau (Wrote Walden, On Civil Disobedience), rejects traditional morals/ values

questions regarding runaways

Questions arose as to what to do with former slaves? Return? Them them to union? Free them and arm them? First confiscation act of 1861- did not free slaves but simply switched control over them from confederate to union 2nd confiscation act july 1862- did free runaways who made it to the union line from servitude-same month that lincoln penned the preliminary emancipation proclamation

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Radical republicans are in charge and the south is divided into 5 military districts Each district is goverened by a Union general Law will be enforced by Union soldiers Confederates are temporarily unable to vote In able to get back to Union, confederate states would have to accept the 14th Amendment, 1868 15th Amendment is passed when Grant is president

King William's War (1689-1697)

Radical whigs feared any form of concentrated power as a threat to liberty which tended toward corruption and tyranny Government should be balance between legislatures na dking Grew out of experiences of eneligh history (glorious revolution) Only perpetual vigilance by the public cna preserve freedoms Whigs published numerous pamphlets which were spread to america

radical whigs ideology

Radical whigs feared any form of concentrated power as a threat to liberty which tended toward corruption and tyranny Government should be balance between legislatures na dking Grew out of experiences of eneligh history (glorious revolution) Only perpetual vigilance by the public cna preserve freedoms Whigs published numerous pamphlets which were spread to america

mckinley tariff

Raised tariffs really high Hurt farmers Passed generous military benefits for veterans Future problems (farmers and populism)

effects of first great awakening

Rapid growth of baptist, methodists (new lights) and anglicans and quakers (old lights) Weakening of established churches and undermined old clergy Prompte missionary efforts among natives and blacks Created opposition to royal colonial officials who supported the anglican church Democratic spirit in religion that rejected an "elect group" and an overly intellectual clergy The first unifying experience in the colonies, cutting across economic, racial, social lines

industrialization is possible bc:

Raw materials in united states Work force(immigrants) More products can be produced A lot of liquid capital (money to invest) Increased productivity Henry Ford and the Assembly Line Government supported railroads Many patents are issued post-civil war (500,000 in the 30 years following the war)

James Whistler

Realist whose works were often moody and eccentric - known for his Arrangement in Black and Grey - known for a portrait of his mother - dropped out of West Point after failing chemistry

south economy

Really no money Continue to print paper money but it is basically worth nothing If you can find something to purchase, it is ridiculously expensive At the end of the war, the economy is in complete shambles

what was the pueblo revolt in 1680

Rebels drove out spanish and killed franciscan priests Destruction of catholic symbols and returned to tradition culture

Emily Dickinson

Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

Frist Continental Congress (1774)

Recommended outright resistance to the coercive acts Created the association:non importation and non consumption Plan to create a grand intercolonial council was rejected

reconstruction after civil war

Reconstruction was a process of readmitting the former confederate states to the union which lasted from 1865-1877

Black Belt

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slav ery expanded south and west

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

sherman anti trust act

Regulation has to be done on a federal level, states could not regulate Congress pass it, it was very weak No way to distinguish between a good trust and a bad trust Act is very vague, used aagainst labor unions This is not the intent of this law Nothing really happens but is significant because it is the first time the government is trying to regulate these trusts

Civil Conservation Corps

Relief that provided work for young men in food control, planting, and flood work mainly - sent home money to help support family - RELIEF!

british response to stamp act congress

Repealed in 1766 after a whig ministry came to power

what did thomas jefferson change

Repealed the excise tax, naturalization act, and the judiciary act of 1801 (the midnight judges), also pardoned those under sedition act Sent the navy to fight the barbary pirates Louisiana purchase- first purchase of territory by a president Lewis and clark expedition Attempted impeachment of justice chase Reduction of the national debt Reduction of naval forces to smaller coastal defense

Second Continental Congress

Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort.

Congressional Election of 1866

Republicans get ⅔ majority in House and Senate Veto proof congress congress can override any veto done by johnson

Election of 1864

Republicans join with Pro War Democrats to form the Union Party in 1864 Running mate is Andrew Johnson Chosen because wants to gain support from border states and he is from Tennessee McClellan runs against Lincoln Close popular vote, but when it came to electoral vote it was obvious Southern states did not vote, only citizens in the north and the border states voted Lincoln won

quartering act

Required colonists to provide shelter and food to British soldiers, saved Britain from spending money

new stricter fugitive slave law

Required officials from all states and territories to assist with the return of enslaved people who had escaped to freedom or pay a fine. Ordinary citizens were also required to assist in recapturing escapees or face fines or imprisonment. There are no safeguard to prevent opportunists from claiming that any person of african descent including free blacks was an escapee

Aroostock War (1842)

Resolved by Webster-Ashburton Treaty Settled boundary line and the United States got land that was rich in iron ore

Black Codes

Restricted the liberty and economic opportunity for the freedmen Causes problems because Congress needs ⅔ majority to override, obtains in 1866

townshend duties 1767

Revenue raised on lead, paint, paper, glass, tea Led to a new round of protests

market revolution

Revolution in Transportation, production of goods is carried throughout the country Manufacturing of goods= more organized Factory system Lowell girls Lowell factory system Production of goods is done in factories and not goods, factories are producing things, working in factories Families are less self-sustaining bc dad is working for money and buying things Impacts women Because it makes life easier, women have more time Families shrink, less children

john adams 1797-1801

Revolutionary sam adams Declaration of independence jefferson Diplomat franklin President washington He knew he did not have prestige of washington cabinet mistake

colonists rebell bc

Rights of British citizens, Parliament only takes into account how it benefits homeland Britain and not colony Britain Colonists want actual representation Felt that their rights were being violated Britain says that the colonies are represented through the best interests of parliament

Little Big Horn 1876

River in Montana where George Custer and the U.S. cavalry attacked an Indian encampment. Most of Custer's force died in the battle.

transportation and communication in 1830s

Roads, canals (erie canal) Railroads 1850- 9,000 miles of trac 1860- over 30,000 Steamboats Began in 1807, cheapest way to transport goods Communication Telegraph 50,000 laid by 1860

Development of Infrastructure

Roads, canals, railroads Cumberland road- interstate commerce fed gov. Pays for it Erie Canal- albany-buffalo, paid for by New York state Baltimore and Ohio railroad- build to compete with erie canal All of these link north and midwest, south is left out

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt chose him bc he supported progressivism - actively pursued anti-trust law suits - advocated dollar diplomacy

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt's 1937 speech that proposed strong U.S. measures against overseas aggressors

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. we were the "police of the western hemisphere" Example of US imperialism in Latin America. Used to justify hundreds of interventions, mostly to protect US business interests, sometimes to the detriment of democratic movements in Latin America

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

haymarket bombing

Ruined the Knights of Labor by associating them with anarchists Were hurt by including all workers, skilled workers left them

early sectionalism

Rumor was that this talked about secession, but in reality it talked about limiting the power of the new western states. War ends before this gains too much steam This was one of the final things that led to the death of the Federalist Party, after this the Party would not be seen

Underground Railroad

Runaway slaves (4 Million slaves), only 1,000 a year will escape by the railroad The south is very upset that people are escaping, and that people are helping them escape See the human beings as property Harriet Tubman led slaves to canada South wants a law to get the slaves back (fugitive slave law) Against slavery because it took jobs away from people

textile mills

Samuel Slater father of textile system, brings machine from england

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly"

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

manifest destiny

Sense of mission or national density Believed us had mission to expand boundaries of freedom to other by sharing idealism and democratic institutions - to those capable of self-government (not natives or mexicans) Idea god had determined america should stretch from east coast to pacific

Lend-Lease Bill

Sent a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression, on the pretext that they would return them

lewis and clark expedition

Sent by Jefferson as the "Corps of Discovery" Explored possible water route to the west, scientific studies of plants, animals and native Americans

Intolerable Acts

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

atlantic charter august 1941

Set of principles for post war world No territorial change People have the right to choose their own government Declared for a new league of nations Became basis of UN charter

What was massachusetts bay colony like

Settled by puritans in 163- Their goal was to create a bible commonwealth or a city on a hill as example to others Religion haven Belief in calvinist predestination Fishing and shipping w/ farming Rocky soil, swift rivers

hull house

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

internal unrest

Shay's Rebellion, Daniel Shay, former revolutionary war soldier, lives in massachusetts. Many banks were foreclosing on farms because farmers couldn't pay their taxes, but then they couldn't pay the banks and they lost their farms. Massachusetts militia was called in to break the rebellion Raises questions about the effectiveness of the Articles Ultimately has about 1000 followers No safeguard against civil unrest in the states Causes people to want to revise the Articles because there was no army

mother jones and child labor

She became a traveling labor agitator Worked to end child labor Breaker boys in mines Spool girls in factories She marched children to TR oyster bay home Eventually congress passed the keating owen child labor act 1916

what was the treaty of tordesillas and how did it impact the new world

Signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494, it decided how Columbus's discoveries of the New World would be divided. It established the zone of Portuguese influence in Brazil

treaty of ghent

Signed two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans No territorial changes No resolution of impressment/freedom of the seas No indian buffer state in the NW territory Essentially an armistice resulting from British

valley forge

Significant because Washington came out trained confidant fighting force because of Baron Von Steuben Trained soldiers, soldiers were poorly trained

HIPP analysis of paines common sense

Simple emotional language encouraged americans to accept independence Intended audience- colonial citizens and politicians in british north america, Purpose- convince americans and unite them in the belief that they had to declare their independence Historical context- paine wa born and england and was a pamphleteer- battle of bunker hill, 2nd continental congress met, olive branch and declaration of necessity sent to king Pov- americans had no choice but to declare independence from british Reflects the transmission of enlightenment ideals across the atlantic

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

lack of schools in south

Since people are so spread and only a few have money, it is difficult to locate a school Rich people hire tutors, send their children to colleges in the north and in europe big slave population that cannot participate in the education system

What entered USA into World war 1

Sinking of lusitania German attacks on US ships The zimmerman note The susse- germans pledge to warn before sinking this boot February 1, 1917, germany began unrestricted warfare Second, Germany did a blockade on Britain to prevent supplies from entering the nation hoping to starve their enemies. Attacked 3 american ships Germany sent a telegram to mexico known as the zimmerman note

happy slave myth

Slaves are treated as members of the family Argue that the bible talks about and "condones" slavery Also argue that they are christianizing the slaves Widens the gap between the north and the south

The Amistad

Slaves capture a ship, try to go to Africa but end up in Long Island Represented by John Quincy Adams in Court Return to Sierra Leone

financial instability in the south

So many wealthy have invested their money in the purchase of slaves, which became very expensive There was a big risk with this, slaves could become sick, die, be hurt, a threat of them running away Idea of slaveholding= Risky business, A lot of people who hold slaves are dependent on the slaves, so once the war ends and the slaves are free, there is a big change in the economy in the South Wealthy plantation owners go to bottom of chain because they lose their wealth The south is basically a one-crop economy Everything is riding on the production of cotton Do not manufacture much, becomes a problem in the civil war as they primarily rely on the North for finished goods

reforms for alchol

Social Gospel It is our duty as a christian to help those who are less fortunate Prohibition Prohibits the sale and consumption of alcohol Temperance People who adjust their attitude to consuming their alcohol, keep the alcohol within moderation

Who are the conquistadors and who are some famous ones

Soldiers and explorers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires. Colonized Latin America in the 16th -18th centuries., cortes, pizarro

what did progressives believe about immigrants

Some advocated for greater americanization of immigrants- especially in public schools Other advocated for greater restrictions on immigrants including literacy tests to keep out some groups

writers reaction to capitalism

Some advocated theories to justify the inequalities associated by the capitalism Some corporate leader advocated helping the poor and made philanthropic contributions Others questions those assumptions and advocated for different visions for american society

opponents of the newdeal

Some groups pushed FDR to take more steps Upton Sinclair, Labor Unions, huey Long Some groups, especially the Supreme Court sought to limit the amount of change William z. Foster The new deal does not help workers, it helps bankers and monopolists Company unions are being formed which undermines trade unions FDR is moving American toward fascism and war to end the depression President is gaining too much authority

J. P. Morgan

banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893 - purchased Carnegie Steel and renamed it US steel

cotton issue during war

South is counting on cotton, and Britain buying cotton Expect Europe to continue to buy their cotton Does not happen because England has a surplus of cotton Egypt and India can produce cotton North sends Britain cotton once they capture it Ends king cotton and the dominance of cotton over southern economy

where were the democrats from

South, northern cities, more diverse Attract immigrants Catholics and Lutherans

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction. (527)

nat turner's rebellion

Southern VA, believes God is calling him to lead a slave rebellion, they kill about 55 virginians, a lot of women and children, stays on run for awhile Tried, found guilty and hung Fascinating life

"Do we build a railroad in the Northern or the Southern Section of the country?

Southern route ran through Mexico Gadsden Purchase- Set southern border, railroad runs through this People think that the South is better because there are no mountains, but there is a politician in the north who believes the north is the better way to go Stephen Douglas- He has invested in the North, works hard for a transcontinental railroad across the United States There is the Nebraska territory (big ticket item, free or slave state) He proposes to divide Nebraska into two portions, half of it will be Kansas and the other will be Nebraska But the issue is popular sovereignty, because since the people decide when they are about to become a state, it can go good or bad for the north Both of these terrorities are both above the 36 30 line (Missouri compromise of 1820 says no slavery above there)

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

Spanish were concerned over jay's treaty Americans gained the right of navigation and deposit

what were the bill of rights

Speech, assembly, religion, press, petition for redress of grievances, separate church and state Right to bear arms No quartering act privacy , search and seizure Due process, double jeopardy, self incrimination Speedy,, public trial Trial by jury Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment Rights not specifically mentioned are also protection All powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states

industrialization reforms

Spurs reform movements because men were outside the home more, became unhappy, and started to drink more, create problems, etc... Mostly in the north because these problems are dealt with factory jobs

Committees of Correspondence

Start in 1792 to find unity among the colonies Started by Samuel Adams To tell the colonies what was going on such as war and how things were going on in the colonies The Stamp Act is repealed by Parliament after much protest, but when they repeal it, they pass the Declaratory Act

Fort Duquesne

Started the war Built to stem british expansion into the ohio river valley Virginia gov. Robert dinwiddle sent washington to evict the french Washington attacked an advantage patrol, reinforcement and natives defeat him at fort necessity

How these state constitutions are written will affect how the articles of confederation are written

States are afraid of the masses, the common man Most powerful branch in all of the states is the legislative branch, are afraid of another kind, so they do not want to put power into an executive Same thing at federal level

wabash v. illinois

States that states have no power to regulate interstate commerce Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 The Interstate Commerce Commission Doesnt do much First time the federal governemnt attempts to regulate big business

steam engines, interchangeable parts and telegraph

Steam engines Used for railroad, steam boat Interchangeable parts Eli whitney, mass production Telegraph Helps spread of communication

agricultural inventions

Steel plow Mccormick reaper Cotton gin Make job faster and easier

impact of innovation during gilded age

Steel, electricity was not invented in the gilded age, but what happened was the spread of the light bulb in both homes and businesses These technologies is that one of the goals of these technologies was to make it possible to produce things after, but also to produce them with less skilled workers, because a skilled worker someone who knows a craft and can produce a finished item from start to finish, that takes a long time and it costs a lot of money Impact: workers having to work longer hours

anti imperialist beliefs

Supporting an empire would be a financial burden The us should concentrate its energies on solving problems at home nonwhite people cannot be assimilated into american society An empire would involve the US in more wars It is a violation of democratic principles to annex land and not offer its people the same rights as those of US citizens

Lochner v. New York

Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers

social darwinism

Takes principle of survivival of the fittest and applies it to the business world Only the strongest businesses will live and will take over the smaller ones Survival of the richest

issue of tariffs for grover cleveland

Tariffs are high, holdovers from Civil War Benefit big businesses Give gov. a really big surplus in the treasury Cleveland wants to lower tariffs Lower prices for consumers Promotes competition in the market Less protection from monopolies Allows to cut the size of the government

Townshend Acts

Tax on lead, glass, paper, paint, and tea The money generated from these taxes are used to pay royal officials in the colonies, who the colonists don't even want in the colonies Second part of the Act is the Writ of Assistance, which lets them search anything, mostly ships, for smuggled goods. Suspends New York legislature because they are not following the Quartering Act John Hancock- Founding father who got rich by smuggling

stamp act 1765

Tax on legal documents, newspapers via a stamp to raise revenue from the colonies Ignited opposition "no taxation without representation Meaning of representation different in the colonies and america

reform movements

Temperance Education reform Health Abolitionist movement Women's rights

recovery

Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand (pump-priming)

Winslow Homer

broke the Old World traditions in art - was vigorously American in his Realist seascape paintings of New England

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Burning of DC

The British burn Washington DC The British are unable to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore, and that is where the Star-Spangled Banner is written Andrew Jackson fights Native Americans who support the British, Battle of Horseshoe Bend- End the Creek tribe Battle of New Orleans- War was already over, useless

how were the relationships between natives and british, french, spanish

The British had relatively hostile relationships with American indians; were more hostile French and Dutch-trade alliances with natives tribes allowed for fur trade Spanish convert or exploit the native encomienda system

Jack London

The Call of the Wild, White Fang, To Build a Fire - writer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels

tariff of 1816

The FIRST protective (not profit) tariff to protect American goods by raising the price of imported goods almost 20-25% so it becomes more attractive to buy American goods Angers the South but pleases the North and the Midwest This is because the North and the Midwest were the ones who were selling the goods, but angered the South because they were the ones exporting and importing things for the plantations/slaves

Albert B. Fall

The Harding Cabinet member who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. "Great Commoner,"

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Ulysses S. Grant

The Republican candidate who bumped out Andrew Johnson No political experience Runs against Horatio Seymour, former NY governor Loved by the north, war hero His Motto was "waving the bloody shirt" Ran on a platform of military reconstruction Democrats were against military reconstruction but couldn't agree on anything else Was a close election in the popular vote One of the reasons grant won was freed slaves who voted

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Foreign Policy in the 1930s

The US followed a unilateral policy to promote our vision of the world but maintained american isolationism Rejection of the treaty of versailles and league of nations Washington naval conference- disarmament of world naval powers Dawes plan-financial plan Kellogg briand pact-treaty that outlawed war

James Madison (1809-1817) (democratic) republican

The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution. Hartford Convention. Battle of Tippecanoe.

mobilizing for WW2

The american economy and society mobilized for war which ended the great depression and helped win the war for allies Women, blacks, mexican americans, japanese americans were greatly impacted, Increased income tax and bonds paid for the war War production board was established to manage war industries Office of war mobilization set prices and controlled raw materials Office of price administration War labor board War manpower commission

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

what happened to african societies at the beginning of the atlantac slave trade

The beginning of the atlantic slave trade in the late 1400s disrupted african societal structure as europeans came into west african coastline drawing people from the center of the continent to be sold into slavery. New sugar and tobacco plantations in the americas and caribbean increased the demand for enslaved people which forced a total of 12.5 million africans across the atlantic and into slavery. Forced into labor in west indies for sugar.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

the great compromise vs. the great nullifier

The debate un congress heated up quickly, Kentucky senator henry clay also known as the great compromiser offered a series of resolutions most of them aimed to limit slaverys expansion Clay answered taylors request calling for california to enter the union as a free state but he coupled this antislavery provision with more robust federal fugitive slave law in hopes of sectional compromise This angered the john c calhoun who was the great nullifier because of his role in the nullification crisis He reinforced the need for a stronger fugitive slave law and condemned what he saw as northern aggression. Threatened secession and said that the south would leave the union sooner thn submit to limitaitons on slavery

Elastic/Necessary and Proper Clause

The elastic clause in the Constitution grants Congress the right to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers specifically granted to Congress by the Constitution. This clause was the source of Hamilton's implied powers doctrine. Hamilton says that we cannot always trust the average citizen government should be insulated from the people Supported the establishment of the supreme court Want property qualifications for voting

foreign relations

The federal government can not force Britain soldiers to leave posts or settlements that it has after the Revolutionary War, Lack strong military

arguments for federalism

The federal government derives its power from rights given to it by the american people States have no power to nullify federal laws States cannot revoke federal powers set forth in the constitution

arguments for states rights

The federal government derives its power from rights given to it by the states Because the states created the us individual state have the power to nullify a federal law

James Monroe (1817-1825)

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn - Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe - failure to reach meaningful agreements = Cold War

republicanism

The idea of natural rights and that republican forms of government are superior to the ideas of monarchy The people are involved in the process Ideas inspired thomas paine's common sense and Thomas Jefferson in the declaration of government

soils system

The giving of government jobs to political supporters Jackson liked this

King Cotton

The invention fo the cotton gin causes slavery to boom in the south Eli Whitney invents this with no intention of having the effect that it does on the slave situation, but cotton production booms, causing an increase in the slave industry as well The south believes, mistakenly, that England is completely reliant on cotton produced in the united states, so that if there is a war between north and south, then England will aid the south because of their cotton

slavery or not

The issue of whether to premit slavery in the territories organized in this new land consumed congress at the end of the 1840s During the war congressman david wilmot introduced the wilmot proviso, a proposal to ban slavery in any new territory acquired from emxico The measure passed in the house of representatives but failed in the senate Congress was also seeking resolutions for several other controversial matters Antisalvery advocates wanted an end to the slave trade in the e district of columbia , while proslavery advocates wanted a tigether ffugitive slave law But the most pressing issue was california, the many immigrants who came to the territory upon the discovery of gold in the late 184-s had forced the question of its statehood and status as a slave or free state

Preservation

The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible

Dwight Eisenhower

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Works Progress Administration

employed millions to carry out public works projects - RECOVERY!

second great awakening

The second great awakening resulted in a series of chrstiain revivals through the nation Charles finney taught individual responsibility for christian salvation and introduced the social gospel (that individuals could improve themselves and society

technological innovation

The second industrial revolution is more of a revolution of mass production wand ways of making and shipping and communicating about business transactions and materials that didn't exist before Coal, steel, railroads, skyscrapers By 187- there are more people working for other people for wages living in cities than people who work for themselves, which made a new era in the american economic system

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears,

3/5ths Compromise

The slaves and their Jefferson-supporting masters

ratification

The states have to approve this document, and every state needs to ratify it Two different camps when you talk about ratification fo the constitution

structure of federal government

The structure of government would be federalist in nature, consisting of three independent branches: the legislative, congress; the executive, the president; and the judicial, the supreme court

homestead strike 1892

The union was locked by henry clay frick Workers went on strike Workers intercepted police and pinkertons sent to "secure" the plant0 violence and gunfire killed many workers Militia was eventually brought in and the plant reopened with non union workforce

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

3/5 compromise

The ⅗ compromise apportioned representation to the southern slaveholding states in a scheme that counted five enslaved men and women as three

national goals of progressive presidents

Theodore roosevelt Trust busting, consumer protection laws-meat inspection act Woodrow wilson Clayton antitrust act Reducing tariff rates-underwood tariff 16th amendment income tax Federal reserve act

where are the railroads and why

There are more railroads in North and West than the South There are more unfinished goods and raw materials there

politics republicans vs democrats

There is a big divide between democrats and republicans People are either staunchly republican or staunchly democrat Not a lot of crossing over, intermediate, Voter turnout is high in the 1870s and 1880s, around 80% Not a lot of difference between ideals and goals of the parties, but there is a lot of party loyalty

Affect of king cotton on southern society

There is a lot of isolation, big plantations, spread out from each other, affects education, more concern about regional issues rather than national issues, promotes sectionalism

inequality

There is inequality between races and men/women, military conflict, calls into question that if women can fight then why cant they vote

force bill

There is not actual raising of arms, but he gets an army and goes to South Carolina Henry Clay comes in and he makes peace with the Compromise Tariff of 1833, Tariff was still in place but gradually decreased, South Carolina says ok and meets again after the compromise, they rescind their application for nullify the Tariff, but they nullify the Force Bill Andrew jackson thinks that expansion into the west is the best thing for the country but there are people there

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism - criticized the trend of urbanization in "Shame of the Cities"

federalism

These men realize that we need a strong central government, but we also want states to retain some power

Compromise of 1850

These three men are called in to make this compromise Henry Clay, at 73 Negotiate for the North John C. Calhoun, at 68 Negotiate for the South Daniel Webster, at 68 Says that both sides need to make concessions Elements of the compromise Pg. 249 amsco Pg. 384 pageant California comes in as a free state Divide the remaining lands of the Mexican cession and divide it into two territories (utah and new mexico) Settlers in these territories will decide the slavery issue by majority vote or popular soverignty Harsher Fugitive Slave Law Slave trade is banned in DC Texas gives New MexicoLand is given in dispute between Texas and New Mexico territories to the new territories, in return for the Federal government assuming Texas's public debt of $10 Million Slave Trade is abolished in DC, but if you own slaves you can keep them Fugitive Slave law Fueled abolitionist movement in the north

knights of labor

They devised elaborate titles and secret rituals Believed in the nobility of labor organize everyone Broad goals- cooperative, governmetn ownershup of railwords, worker sboycotts, land and currency reform, enfd of child labor

Treaty of Paris of 1763

They get lots of land out of this, the French had to give up land because the Spanish aided them in the War, French lost hope of their colonial settlements and a bigger impact of the war was that Britain had the strongest navy and they established their power in the colonization the Americas Basically, they get everything west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi river One little piece they do not get control of is New Orleans, that and the land west of misissippi to spain England also takes land in what we now call Canada

Wade-Davis Bill

They though lincoln's plan was too lenient If 50 % of the state's voters swear an oath of loyalty then the state may join the union Both houses of Congress pass it but Lincoln pocket-vetos it.

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Goals of Hamilton's Economic Plan

This financial program leads to the creation of the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans (oppose the plan) First, establish and maintain public credit, would revive confidence in the government at home and would allow foreign countries to have faith in us, wants trade Second, strengthen and stabilize the central government by creating a national unity of interest, if we increase the economy we can increase the currency standard (stop inflation)

War Industries Board

This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.

appomattox courthouse

This is where Lee surrenders to Grant Lincoln has been specific that the surrender terms must be lenient They can keep a sidearm, horse Does this so its easier to unite the union

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

lincoln steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician - advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes for teaching evolution

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

seneca falls convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

what were some influences of revolutionary ideals in the colonisst

Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence The Enlightenment "No taxation without representation" Thomas Paine's Common Sense Criticism of long- standing social norms Increased awareness of inequalities in society Voting rights, state constitutions, start of abolition movement, role of women in the revolution, republican motherhood, and Natives Americans Latin American Independence movements Haitian Revolution

New ideas of enlightenment

Thomas Paine Common Sense, inspires Thomas Jefferson to write the DOI

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution.

Cabinet of George Washington

Thomas jefferson Alexander hamilton First secretary of the treasury, revolutionary war army general

admision of california as free state

To balance the fugitive slave act, congress admitted california as a free state

sherman anti-trust act

To regulate against monopolies and trusts

sherman's march

Total war Sherman believes in this Thinks that in order to win the war he needs to completely destroy the south and their morale and just completely ravage through the south burning everything, etc..

national ties btwn north and south

Trade links the two because southern cotton are being shipped to North who sends final product back to South Banking industry is the biggest thing that ties the North and South back, banks provide for factories in north and farms in south

effects of railroads

Transcontinental Railroad Helps Northern industry, but does not really help South Mass Production and Consumption Trade opens up with Asia due to transcontinental railroad and expansion to the west coast Unity Four time Zones appear because of railroads so everyone is on schedule

why did the west grow

Transcontinental railroad system- built with federal government money and grants of land Government policy The homestead act Discovery of mineral resources- gold and silver People sought independence and economic opportunity in the west

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds for the establishment of agricultural colleges (for example, Texas A&M). Called "Land-Grant" colleges, it help spread public education in America.

result of spanish american war

Treaty of paris 1898 CUBAN independence recognized Puerto Rico and Guam annexed by the U.S. Us pays spain 20 million in exchange for the philippines This provision was very controversial- treaty was ratified by a close vote Insular cases: do not constitutional rights apply to people in territories? The court ruled no-congress would decide Us was recognized as a world power

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies, US did not join

John Brown Va

Try to take full control of harpers ferry, an armory However, nobody shows up and they are captured by robert e. Lee and jeb stuart John brown is hanged Brown is seen in the south as a horribel villian who tried to ruin their way of life In the north he is seen as a martyr who died for the abolitionist cause He has several sons who died

Espionage and Sedition Act

Two laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WW1

Horizontal integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945 - first woman ever appointed to the cabinet

ghost dance

US gov. Banned Ghost Dance, believed that natives could speak with their ancestors Natives are furious

Imperalist beliefs

US needs colonies to compete economically To be a true world power the US needs colonies and naval bases It is the american destiny to expand and its duty to care for poor and weak people To abandon territories makes the US appear cowardly before the world It is only honorable to keep land that americans lost their lives to obtain

foreign policy in the 1920s

US rejected the Treaty of Versailles and membership in the League of Nations Washington Naval Conference-attempt to reduce the naval buildups by major powers 5 power treaty (US, Great britain, france, italy, japan) Agreed to ratio limits on their navies 4 power treaty( us france great britain japan) Agreed to respect territory in the pacific 9 power treaty Agreed to respect open door in china

William Seward

US senator who negotiated purchase of Alaska

Quasi war

Undeclared war in the caribbean and the Atlantic between the US and France Adams wants to avoid a bigger war with france

Treaty of Greenville

Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status.

why did articles of confederacy fail

Under these, the US economy faltered, since the central government lacked the power to enforce tax laws or regulate commerce

William Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

first battle of bull run july 21 1861

Union is routed as rebels stand strong under stonewall jackson

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Chester Nimitz

United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

United States vs. Britain Both countries agree that neither one will seek exclusive control over any isthmus Both countries agree because it can be used to trade The south wants to expand to Cuba Ostend Manifesto

factory life, mill girls

Use of local farm girls in factories with a model community built for them to live in When competition for jobs became stiffer there were wage cuts Workplace begins to become depersonalized

Credit Mobilier

VP is mixed up in it, hire themselves to build the railroad, charges the government much more than what was required and pocketed the profit

role of women

Very affected by industrialization New economic and social opportunities for single women Middle class - typewriter and telephone Lower class - worked for economic need Factories with "womens work" Long hours and dangerous work All paid less than men

context that led to the constitutional convention

Very weak central government , 1786 Annapolis Convention→ meeting of leaders to discuss trade, interstate commerce, only five states show up, Alexander Hamilton requests for a promise to meet at another convention in 1787 This second convention was known as the Constitutional Convention

the socialist party

Victor berger was founded Composed of many different groups including trade unionist Main candidate was eugene v. debs

double V campaign

Victory over facism abroad and victory over discrimiantion at home Racial violence in chicago, new york and detroit during summer 1943 stemmed from white resentment

bleeding kansas

Violence broke out in kansas between proslavery and antislavery settlers Border ruffians from missouri and abolitionists funded settlers went to kansas to take a stand Only a few slaves were taken to the territory

virgnia plan

Virginia plan which called for a bicameral legislature in which representation would be based on population Opposed by smaller states and proposed the new jersey plan

precedent set by george washington

Visibility of the president Tuesdays-public leaves and private dinners Public tea on fridays The vice president being outside the government Cabinet as advisors rather than the senate Presidential power over foreign policy Creation of the cabinet No relatives or prior commitments Competence in the are of the office Recognition of prior service Geographic balance 2 terms Peaceful transfer of power

Bonus Army

WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding their bonus pay before the 1945 due date

Polk wanted a war with mexico to set the border

Wanted expansion Texas and California Tries to buy it Sends John Slidell to purchase California, but Mexico is not interested

Manifest Destiny and Texas

Wanted mostly by the South to increase the number of slave states Texas declares independence in 1836 Mexico is enraged, they think that they still have possession over Texas Texas became independent and was questioned if allowed into the Union Free state or slave state

susquehannock war 1685

War along the frontier and led bacon's rebellion Indians attacking settlers on frontier

Focus and who won french and indian war

War is focusing on Ohio River Valley Started with George Washington and the French Ultimately, England will win the war, beat the French and Spanish

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism. Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

farewell address 1796

Warned the danger of political powers Noticed to beware of permanent alliances

Farewell Address

Warns against entangling foreign alliances Warns about how divisive and dangerous political parties could be to the country Washington never delivers it orally, but only through the newspapers Leaves in 1796 and is replaced by John Adams

shays rebellion

Was an uprising of revolutionary war veterans in massachusetts that both the state and national governments struggled to address due to a lack of centralized military power, illustrated the need to create a stronger governing system Brought home the weakness of the articles of confederation The us government had both failed to pay its veterans and failed to raise a militia in order to put down a rebellion

war of 1812

Was not a popular war with the people Was not a successful war, no big territorial gain The United States comes out of the War of 1812 with a sense of national pride and nationalism

american writers who focused on nationalism

Washington Irving wrote the Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fenimore Cooper wrote the Last of the Mohicans Nathaniel Hawthorne - the Scarlet Letter Herman Melville - Moby Dick

imperialism

We need to increase the size of our army and navy We could set up naval bases to protect trading routes and allow ships to refuel War of conquest will unite the nation and create a sense of pride Give us access to new markets Foreign nations like germany, england, france seek colonies in america

american military during war of 1812

Weak and not well trained A lot of older men from the revolution who act as commanders Not the best situation The initial plan was a stupid idea, three-pronged approach, poorly planned Decide that they have better chances to win battles on land than on the water Plans of attack are poorly strategized and they are beaten multiple times on land, so they try to win on the sea The US has a very small navy, but are fairly skilled and by the time we start using the navy, we have a grudge against the British At the time, which is unusual, we had free blacks serving in the navy

The articles of confederation

Weak→ Intended to be a weak central government First government of the free colonies Written during the revolutionary war, not ratified until march 1 1781

andrew carnegie

Wealthy individuals as opposed to the government should help the poor Competition is still key

establishing an independent presence in north america

What is our role to briain Resistance shits to revolution Preserving independence in north americans and establishing american culture

liberty bonds

Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

which groups supported FDR

White Southerners Minorities Labor Unions

impact on immigrants and natives

White men and women and immigrants were still citizens, the us government began to stop treating native americans as members of separate nations but started classifying them as wars of the state rather than citizens, In the west chinese immigrants were looked upon as two different to become citizens and they would soon be forbidden from entering the united states at all Meican americans saw little change in their precarious status

Fort Wagner

White officer (Gould shall) is given command of black soldiers, there is a lot of racism towards both the soldiers and the commanding officer Basically a suicide mission, up a hill and down into the fort. Officer is killed during an attempt to take the fort and is buried with his soldiers

Who got better end of Compromise of 1850

Who gets a better deal? The north of the south? The North got the better deal South got things about slavery, but North gained a state (California) Fugitive Slave Law Everyday people were required to turn in fugitive slaves It was financially better for the judges to return slaves to the south rather than rule the person a free person Enraged the north This turned more people toward abolitionist causes

poor conditions in cities

Whole lot of people living together in tight spaces, leads to violence, crimes, and theft, People are unhappy, prostitution appears Issues with water, plumbing Have posionous water or unsanitary conditions People would throw trash into the streets Infrequent bathing, johnny would not wash his hands People live in a small houses Disease is an issue because since people were living in enclosed spaces it would spread easily Slums/Tenements→ Tight Quarters Cooking accidents→ light tenements on fire

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slav ery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slav ery became increasingly entrenched.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

preservation

Wilderness has a spiritual and economic value John muir helped create the sierra club Father of the national parks

Battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison- Gov. of Indian territory, sent to put down the growing Native American confederation, the native americans are uniting under Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet, Tecumseh is going out against country and agree to work as a group Tecumseh's brother the Prophet is left in charge, WHH know there is a gathering of natives, WHH provokes the natives to attack first and then blow them out of the water, thousands are killed, those who are not killed flee to their original tribes and give up on the Indian confederacy This ends the Indian confederacy and after this, the Indians sided with the British Americans see that England is supplying the Indians with weapons

election of 1896

Williams mckinley vs williams jennings bryan (democrat Ohio, republican, supporter is Mark Hanna Wealthy, helps him buy the election Republican platform is to blame the democrats fo rthe panic of 1893 William jennings bryan i srunning as the democrat candidate, do not really have a clear canidate at first meeting,

corrupt bargain and john adams

With strong political parties institutionalized division emerges about the parties which gives way to new forms of campaigning Election of 1824: dem repub vs. dem repub Henry clay, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams Jackson wins the popular vote but loses the majority in electoral college votes so it goes to the house of representatives Corrupt bargain- Clay drops out of the running and uses his position as Speaker of the House to influence the votes towards Adams; Clay then becomes Secretary of State John quincy adams win by the Corrupt Bargain

slavery is now abolished. how do we help the slaves?

With the civil war over, blacks who were slaves had many needs Many of them were starved since former slave owners no longer had to feed or clothe them Many attempts were made by the federal government to assist formers slaves

women's roles

Women are keeping businesses and farms alive, preserving republican motherhood - WOMEN ARE THE KEY TO NATION'S CONSCIENCEit educate their kids to be better citizens

growing middle class

Women begin to work in factories, more men work, but ladies are not expected to work when married Working in factory= high wages, increase in standard of living

how to women help war

Women help by providing food and clothing during the independence movement and the war effort, but still remain second class citizens

francis willard

Women's Christian Temperance UNion Want to see changes in laws about temperance, suffrage and 8 hour workday Push idea of PLANNED PARENTHOOD BIRTH CONTROL See the evils of alcohol hurting women, men consume money in the families Spend it on alcohol

other groups that helped america winw ar

Women- nurses, spies Molly pitcher and deborah sampson- fought Paul revere- artisan Colonial militias- trained by european leaders The french-financial and military assistance

benjamin harrison

Won the election of 1888 Grandson of William Henry Harrison Republican Republicans at the time controlled the white house and congress In favor of higher tariffs than what was previously there

Frances Willard

Worked for women's suffrage as President of the Women's Temperance Union

David Walker

Writes Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World Advocated more violent actions

monroe doctrine

Written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams They're worried about the British and Europe in the Western hemisphere and that they might try to takeover land in North America The doctrine is against the monarchies What is says... European countries can't colonize in the north american region anymore; any future colonization is viewed as a threat Empty threat because they wouldn't be able to back it up with military, but they're trying to assert their power and take a stand

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward - said capitalism supported few and exploited many - says socialism will be on top in the end in 2000

IDA B. wells

Wrote a Red Record, a summary of lyncing Some progressives supported segregation- woodrow wilson oversaw the resegregation of the executive branch, while others ignored it as an issue

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

what did montesquieu believe in

Wrote the spirit of laws Separation of powers and checks of balance prevent autocratic government

foreign affairs

XYZ Affair Washington does not want the US to get wrapped up in foreign alliances and thinks it is best to remain neutral while other foreign countries are quarrelling

Specie Circular

You have to use hard coin or silver when buying land He also took steps to lead to the panic of 1837, but does not care because it is not his issue The national bank raises interest and called for loans to keep money in, it wants to have money in circulation, raises interest on investors and people who have loans

Mcclellan peninsula campaign,

\ seven days battles spring 1862 Union is driven back from within sight of richmond, mclellan is relieved

Battle of chancellorsville

may 2-4 1863 Union general hooker was outflanked by the divided confederacy stonewall jackson was kill

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Hinton Helper

a Southern critic of slavery during the 1850s who wrote a book entitled The Impending Crisis of The South The book put forth the notion that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South.

Father Charles Coughlin

a critic of the New Deal - created the National Union for Social Justic - wanted a monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking system

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age - wrote "The Great Gatsby"

Common Man

a political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model common man. He had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolutionary War at age thirteen. In the War of 1812, he became a hero and launched his political career soon after. He was like the rest of the country, and that's why they liked him so much. The common man began to take over during the Jacksonian Democracy.

Boxer Rebllion

a rebellion by Chinese martial artists who were upset by Western cultural diffusion, but refused to use guns. The Boxers attacked Christians who were making changes in China, but were suppressed by Europeans. 1899, secret society that tore up railroads, attacked Chinese Christians, and besieged/killed 300 foreigners. Rebellion of all the nations within China, united foreigners against Chinese revolutionary movements.

Hoovervilles

a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Sedition Act of 1918

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

democratic 1854-1996

after the civil war, became essentially the only party in the south as blacks were increasingly prevented from voting in the north and west support came from farmers, workers and catholic immigrants, business men who opposed the civil war continued to suport a low tariff and economically conservative policies tended to oppose reforms such as prohibtion after the civil war, controlled at the national level by national bussinessmen

Federalist party 1792-1820

alexander hamilton supportered the federal constitution in the debates over the ratification wanted strong central govenrmetn to promtoe commerce, manufatcuring including a national bank tedned to be suspicious fo a democracy supported england in tis wars with france support came from urban areas business,upperclasses only white men with property could vote strongest un new england and coastal towns

National Recovery Administration

allowed industries to create fair competition - intended to reduce destructive competition - help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

The Cincinnati Society

an aristocratic hereditary organization that included America's military elite and foreign officers (incl. G. Washington); criticized by common people

The Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads

Storm Cellar Diplomacy

an attempt to avoid American involvement in foreign conflicts; it included Neutrality Acts passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, & 1939

tallmadge amendments

an attempt to figure out what to do with Missouri, says that no more slaves can enter into Missouri, current slaves remain enslaved but their children are freed. The senate does not pass this, Southerners see the amendment as a bad omen and a premonition to the abolition of slavery in the south

Laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

Mary McLeod Bethune

an educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African Americans - founded Bethune-Cookman University - was an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

democratic aprty 1828-1854

andrew jackson supported a strong president believed in small government and states rights eonomically conservative opposed banks, espeicially the antional bank and paper money believed the tariff was a tax on poor to help poor push for westward expansion support came from farerms, rural areas, and the frontier most urban immigrants whow ere cathoilc voted for democrats but would eventually support whig policies such as iundustrializaiton and railroads

Fredrick Jackson Turner

argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation - end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history

James Garfield

assassinated by a man who was mad about not getting a job under the Spoils System - Gave momentum to abandon this system and institute a civil-service law - 20th president

Second battle of bull run \

august 29-30 1862 Lee de festas union armies under general pope, opens way to maryland

H.L. Menken

author of the monthly magazine American Mercury - attacked many controversial issues such as marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition - criticized "Share our Wealth"

Upton Sinclair

author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906 - wrote "The Jungle"

National Industries Recovery Act

authorized President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery - RECOVERY!

whigs 1828-1854

believed that congress shouldbe stronger than the prsiednt saw jacksons power as dangerous and took the name whig because fo the reoflutionary aptriots who fought agaisnt monarchial rule to promtoe industry, supported a tariff on imported manufactured goods wanted modernization of the economy and society supported banks, education, mroal reform, itnernal improvements support came from cities and market towns, most conservative protestants were whigs and wealthy men but party split because of issue of slavery

John Muir

believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state - largely responsible for Yosemite National Park

William Lloyd Garrison

believes that slavery is sinful and wrong, publishes a newspaper called The Liberator, Calls for immediate emancipation of those who are enslaved After 1833 Begins the American anti slavery society All done to promote the idea of Immediate emancipation

Mark Twain

best known for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn - used "realistic fiction"

boss tweed

boss in new york city, bought votes, built Tammany hall, charged the city extra for goods and pocketed the profit Thomas Nast makes a lot of political cartoons against Boss Tweed Exposed by the New York Times and he is captured, jailed, and died penniless in prison

Cornelius Vanderbilt

built a railway connecting Chicago and New York - popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad = safer and more economical

Andrew Carnegie

by 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry - used vertical integration in his company

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports - led to less trade between America and foreign countries along with economic retaliation - worsened the Depression

The colonial determination to pursue self-government will lead to a ______

colonial independence movement and a Revolutionary war

anglicans (old lights)

congregation was above the people, stratification, level of hierarchy

what did european countries want

conquer the new world to gain wealth, military status, and spread the ideas of chrisitianity

Henry Cabot Lodge

conservative senator who wanted to keep the united states out of the League of Nations

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

First Continental Congress

convention of delegates from 12/13 colonies that met in Philly to respond to the Intolerable Acts, established the Association which called for a complete boycott of british goods

Public Works Administration

created by NIRA as a large scale public works construction agency - RECOVERY!

Samuel Gompers

creator of the American Federation of Labor - provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers

Battle of fredericksburg

december 13, 1862 General burnside attempted a frontal assault on lee and it led to massive slaughter of union troops

Electoral College System

delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule

republican aprty 1932- 1968

divided between mdoerate and conservative wings, conservative challenged new deal social progrsam and big government but gained little populat support still supporteds trong nationald efense during the cold war but less itnernationalist than the democrats opposed most civil rights legisliation bu not racial equality only success in national eelctions came from public spport for dwight d eisenhower the supreme commander of aliwd froces into WW1

zoot suit riots

during the SUmmer of 1943 Began with attacks by sailors on mexicna american teenagers dressed in zoot suits, went unchecked for days Stemmed from white resentment toward influx of mexica americans into LA The war was viewed by Americans as a fight for the survival of democracy and freedom. Revelations about war crimes reinforced this belief

democratic party 1932 -1968

effectively the only paty in the south until the 1960s when civil rights gave blacks right to vote supported by msot blacks and ethnic whites, the children and grandchildren of immigrans from southerna dneastern europe supported regulation og bussiness and social programs such as medicare and social securyt but southern wing often countered liberal interst national aprty suported civil rights fro balcks quicker to support us invovlement in WW11 and suported strong

Warren G. Harding

elected President in 1920 - enacted highest tariff in history, lowered taxes and restricted immigration - wanted to return to normalcy after WWI

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Wagner Act

established National Labor Relations Board - protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions - engage in collective bargaining - can take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands

Wagner Act

established National Labor Relations Board - protected the rights to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining - REFORM!

Glass-Steagall Act

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - separated investment banking from retail banking - REFORM!

treaty of ghent

everybody is tired of war, the US is worried that they will lose, the Tsar of Russia gets everybody together to discuss peace, the terms stop the fighting, all conquered territories are restored, and we go back to the pre-war boundaries of Canada. Basically it determines the war of 1812 as a tie. The treaty did not address impressment or trade rights. In the war of 1812, it was basically nothing lost, nothing gained. "Not one inch of territory ceded or lost" Borders were restored

causes of civil war

extension of slavery, nature of the union,different sides, election of 1860

Battle of Tippecanoe

f (1811): Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States.

Frederick Taylor

father of scientific management - was one of the first management consultants

why were bill of rights made

fear of centralized federal power

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

finances and economics

federal government cannot tax to raise money to finance a war. It pays for the war by asking states for money, but the states are not forced to pay the government. Really the only way for the government to make money is to sell land Each state will coin its own money→ Issue because money has different value in different states Federal Government will print their own money, not worth a continental

Ideas of the Constitutional Convention

federalism, separation of powers within the federal government, electoral college,conservative document

reasons for US victory

foreign assistance, ideological commitments, continental army, george washington, colonial militias

republican 1854-1896

formed from former whigs, free soilers and a few northern democrats who had opposed the expansion of slavery adopted mch of the whig platform suporting industry and urban growth, education and division of west lands into homesteads for farmers strongly nationalist, supporting unity and expansion of national interest more likely to support mroal reform like prohibition supported by a variety of northern bussinessmen, skilled craftsmen, professionals, commercial faremrs, african americans

Adolf Hitler

founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich - fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf and attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator - invasion of Poland = outbreak of World War II

citizen genet

french ambassador to the US, goes around drumming up french support, liked by the democratic republicans, he allows a french warship to sail out of Philly against direct presidential orders, GW wants to stay neutral but demands that th French recall him back

causes of american revolution

french and indian war, fort duqesne

Cult of Domesticity

gave women more rights around the house and that they had a greater importance in the family,

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65 - set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance - care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

gospel of the wealth

hAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO TAKE CARE of poor **** me like ******** it what the **** is this class People start to distrust trusts

antifederalists

have concerns about the constitution and its ratification, concerned that there is no bill of rights, concerned that a strong central government is a threat to society and liberty, george mason, patrick henry, john hancock, among others

cross of gold speech

he makes speech about not being so dependent on gold Gold standard is killing us economically, , also becomes the populist party's candidta,e Demopop candidate, makes speeches all over US Even though he is the two party candidate, william mckinley is elected president

George Creel

head of the Committee of Public Information - helped the anti-German movement - inspired patriotism in America during the war.

Theodore Dreiser

helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms - wrote The Financier, and the Titan

Mexican Cession

historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.

electoral college

how do we elect a president if we decide to put one in place? The elite delegates did not want the president elected by the "common man" who was at the time uneducated and not knowledgeable enough to make a good decision. Put into place as a safeguard from uneducated voters choosing the president

Henry George

ideas about taxes and reform, expressed in Progress and Poverty were widely propagated - book made him famous as an opponent of modern capitalism

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Calvin Coolidge

in favor of immigration restriction - passed Kellogg-Briand Pact - vetoed the McNary-Haugen Bill twice

New Deal vs Supreme Court

in the 1935 term, the Four Horsemen, together with Roberts and Hughes, voided the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 (United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936)), along with the Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act, the Railroad Act, and the Coal Mining Act.[4] In Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 298 U.S. 238 (1936), the Four together with Roberts voided legislation regulating the coal industry; the same line-up voided a New York minimum wage law for women and children in Morehead v. New York, 298 U.S. 587 (1936). The Court had also struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 295 U.S. 495 (1935) the previous May.

republican 1896-1932

included some progressive reofrms such as theodore rooselvet but dominated by pro business men affter WW1 strongly nationalist, suportiny unity and expansion of national interest, by opposed entry into WW1 more likey to support moral reform dominated politics in the 1920s after the failrues of woodrow wilsons international policies strongly supported by women after the passage of the 19th amendment

Fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Social Security Act

insurance against unemployment - REFORM!

What weaknesses did the National Government have?

international trade, finances / economics, interstate commerce, foreign relations, internal unrest

First Battle of Bull Run

july 21 1861 Union is routed as rebels stand strong under stonewall jackson

Jim Crowe

laws passed in the south after reconstruction enforcing the segregation of blacks and whites

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939

laws provided that, on the outbreak of war between foreign nations, all exports of American arms and munitions would be embargoed for six months - American ships were prohibited from carrying arms

Home Owners Loan Corporation

loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments - RELIEF!

democratic 1896-1932

only party in the solid south with blakc sprevented from voting after 1920 all men adn women could vote but blacks and indians were prevented from voting still supported by farmers in west and decreasing numbers in northeast southern influenced meant support for econoimcally conservative policies supported by most immigrant groups in northern cities who favored pro labor policies

Anti-federalist

opponents of 1787 constitution, they cast a document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights

documents that changed american attitude about independenc

paines commons ense and delcartion of independence

belief in deism

people believe in some kind of supreme power, but do not believe in a particular religion, supreme power exists but stands back to let humans control and deal with problems

Implied Powers

powers that congress has that are not stated explicitly in the constitution

Ulysses S. Grant

president from 1868-1876 - lots of corruption (Whiskey Ring, Boss Tweed, Credit Mobilier) - president during Panic of 1873 from overspeculation and few investments

James k. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Federalist

proponents of the 1787 constitution, they favored a strong national gov, argued the checks and balances in the new constitution would safeguard the people's liberties

US Securities and Exchange Commission

protect investors and maintain fair, orderly and efficient financial markets - REFORM!

Federal Housing Administration

provided mortgage insurance loans made by approved lenders - RECOVERY!

railroad fees on farmers

railroads are feeing farmers a lot to move supplies but letting gov. Go free with their croop Farmes need large plots of land to produce these goods, can not organzie because farmers are distant

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods - benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

embargo act of 1807

rather than declare war, Jefferson says that nothing will be exported out of the country, thinking that England and France will need American goods and will come begging for the lifting of the embargo. Eventually fails, England gets its goods from other countries and the American economy tanks. A lot of illegal trade occurs between England and France anyway Just before Jefferson leaves office the Embargo act is lifted and replaced by the non-importation act

the headright system

receive 50 acres of land if you paid for the indentured servants passage

Pendelton Act

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

relieved household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs - RELIEF!

Jacob Riis

reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800 - wrote "How The Other Half Lives"

Charles Gandison Finney

revivalist during the Second Great Awakening; emphasized religious conversion and personal choice

Conscience Whigs

s (1840s and 1850s): Northern Whigs who opposed slav ery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power"

disestblishment

separation of church and state, Anglican Church was the official church in many of the colonies, tax money After the Revolution If it was british it was bad Anglican church looked on very negatively, connected very closely to the monarchy

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom Example of disetablishment

stablishment Before the revolution, the official state church is the anglican church, but after the anglican church is separated from the state government so that no more tax money will go to the church

ben franklin

starts with the albany congress in 1754, draws famous political cartoon called Join or Die, fights for the patriot cause, ambassador to france and works to get them to ally with us, had a hand in the Treaty of paris 1783 ends the american revolution

Booker T. Washington

supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves to achieve equality - believed that racism would end if blacks proved their economic value to society - head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881

Keynesianism

the belief the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

conservative document?

the constitution is a pretty conservative document, limits who can vote because limited democracy "fear of common man", suffrage is not universal men who own property, Constitution protects money and personal (indirect election of president and state Senators)

Egalitarianism

the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities This still does not exist in the US because of slavery

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Judicial Review

the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

McNary-Haugen Bill

this bill would have assisted farmers who badly needed price supports - Coolidge vetoed it twice

democratic republicans 1792-1820

thomas jefferson originally were republicans but called democrats by opponents who saw democracy as adangerous believed that americas future was with small farmers and opposed mmonied interest argued for states rights and a small federal govenremtn supported france in tits wars with england support came from farmers, workers, craftsmen in town only white men with property could vote strongest in the south adn west support internal improvemetns

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Assimilation/Americanization

to make or become american in character. assimilate to the customs and institutions of the u.s. to bring under american influence or control. (dawes act)

Dawes Act of 1887

tried to civilize Indians and make them more little settlers by giving them land to farm, instead it harmed their native culture

federalists

very well organized, alexander hamilton, James Madison, james madison, ben franklin, supports ratification of the constitution, John Jay is a federalist, are more organized than the antifederalist→ think that a strong government is necessary to mantain a union Proof is the Articles of confederation, the federalists attempt to sway people to their side by writing the Federalist Papers- 85 short essays about the consitution, Hamilton does most of them (he went mawk mode)

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Manifest Destiny

y (1840s and 1850s): Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth century expansionism