FSHN EXAM 2

refined sugar contains calories but lacks

fiber and other nutrients

name some monosachrides

glucose, galactose, fructose

name some disachrides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

what is a polypeptide?

many amino acids bonded together to form a bond.

complex carb=polysachride

many monosachrides formed together

what is glycogen?

the storage form of glucose in animals and humans

how to calculate RDA of protein

0.8g protein/kg of body weight.

what are carbs made up of?

C, H, and O

what chemical elements are in amino acids?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

fiber recommendations

m-38 g/day w-25 g/day

examples of digestable fiber

monosachrides, disarchrides, starch

what is a simple carbohydrate?

monosacrides= fructose, glucose, galactose

What is meant by foods having complementary amino acid patterns?

multiple amino acids that can be use eachothers peaces to complete the patterns

What distinguishes this building block, amino acids, chemically, from nutrients?

nitrogen

name major functions of protein in the human body

- structual materials -energy (4 kcal/g -enzymes/hormones -fluid balance -acid-base regulators -antibodies for immunity

functions of carbohydrates

-supplies energy -protein sparing -laxative

what is the total kcal percentage of protein recommended

10-35%

How many different amino acids are found in the proteins in the human body? How many are considered to be essential amino acids? Why are they essential?

20 or 21. 9 are essential because our bodies cannot manufacture them.

how many kcal/g for sugar alcholocs

2kcal/g

where are proteins digested

Stomach and small intestine Protein digestion starts in the stomach, then the small intestine completely digests it.

T/f= Disachrides are simple carbohydrates

T

what is the building block of proteins?

amino acids

how are the chemical elements in an amino acids different from carbs and lipids?

amino acids contain nitrogen.

What factors influence protein quality? List examples of high quality protein sources and low quality protein sources.

animal protein is high plant protein excluding soy is low

ways to classify carbohydrates

avilabe/digestable= can we get energy from them?

soluble fiber

can be dissolved in water, forms gel, easilydigested by bacteria in the colon

about dietary fiber

complex carb that is not digested in stomach and small intestine

classify complex vs. simple

complex=polysachrides (glycogen, starch, fiber) simple- monosachrides, disachrides

insoluable fiber

does not dissolve in water, does not form gel, less readily fermented

whole grains contain all the parts of the grain but refined grain only contains ______________

endosperm

what affects alcohol metabolism?

enzzymes, total body water, race, gender weight

complex carbohydrates

glycogen, starches, fiber (cellulose)

Describe protein balance (negative and positive). Who might likely be in positive protein balance? Negative protein balance?

healthy person who is using as much protein as he is dishing out, body builders and pregnant woman maybe in postive balence and drug users vegans and people with enzymn deffiencies maybe in negative.

how solutary fiber aids in health

help protect against heart disease by lowering blood pressure. protects against diabetes by lowering blood sugar levels.

where is glycogen stored?

in the muscles and liver

why does insulin have to be injected instead of taken orally?

insulin is a hormone and if taken orally, acid in the stomach would destroy it.

What is Protein-Energy Malnutrition? What are the two forms of PEM? How do they differ?

kwashiorkor- swollen belly marasmus- so skinny you can see bones, depletion of fat cells

what is a disachride

pairs of three monosachrides

most carbohydrates are derived from

plant-derived

how insoluable fiber aids in health

promotes bowel functions and alleviates constipiation

the name of the digestive protein enzyme

protease

Bariactric surgery, such as gastric bypass surgery how?

reducing the ammount of food a person can eat in one meal, and decreasing the absorbtion of nutrients

what function does the liver have on regulating glucose control?

regulates glucose that enters the bloodstream

what function the panceras have on glucose control?

releases insulin and glucagon. maintains homeostastis

functions of proteins

structual materials, enzymes/hormones, transport, fluid balance, acid/base regulator, fights antibodies

11. What are the various types of vegetarian diets and how do they differ in the protein sources that they do not consume?

vegan, vegetarian, they dont consume animal proteins either and may have harder time reaching there RDA however they can still reach there RDA by supplementing and using plant source proteins in diet

note about calculating protein

weight in kg multipled by 0.45=weight in lbs

sources of fiber

whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables

how many kcal/g does digestable carbs have?

4 kcal/g

what is the AMDR of total energy for the day?

45-65% for carbohydrates

how many amino acids are semi-essential, being that the body cannot make these in sufficient quantities.

6

How are proteins digested- organs, enzymes, other secretions?

Proteins must be digested before their amino acids can be absorbed into the body. The chemical digestion of protein begins in the acid environment of the stomach. Here, hydrochloric acid denatures proteins, opening up their folded structure to make the polypeptide chains more accessible for breakdown by enzymes. Stomach acid also activates the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin, which breaks some of the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chains, leaving shorter polypeptides. Most protein digestion occurs in the small intestine, where polypeptides are broken into even smaller peptides and amino acids by protein-digesting enzymes produced in the pancreas and small intestine. Single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed into the mucosal cells of the small intestine.

What causes food allergies? What does protein digestion have to do with allergies?

When a protein from the diet is absorbed without being completely digested, it can trigger a food allergy. The first time the protein is consumed and a piece of it is absorbed intact, it stimulates the immune system. When the same protein is consumed again, the immune system sees it as a foreign substance and mounts an attack, causing an allergic reaction (see Chapter 3). Allergic reactions cause symptoms throughout the body and can be life threatening. The proteins from milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, and shellfish are common causes of food allergies

why cant body fat be lost quickly?

fat loss requires a long-term negative calorie balance, fat tissues contain a high concentration of energy, a highly negative energy balance causes the loss of protein and glycogen, not just fat.

example of nondigestable

fiber

examples of polysachride

glycogen

RDA for carbohydrates

less than 130g/ day

What are the effects of excessive protein intake? How much protein do you need? Calculate your own protein RDA based upon your body weight.

stress on kidneys, stored as fat and excreted in urea. 172/2.2= 78x.8= 62.4 i eat 3300 kcal/perday so my lower tolerable limit would be 3300kcal/10=330/4kcal per gram =82.5 ul=3300/35=1155/4= 288 I should consume between 82.5 and 288 grams of protein each day

which statement describes amino acids best?

the amino group contains nitrogen